Non-script notational systems

Preliminaries

The Raetic corpus at it presents itself today contains a considerable number of "inscriptions", that can – with varying degrees of certainty – be determined not to represent "proper" script in the linguistical sense (i.e., reflecting linguistic units). The vast majority of these, however, must be expected to have a para-linguistic meaning, and should not be completely disregarded. This page collects the correspondent material from the corpus, inscriptions which have been included in editions of Raetic inscriptions, but not in the TIR, as well as diverse testimonies mentioned in the older/archaeological literature. Most of these have been examined at various repositories by the TIR project staff. To facilitate reference, we have attempted a preliminary organisation of the material by assigning all these testimonies the sigla code EX ("excluded"), regardless of their provenance. An introduction presenting options for classification and interpretation of the material will follow in time.

Potentially relevant testimonies included in the Raetic corpus (incomplete)

• potential factory marks on rims and handles of metal vessels: BZ-7.1, BZ-7.2, BZ-8.1, BZ-8.2, NO-8, SZ-18, SZ-35, SZ-36, SZ-37.1, SZ-37.2, SZ-75, SZ-82
• potential factory marks on iron implements:
  • (including) symbols / ornament (?): BZ-19, SZ-25, SZ-26 (?), SZ-78, SZ-80
  • on scythe rings and related: SZ-44.1, SZ-44.2, SZ-45.1, SZ-45.2, SZ-46.1, SZ-46.2; SZ-47, SZ-72 (different groups); SZ-50, SZ-51 (tools)
  • on the side of axe heads: SZ-62, SZ-76.1, SZ-76.2, SZ-77, SZ-81
  • letter: SZ-33, SZ-74 (þine), SZ-43.1, SZ-43.2, SZ-79.1, SZ-79.2 (uli)
• on bronze implements: HU-1; SZ-65.1, SZ-65.2 (ku)
• on statuettes: SZ-20, SZ-71
• on bone/antler: BZ-15, SZ-48, SZ-49, SZ-63
• on pottery: BZ-20, BZ-21, BZ-22, BZ-23, IT-9, IT-10, SZ-55, SZ-69, SZ-83, WE-8.1, WE-8.2; NO-14, WE-7 (θr)
  • scratchings on handles type Himmelreich: IT-1
  • scratchings on Sanzeno bowls (see inscription pages for recurring groups): NO-18, SZ-27.1, SZ-27.2, SZ-28, SZ-29, SZ-52, SZ-54, SZ-56, SZ-57.1, SZ-57.2, SZ-58, SZ-59, SZ-60.1, SZ-60.2, SZ-60.3, SZ-61, SZ-84, SZ-85, SZ-86, WE-5.1, WE-5.2, WE-6
• on stone: IT-6

Complete list of objects with marks filed with an EX(cluded)-siglum in the Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum (TIR)

