Modern research on Raetic
Early finds and compilations in the 19th century
Modern research on the Raeti and Raetic based on both the classical sources and archaeological data begins with the work of Conte Benedetto Giovanelli, mayor of Trient, who published his book Trento. Città de’ rezj e colonia romana in 1825. Giovanelli referred to the information given by the classical historiographers (p. 53, n. 43) and assumed kinship of Raeti and Etruscans, but argued a differing view considering the origin of the alpine Raeti: He held that it was the Etruscans who migrated to Central Italy from the North. (Giovanelli 1844; see also Niebuhr 1811–32 I (sub "Die Tusker oder Etrusker) and Mommsen 1854–85 I (ch. 9).) He connected the historical Raeti with inscriptions found to the north of the Etruscan realm: the inscription on the Situla di Cembra, also Situla Giovanelli, bought by him in 1825 and published in 1844, and WE-1, also on a situla, found in 1845 during excavations prompted by Giovanelli himself, and published by him in an optimistically titled work in 1845. In fact, the Matrei situla would remain the most northerly Raetic inscription find for more than a century.
As early as 1853, the ancient historian Theodor Mommsen found occasion to lament "die über alle Begriffe elende Schrift" (p. 199) encountered in the inscriptions of Transpadania. He published a collection of all such inscriptions then known, including those on coins, which contained Giovanelli’s finds, as well as the then lost Spada di Verona and the Negau helmets A and B which had already been put into Raetic context by Giovanelli. Mommsen, who had been engaged in the Cispadanian Italic dialects, determined the alphabets to be closely related to the Etruscan script, and hence coined the term "Nordetruskische Alphabete". His work is distinguished by great methodological care and repeated caveats against drawing hasty conclusions from insufficient data. Considering this, it is even more baffling that in spite of his small database – 44 items in all – Mommsen succeded in correctly discriminating between different alphabets, among them a "Swiss alphabet" in the West, an alphabet of Padua/Este, as well as a Styrian alphabet on the Negau helmets, an alphabet of Verona on the spada, and a Tyrolian alphabet on Giovanelli’s finds. Concerning the latter, he stated: "Es liegt nichts näher als dieselben in Verbindung zu bringen mit der bekannten Angabe des Livius, dass die Räter Etrusker seien und ein verdorbenes Etruskisch noch in der augusteischen Zeit redeten; ich will dem nicht widersprechen, aber abgemacht ist die Frage durch die Auffindung einer dem tuskischen Alphabet verwandten rätischen Schrift noch keineswegs, so lange nicht die Identität der Idiome dargethan ist." (p. 230) For this identification of languages, Mommsen considered the available data insuffictient.
Only two years later, Giuseppe Giorgio Sulzer published drawings of the inscriptions on the warrior statuette from Sanzeno and the stela from Pfatten, found in 1846 and 1854 respectively. In 1867, Ariodante Fabretti included the North-Etruscan inscriptions in his Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum, adding amongst others BZ-4 published by Conestabile in 1863. Wilhelm Corssen discussed them in his Die Sprache der Etrusker (p. 919 ff.), interpreting the lot as documents of Etruscan, which in turn he took to be an Indo-European language. This view was echoed in Giovanni Amennone Oberziner's compendium I Reti in relazione cogli antichi abitatori d'Italia, which strove to link the historical sources with recent archaeological findings and linguistic theories. Oberziner, like Corssen, counted the Lepontic and some of the alpine Venetic inscriptions among the Raetic, ruling that "etnograficamente parlando i Reti non sono un popolo a sè, che pe' suoi caratteri si distingua dagli altri che abitarono l'Italia nostra, ma sono il complesso di parecchie sovrapposizioni etniche che ricevettero il nome comune di Reti probabilmente solo nel tempo abbastanza tardo degli Etruschi, ci conviene rintracciare queste varie civiltà nei monumenti." (XI) He subdivided the script, not entirely unlike Mommsen, into "retico centrale", "orientale", "occidentale" and "settentrionale" (the inscriptions from the Gurina (Gt 13–23) and on the Negau helmets) (p. 220, tab. 30), and held all the documented languages of Northern Italy to be related to Etruscan and the other languages of Italy.