Siglum "EX" and object type	Place of finding	Repository and Inv. No.	Reference	see
EX-1 knife	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.578	LIR: SA-96; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 300	Dubious cases
EX-2 hoe	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.571	LIR: SA-109; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 340; MLR 227	Sanzeno I
EX-3 knife	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.302	LIR: SA-104; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 295; MLR 233	Sanzeno I
EX-4 axe	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.580	LIR: SA-105; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 199; MLR 191	Sanzeno I
EX-5 spear butt	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.390	LIR: SA-106; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 1247	Sanzeno I
EX-6 chisel	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.453	LIR: SA-112; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 154; MLR 224	Sanzeno I
EX-7 fragment (fragments of a bronze vessel)	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 13.225a	LIR: SA-83; MLR 184	Dubious cases
EX-8 handle (of a bronze vessel)	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv No. 13.475	LIR: SA-94	Dubious cases
EX-9 gouge	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.537	LIR: SA-111; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 143; MLR 223	Sanzeno I
EX-10 chisel	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.418	LIR: SA-102; MLR 230	Sanzeno I
EX-11 handle (of a bronze vessel)	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv No. 12.871	LIR: SA-107; MLR 225	Dubious cases
EX-12 hoe	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.541a	LIR: SA-108; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 337; MLR 235	Sanzeno I
EX-13 key	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 12.354a	Nothdurfter 1979: No. 834; Bassi 1996: 87 [Scheda N. II.2], fig. 24.2	—
EX-14 knife	Sanzeno	Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 3.487	LIR: NO-2	Dubious cases
EX-15 potsherd	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta without Inv. No.	Gamper & Steiner 1999: fig. 24.12; Steiner & Gamper 1999: fig. 10.6	—
EX-16 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2001.109	???	Ganglegg
EX-17 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2001.209	Gamper 2006: fig. 63.12	Ganglegg
EX-18 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 97.274	Gamper 2006: fig. 87.7	Ganglegg
EX-19 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2000.1030	???	Ganglegg
EX-20 bone	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2011.80	unpublished	Ganglegg
EX-21 bone	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2011.83	unpublished	Ganglegg
EX-22 bone	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 97.263	Gamper 2006: fig. 73.2	Ganglegg
EX-23 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 97.???	Gamper 2000: fig. 12.3; Gamper 2006: fig. 149.11	Ganglegg
EX-24 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G ???	Gamper 2006: fig. 69.4	Ganglegg
EX-25 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2000.1070	Steiner & Gamper 2001: fig. 6.3; Gamper 2006: fig. 69.3	Ganglegg
EX-26 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2000.1031	Steiner & Gamper 2001: fig. 6.6; Gamper 2006: fig. 69.2	Ganglegg
EX-27 bone point	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. G 2000.1063	Gamper 2006: fig. 69.1	Ganglegg
EX-28 handle (of a bronze vessel)	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. W.P. 1155	Gamper 2000: fig. 8.11	—
EX-29 bowl	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. ???	Gamper & Steiner 1999: fig. 24.11; Steiner & Gamper 1999: fig. 8.6; Gamper 2006: fig. 150.7	—
EX-30 bone (-> astragalus)	Ganglegg	Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta Inv. No. ???	Gamper 2006: fig. 69.25	Marks on astragaloi
EX-31 axe	Piperbühel	Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano Inv. No. 530	Menghin 1914: 7, fig. 6b	—
EX-32 axe	Kaltern / Caldaro	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv No. 2.788	Orsi 1882: No. 4; MLR 19 (sic!; Note: corr. MLR 17)	Marks on Hallstatt period bronze axes
EX-33 axe	Kaltern / Caldaro	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv No. 2.791	Orsi 1882: No. 6; MLR 18	Marks on Hallstatt period bronze axes
EX-34 axe	Kaltern / Caldaro	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 2.792	Orsi 1882: No. 7	Marks on Hallstatt period bronze axes
EX-35 bone point	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.043	Ghislanzoni 1931: 442, fig. 52, fig. 96h; MLR 187	Ganglegg
EX-36 simpulum	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 6.983	Ghislanzoni 1931: 432, fig. 30, fig. 96g; MLR 186	—
EX-37 situla	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 8.155	Fogolari 1960: 285 [No. 89]	—
EX-38 axe	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 2.836	LIR: SA-110; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 181	—
EX-39 axe	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 8.043	Fogolari?	—
EX-40 hoe	Castelfondo	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 4.557	unpublished	—
EX-41 bronze	Nonsberg / Val di Non	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 3.618	Oberziner 1883: 191, pl. III, fig. 1; LIR: NO-1; Kluge & Salomon 2015: 85, fig. 2	—
EX-42 bowl	Dercolo	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 3.445	Kluge & Salomon 2015: 86–88, fig. 6	—
EX-43 axe	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.038	LIR: SA-87; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 169	—
EX-44 bowl	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.041	Ghislanzoni 1931: 459, fig. 96c, fig. 96d; LIR: SA-39	—
EX-45 hoe	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.004	Nothdurfter 1979: No. 338	—
EX-46 fibula	Pfatten / Vadena	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 2.447	Orsi 1883: pl. IV.4; Marzatico 1997: 481 [No. 1144]	Marks on fibulae
EX-47 axe	Zambana, Coel	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 3.693	Lunz 1974: 356, pl. 7.9; Marzatico 1997: 427–428 [No. 1086]	—
EX-48 axe	Mezzolombardo (?)	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 3.103	Lunz 1974: 357, pl. 10.1; Marzatico 1997: 134–135 [No. 247]	Marks on Hallstatt period bronze axes
EX-49 potsherd	Zambana	Castello del Buonconsiglio without Inv. No.	Marzatico 1997: 409–410 [No. 1054]	—
EX-50 potsherd	Pfatten / Vadena	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 2.669	Marzatico 1997: 798 [No. 2256]	—
EX-51 bone (-> astragaloi)	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.143	unpublished	Marks on astragaloi
EX-52 potsherd	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.127	unpublished	—
EX-53 scythe	Sanzeno	Museo Retico Sanzeno Inv. No. 6.319	Nothdurfter 1979: No. 325; MLR 159	—
EX-54 axe	Sanzeno	Museo Retico Sanzeno Inv. No. 8.182	Fogolari?	—
EX-55 fragment (of a bronze vessel)	Cles, Campi Neri	Museo Retico Sanzeno Inv. No. ???	MLR 32	—
EX-56 knife	Sanzeno	Museo Retico Sanzeno Inv. No. ???	???	—
EX-57 bone	Montesei di Serso	Museo delle Scienze di Trento Inv. No. PEGO 76	Pellegrini & Sebesta 1965: 16 [No. 3]	—
EX-58 bone (three different fragments, two of those incised) [Note: In the photo, see below, only the incised pieces were displayed.]	Montesei di Serso	Museo delle Scienze di Trento Inv. No. PEGO 77–80	Pellegrini & Sebesta 1965: 16 [No. 5] [Note: Only one of these three fragments; in the photo, see below, the fragment on the left side corresponds.]	—
EX-59 potsherd	Montesei di Serso	Museo delle Scienze di Trento Inv. No. PEGO 119	Pellegrini & Sebesta 1965: 16 [No. 1]	—
EX-60 potsherd	Montesei di Serso	Museo delle Scienze di Trento Inv. No. PEGO 1166	Pellegrini & Sebesta 1965: 16 [No. 7 (?)]	—
EX-61 bowl	Montesei di Serso	Museo delle Scienze di Trento Inv. No. PEGO 56	Perini 1965: 41 [C 1], fig. 7; MLR 94	—
EX-62 potsherd	Stufels	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano Inv. No. ST 6484	MLR 15	—
EX-63 bowl	Mellaun / Meluno, Albanbühel	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	MLR 13	—
EX-64 potsherd	Jenesien / San Genesio Atesino, Burg Greifenstein / Castel Greifenstein	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Torggler 2002: 141, fig. 5	—
EX-65 fibula	Rungger Egg	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano Inv. No. R85/5B	Gleirscher et al. 2002: 152 [No. 29.6], pl. 29.6; MLR 24	Marks on fibulae
EX-66 fragment (fragments of different helmets)	Greifensteiner Hang, Kosman-Gut	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Egg 1986: 244 [No. 367a], fig. 210–211, pl. 279b–c; Lunz & Morandi 2003: 344	Marks on helmets – Kosman-Gut
EX-67 fragment (of a situla)	Moritzing / San Maurizio	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano Inv. No. MN 13-2 (Inv. No. MN_2 ?)	Steiner 2002: 193, 293 [No. 5], fig. 5, pl. 3.5; MLR 12	—
EX-68 bowl	Moritzing / San Maurizio	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No. (Inv. No. MN 309-20 ?)	Steiner 2002: 300 [No. 12], pl. 13.12	—
EX-69 simpulum	Moritzing / San Maurizio	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Steiner 2002: 203, 301 [No. 5], fig. 21, pl. 14.5	—
EX-70 handle (of a simpulum)	Moritzing / San Maurizio	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Steiner 2002: 203, 303 [No. 7], pl. 19.7; MLR 11	—
EX-71 potsherd	Moritzing / San Maurizio	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Ghislanzoni 1930–31: 185; Mayr 1960f: 390, fig. 6; LIR: BZ-11	—
EX-72 chisel	Unterinn / Auna di Sotto, Burg Zwingenstein / Castel Zwingenstein	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Putzer 2011: 29, pl. 5.3	—
EX-73 stone	Riffian / Rifiano, Burgstall	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	Niederwanger & Nothdurfter 1999: 162, fig. 17	—
EX-74 potsherd	Riffian / Rifiano, Burgstall	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano Inv. No. RIB 0022a	Niederwanger & Nothdurfter 1999: 162, fig. 19.6	—
EX-75 handle (of a simpulum)	Riffian / Rifiano, Burgstall	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano Inv. No. RIB 0019	Niederwanger & Nothdurfter 1999: 162, fig. 24.2	—
EX-76 fibula	Riffian / Rifiano, Burgstall	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano Inv. No. RIB 0004	Niederwanger & Nothdurfter 1999: 162, fig. 23.8	—
EX-77 potsherd	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.142	Ghislanzoni 1931: 463, fig. 96b	—
EX-78 potsherd	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 7.142	Ghislanzoni 1931: 463, fig. 96a	—
EX-79 potsherd	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio without Inv. No.	Fogolari 1960: 285 [No. 83]	—
EX-80 wood	Pfalzen / Falzes, Moorfeld	Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano without Inv. No.	unpublished	Dubious cases
EX-81 potsherd (collective sigla for different ceramic fragments)	Himmelreich	* Museum Wattens Inv. No. M 4, M 5, M 6, M 7, M 30, M 103, M 110, M 124, M 129, M 198, M 271, M 272, M 277, M 278, M 461, M 611, M 615, Z 6 * Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Inv. No. 18.228/H 477, H 505, H 557, H618–H661	Sinnhuber 1949: pl. XXV; Kasseroler 1957: pl. 63; MLR 297	Himmelreich
EX-82 axe (collective sigla for different axes)	Fliess	Archäologisches Museum Fliess	Sydow 1995	Marks on Hallstatt period bronze axes
EX-83 axe	Kaltern / Caldaro	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 2.793	Orsi 1882: No. 10; Marzatico 1997: 450 [No. 1097]	Marks on Hallstatt period bronze axes
EX-84 helmets	Ženjak	Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung	Reinecke 1942; Egg 1986	Marks on helmets – Ženjak
EX-85 helmets	various	various	Reinecke 1942; Egg 1986	Marks on helmets
EX-86 pitcher	Lover	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 5.225	LIR: LOV-1	—
EX-87 awl	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 8.050	LIR: SA-69; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 241; Fogolari 1960: 275 [No. 49], pl. VII.13	—
EX-88 key	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio without Inv. No.	LIR: SA-95; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 839; Bassi 1996: 88 [Scheda N. II.7], fig. 25.3	—
EX-89 axe	Zambana, Scalette	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 5.456	Marzatico 1997: 414–415 [No. 1061]	—
EX-90 axe	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 8.043	Fogolari 1960: 289–290 [No. 10]; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 167	—
EX-91 axe	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 8.182	Fogolari 1960: 290 [No. 28]; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 168	—
EX-92 drill bit	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 9.362	Fogolari 1960: 290 [No. 11]	—
EX-93 file	Sanzeno	Castello del Buonconsiglio Inv. No. 8.069	Fogolari 1960: 275 [No. 71]; Nothdurfter 1979: No. 132	—
EX-94 beaker	Bostel	Museo Archeologico Rotzo	MLR 103	Bostel
EX-95 beaker	Bostel	Museo Archeologico Rotzo	MLR 105	Bostel
EX-96 beaker	Bostel	Museo Archeologico Rotzo		Bostel
EX-97 beaker	Bostel	Museo Archeologico Rotzo		Bostel
EX-98 bowl	Bostel	Museo Archeologico Rotzo	Guio 12	Bostel
EX-99 bones	Bostel	Museo Archeologico Rotzo	MLR 119	Bostel
EX-100 ingot	Magrè	Museo Nazionale Atestino	LIR 22a
EX-101 potsherd	Bostel	currently untraceable	Schumacher 2004 AS-3 (2)	Bostel
EX-102 potsherd	Bostel	currently untraceable	Schumacher 2004 AS-3 (3)	Bostel
EX-103 potsherd	Bostel	currently untraceable	Schumacher 2004 AS-3 (4)	Bostel
EX-104 potsherd	Bostel	currently untraceable	LIR ROT-17, Nalli 1895: 259a	Bostel
EX-105 potsherd	Bostel	currently untraceable	Nalli 1895: 258 (2)	Bostel
EX-106 potsherd	St. Lorenzen	Museum Mansio Sebatum	—
EX-107 potsherd	St. Lorenzen	Museum Mansio Sebatum	—
EX-108 bone	San Giorgio di Valpolicella	Soprintendenza Verona	Marinetti 2004 no. 8; MLR 129
EX-109 bone	San Giorgio di Valpolicella	Soprintendenza Verona	Marinetti 2004 no. 9; MLR 128
EX-110 bone	San Giorgio di Valpolicella	currently untraceable	Marinetti 2004 no. 10
EX-111 bone	San Giorgio di Valpolicella	currently untraceable	Marinetti 2004 no. 11
EX-112 bone	San Giorgio di Valpolicella	currently untraceable	Marinetti 2004 no. 12
EX-113 bone	San Giorgio di Valpolicella	currently untraceable	Marinetti 2004 no. 13

Types of marks and respective objects from Raetic context (geographical/archaeological)

Provenance	Description	Literature	Images	Dating
Himmelreich	Numerous fragments of pottery bearing diverse characters, often on handles and bottoms, ranging from obviously non-script, ornament-like scratchings and symbols to such as might be interpreted as letters (e.g. , ). The finds from the Himmelreich are preserved in the Museum Wattens as well as in the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum (collective sigla: EX-81); similar sherds are found throughout the Inn Valley. IT-1 is not an inscription, but belongs with this group.	Sinnhuber 1949, Kasseroler 1957	Drawings in Kasseroler 1957, with a table of signs (pl. 63); photos in Sinnhuber 1949 (pl. XXV)	La Tène period according to the archaeological context
Ganglegg	Besides the inscribed bones and bone points discovered on the Ganglegg hill which are included in the Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum, a large number of objects of the same kind were found (bones: EX-20, EX-22 and EX-23, EX-30 (astragalus; for the latter cp. below 'Marks on astragaloi'); bone points: EX-16 to EX-19, EX-23 to EX-27). These bear (supposedly) non-script characters the interpretation of which is uncertain. Some of the characters are formally identical with letters (e.g. flanked by a row of vertical scratches). If the bones and bone point are connected to some sort of lot casting practice, they might represent personal marks of the owners. In light of the properly inscribed ones, which appear to bear mainly names, mere decorations are unlikely. The lot are preserved in the Vintschger Museum. An isolated, similar find comes from Sanzeno (EX-35; Castello del Buonconsiglio, Inv. No. 7.043).	Gamper 2006: 142–146	Drawings in Gamper 2006: fig. 76 and 77	3rd–1st centuries BC (by archaeological context)
Marks on helmets	Kosman-Gut: A large number of small fragments of at least seven different helmets of the Negau type; eighteen of them bear marks. Of those, four are included in the Raetic corpus (BZ-26, BZ-27, BZ-28, BZ-29 in descending order regarding the certainty of script character). Of the remaining fourteen, one is believed to belong to the same helmet as the one bearing BZ-26; the single scratch visible is more pronounced than the inscription, cp. maybe the diverse marks occurring on helmets with inscriptions (SL-1 helmet, SL-2 helmet, the Negau helmet A, and the pieces listed below). The other thirteen fragments (EX-66, see photo) display mostly fragmented scratches, sometimes intersecting or forming angles. Some arrangements are clearly non-linear and/or non-script, some indeterminable. No. 69 (second from the right in the second row) might have (cp. BZ-27 and BZ-28); no. 65 (second from the left in the first row) has an asterisk flanked by vertical scratches. Currently in the Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano. Ženjak: collective sigla EX-84, preserved in the Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung. various: EX-85	Egg 1986: 244 [No. 367a]; Lunz & Morandi 2003: 344	Egg 1986: fig. 210–211, pl. 279b–c	5th–1st centuries BC (typology)
Sanzeno I (symbols on iron)	Many heavy iron implements from Sanzeno (apparently a centre of iron workmanship???), namely chisels, gouges, spear butts, axe heads, hoes, sickles, scythe rings and knives, bear marks, often in the same spot on the same type of object. The most regularly recurring characters are the asterisk and the sign "a caporale" , registered as "symbols" in the inscriptions in our database. For the associated testimonies from the Raetic corpus see above sub "potential factory marks on iron implements". Mancini included a number of these symbols as new inscriptions in the LIR; according to our policy of concentrating on characters which can be read as letters, these have not been included in the Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. They are: EX-2 (LIR: SA-109), EX-3 (LIR: SA-104), EX-4 (LIR: SA-105), EX-5 (LIR: SA-106) (for all these, see the drawings on this page), EX-6 (LIR: SA-112), EX-9 (LIR: SA-111), EX-10 (LIR: SA-102) and EX-12 (LIR: SA-108).	LIR; some already in Nothdurfter 1979	LIR; some already in Nothdurfter 1979
Bostel	In addition to the ceramic beakers bearing language-encoding inscriptions and/or recurring marks, four more beakers (EX-94, EX-95, EX-96, EX-97) and one bowl (EX-98) are inscribed with various scratchings. EX-101, EX-102, EX-103, EX-104 and EX-105 on potsherds (all lost) also belong here; the first three may represent further examples of the iθθi-group. Collective sigla EX-98: Eleven small bones bearing one or two simple marks (e.g. , , ).	MLR 103, 105, 119	Photos in MLR
Marks on fibulae	The Raetic corpus contains one potential inscription on a fibula (NO-9), which is highly suspect of being ornamental. Parallels: fibulae from Pfaffenhofen (Landeskonservatorat für Tirol), EX-46 from Pfatten / Vadena (Castello del Buonconsiglio, Inv. No. 2.447), EX-65 from Rungger Egg (Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano, Inv. No. R85/5B)
Marks on bronze axes from the Hallstatt period	A substantial collection of bronze axes bearing diverse marks are preserved in the Archäologisches Museum Fliess (collective sigla: EX-82); four more pieces are kept in the Castello del Buonconsiglio (EX-32, EX-33, EX-34, EX-83; a fifth axe with Inv. No. 2.790 is missing). They are too old to be considered in any way connected to the Raetic script proper, but may be of relevance for the interpretation of non-script marks contemporaneous with it. BZ-17 belongs with this group.			Hallstatt period
Marks on Astragaloi	EX-30, EX-51. The only known inscription on an astragalus (which also bears additional marks) is NO-13.

Isolated cases and otherwise ungroupable material

• EX-80: A wooden board, unpublished, currently at the Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano. Along one lengthwise edge, discolourations and to some extent indentations in the shape of lines, which might possibly be traces of characters. The lines cannot be arranged into letters; they are more likely to be marks left by some kind of metal fitting or the like.
• New inscriptions in LIR which have not been included in the TIR:
  • EX-1 (SA-96) – clearly ornamental (see drawing on this page)
  • EX-7 (SA-83) – fragmented, but more likely to be a zig-zag ornament
  • EX-8 (SA-94) – a -shape on a handle, isolated and in the context of ornament
  • EX-11 (SA-107) – the symbols and on a bronze handle; see above "Sanzeno I"
  • EX-14 (NO-2) – illegible; maybe comparable with the group "Sanzeno I" above

Images

Object EX-1 knife.	Object EX-2 hoe.	Object EX-3 knife.	Object EX-4 axe.	Object EX-5 spear butt.
Object EX-114 potsherd - sideview.	Object EX-114 potsherd with inscription EX-114 - underside.	Inscription EX-114.	Object EX-115 bowl.	Object EX-115 bowl with inscription EX-115 - underside.
Inscription EX-115.	Object EX-15 potsherd	Object EX-16 bone point.	Object EX-17 bone point.	Object EX-18 bone point.
Object EX-19 bone point.	Object EX-20 bone.	Object EX-21 bone.	Object EX-22 bone.	Object EX-23 bone point.
Object EX-24 bone point.	Object EX-25 bone point.	Object EX-26 bone point.	Object EX-27 bone point.	Object EX-28 handle.
Object EX-29 bowl.	Object EX-30 bone.	Object EX-31 axe.	Object EX-32 axe.	Object EX-33 axe.
Object EX-34 axe.	Object EX-35 bone point.	Object EX-36 simpulum.	Object EX-37 situla.	Object EX-38 axe.
Object EX-39 axe.	Object EX-40 hoe.	Object EX-41 bronze.	Inscription EX-42.	Object EX-42 bowl.
Object EX-43 axe.	Object EX-44 bowl.	Object EX-45 hoe.	Object EX-46 fibula.	Object EX-47 axe.
Object EX-48 axe.	Object EX-49 potsherd.	Object EX-50 potsherd.	Objects EX-51 bone.	Object EX-52 potsherd.
Object EX-53 scythe.	Object EX-55 fragment.	Object EX-56 knife.	Object EX-57 bone.	Object EX-58 bone.
Object EX-59 handle.	Object EX-60 handle.	Object EX-62 bowl.	Object EX-63 bowl.	Object EX-64 potsherd.
Object EX-65 fibula.	Object EX-66 fragment (fragments of different helmets).	Object EX-67 fragment.	Object EX-68 bowl.	Object EX-69 simpulum.
Object EX-70 handle.	Object EX-71 potsherd.	Object EX-72 chisel.	Object EX-73 stone.	Object EX-74 potsherd.
Object EX-75 handle.	Object EX-80 wood.

Bibliography

Bassi 1996	Cristina Bassi, "Catalogo e osservazioni di carattere tipo-cronologico", in: Umberto Raffaelli (Ed.), Oltre la porta. Serrature, chiavi e forzieri dalla preistoria all'età moderna nelle Alpi orientali. Catalogo della mostra tenuta a Trento, Castello del Buonconsiglio, dal 13 luglio al 31 ottobre 1996, Trento: Castello del Buonconsiglio. Monumenti e collezioni provinciali 1996, 84–93.
De Guio 2011	Armando De Guio (Ed.), "Bostel di Rotzo (VI) - stato di avanzamento delle ricerche", Quaderni di Archeologia del Veneto (QdAV) XXVII (2011), 168–183.
Egg 1986	Markus Egg, Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln, Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 1986.
Fogolari 1960	Giulia Fogolari, "Sanzeno nell'Anaunia", in: Deputazione di Storia Patria per le Province di Romagna (Eds), Civiltà del Ferro. Studi pubblicati nella ricorrenza centenaria della scoperta di Villanova [= Documenti e studi VI], Bologna: Forni 1960, 265–321.
Gamper 2000	Peter Gamper, "Die latènezeitlichen Befunde und Funde", Der Schlern 74 (2000), 633–663.
Gamper 2006	Peter Gamper, Die latènezeitliche Besiedlung am Ganglegg in Südtirol. Neue Forschungen zur Fritzens-Sanzeno-Kultur [= Internationale Archäologie 91], Rahden/Westfalen: Leidorf 2006.
Gamper & Steiner 1999	Peter Gamper, Hubert Steiner, Das Ganglegg bei Schluderns. Eine befestigte bronze- und eisenzeitliche Siedlung im oberen Vinschgau, Bozen: Athesia 1999.
Ghislanzoni 1930–31	Ettore Ghislanzoni, "La stipe votiva di S. Maurizio presso Bolzano", Bullettino di paletnologia italiana (BPI) L–LI (1930–1931), 179–188.
Ghislanzoni 1931	Ettore Ghislanzoni, "Sanzeno nell'Anaunia. Scavi di abitazioni preromane", Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità , Vol. VII (1931), 409–471.
Gleirscher et al. 2002	Paul Gleirscher, Hans Nothdurfter, Eckehart Schubert, Das Rungger Egg. Untersuchungen an einem eisenzeitlichen Brandopferplatz bei Seis am Schlern in Südtirol [= Römisch-Germanische Forschungen Band 61], Mainz: Philipp von Zabern 2002.
Kasseroler 1957	Alfons Kasseroler, Die vorgeschichtliche Niederlassung auf dem „Himmelreich“ bei Wattens [= Schlern-Schriften 166], Innsbruck: Wagner 1957.
Kluge 2017	Sindy Kluge, "Rätische UnSchriften. Überlegungen zu zwei Fallbeispielen", in: Raimund Karl, Jutta Leskovar (eds), Interpretierte Eisenzeiten. Fallstudien, Methoden, Theorie. Tagungsbeiträge der 7. Linzer Gespräche zur interpretativen Eisenzeitarchäologie, Linz: 2017, 311–322.
Kluge & Salomon 2015	Sindy Kluge, Corinna Salomon, "Ausgewählte Funde aus Dercolo im Kontext der rätischen Inschriften", Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch der Tiroler Landesmuseen 8 (2015), 80–95.
LIR	Alberto Mancini, Le Iscrizioni Retiche [= Quaderni del dipartimento di linguistica, Università degli studi di Firenze Studi 8–9], Padova: Unipress 2009–10. (2 volumes)
Lunz 1974	Reimo Lunz, Studien zur End-Bronzezeit und älteren Eisenzeit im Südalpenraum, Firenze: Sansoni 1974.
Lunz & Morandi 2003	Reimo Lunz, Alessandro Morandi, "Un frammento di elmo di bronzo con iscrizione retica da Settequerce – Siebeneich", Archeologia Classica LIV (2003), 341–349.
Marinetti 2003	Anna Marinetti, "Iscrizioni retiche di San Giorgio Valpolicella (VR)", Quaderni di Archeologia del Veneto (QdAV) IXX (2003), 111–117.
Marinetti 2004	Anna Marinetti, "Nuove iscrizioni retiche dall'area veronese", Studi Etruschi 70 (2004), 408–420.
Marinetti 2011b	Anna Marinetti, "Le iscrizioni retiche dal Bostel di Rotzo (Vicenza)", Quaderni di Archeologia del Veneto (QdAV) XXVII (2011), 201–203.
Marzatico 1997	Franco Marzatico, I materiali preromani della Valle dell’Adige nel Castello del Buonconsiglio [= Patrimonio storico artistico del Trentino 21], Trento: 1997. (3 volumes)

Main Chapter Pages:
Ancient sources I Archaeology in the Raetic area I Bibliography I Concordance I Index I Modern research on Raetic I Non-script notational systems I Raetic epigraphy I Raetica I Script I The Raetic language