It was the philologist Carl Pauli in his 1885 edition Die Inschriften des nordetruskischen Alphabets, who, relying on a corpus increased by twofold, continued Mommsen's groundwork and laid the foundation for detailed research. The largest and most important new group of documents at Pauli's disposal were the alphabet tablets from Este; as concerns Raetic, the only addition was the horse from Dercolo. (The inscription on the key from Dambel, included by Corssen, Pauli determined to be an imitation of CE-1 on a mediaeval object (p. 37 ff.)). Pauli distinguished four script provinces and assigned them names according to the main find places: the alphabets of Este, Bozen, Sondrino and Lugano (p. 46–58). While in at least two cases the epicentres of the alphabet provinces have shifted, these terms are still used today, even though they were intended only as provisional (p. 58) – Pauli himself wanted to change "Bozen alphabet" into "Trient alphabet" a few years later (AIF III: p. 189), but could not establish the new name. While he regarded the Bozen and Lugano alphabets as daughter alphabets of the Etruscan script, he believed the alphabets of Este and Sondrino to be derived from a Greek source on the Adriatic coast, and consequently distinguished between "North Etruscan" and "Adriatic" alphabets (p. 58–68; see also AIF III: 231). Based on the increased data, Pauli also attempted to identify the languages of the inscriptions and correctly perceived the Indo-European affiliation of those written in the Este and Lugano alphabets, coining the terms "Venetic" and "Lepontic". The languages of the Bozen and Sondrino alphabets he connected with Etruscan, and suggested – combining his findings with both conflicting theories concerning the origin of the Raeti – that while the latter was used by the population left behind by the Etruscan immigration into Padania, the first was the script of those Etruscan tribes dispersed to the North by the Gaulish invasion (p. 96–112; see also AIF II,2: 181 ff.).
A growing corpus and the PID
The late 19th and early 20th century saw a number of new inscriptions found, which were only published seperately and sometimes rather obscurely. Luigi Campi di Montesanto, who conducted excavations in and around the Nonsberg, mentioned NO-1 in 1887, and one year later asked Pauli to comment on this and three inscriptions from Mechel (NO-3, NO-4, NO-5). In the same article, Pauli mentioned VR-1 and VR-2, the former having been published by Cipolla in 1884. Pauli was also consulted by von Wieser about scratchings on two cists from Moritzing (BZ-7, BZ-8). In 1889, von Wieser reported the discovery of BZ-2 and BZ-3 at a meeting of the Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Vienna. Campi's excavations also brought to light NO-10, published by him in 1901, and NO-6, published in 1905. Oswald Menghin published RN-1 in 1914. An important find came from the South: the Paletta di Padova, found in January 1899 during the extension of a church and published by Ghirardini two years later. In 1918, the archaeologist Giuseppe Pellegrini published the considerable find of Magrè. He defined a Venetoid "alphabet of Magrè", distinct from Pauli's Bozen alphabet, documented on the 21 pieces of antler, and also considered VR-3, which Pauli hadn't been able to place, and PA-1 to belong in this group. He did, however, perceive the similarity of the forms recorded in the Magrè and Bozen alphabets, and tentatively suggested a difference between a northern and a southern "Raetic" population, where the former had mixed with the Gauls, whereas the latter, termed "Euganei", was heavily influenced by (but not necessarily related to) the Etruscans.
Only in 1933 were the Transpadanian inscriptions again published together in the copious edition of the British philologists Robert Seymour Conway and his student Joshua Whatmough, The Pre-Italic Dialects of Italy (PID). Conway, who had been working on this project since 1907, limited himself to editing volume I containing the Venetic inscriptions, so that the others (vol. II) were effectively attended to by Whatmough alone, but drawing heavily on Conway's notes. The PID was a very ambitious project, both in scope and in method: The editors of the PID attempted to have all the inscriptions autopsied by themselves or at least a trustworthy colleague. The corpus presented as "Raetic" by Whatmough, in addition to the inscriptions already listed by Pauli and the ones mentioned above, included RN-2 (found in 1924) and thirteen inscriptions on various objects from Sanzeno preserved in the Ferdinandeum (SZ-17 to SZ-29). Whatmough also republished BZ-9, which had already been published loco obscuro by Orgler in 1866. Of inscriptions previously assigned to other groups, he included the inscriptions from the Val d'Astico AS-1 to AS-14, which had been published as belonging to the Venetic corpus, but which he associated with Pellegrini's Magrè alphabet, as well as VR-5 (filed as Lepontic by Pauli). He also counted the inscriptions in the Sondrino alphabet as Raetic, but considered the both alphabeically and linguistically deviant. HU-1 and BZ-17 were mentioned in the appendix. Whatmough, who had basically finished his volume by 1925 and published a preliminary paper in 1923, agreed with Pellegrini that the language connected the Magrè with the Bozen group. In opposition to Pauli he argued that this language was not Etruscan or Etruscoid, but "the remnants of the speech of some tribe, the chief constituent of whose population was Western Indo-European, probably of mixed Celtic-Illyrean stock, which had been at some period of its history affected by considerable Etruscan intermixture and influence" (Whatmough 1923: 69). He assumed that the inscriptions were mainly votives, and accordingly read almost exclusively anthroponyms and theonyms, which he explained by comparing them to established names, mainly of Celtic or "Illyrian" origin. As concerns the alphabet, Whatmough also dissented from Pauli in that he saw all the North Etruscan alphabets as directly derived from the Etruscan, with the Magrè alphabet very similar to the Venetic, and the Bozen alphabet particularly close to the original.
The "Räterfrage"
The discussion of Raetic has long been impeded by nationalistic feeling on both the Austrian/German and the Italian side, because the question of Raetic identity and affiliation was regarded as relevant to the political, linguistical and ethnic situation of what used to be the Habsburg Kronland of Tyrol up to 1918. The debate has centered on the "Räterfrage" – the origin and composition of a hypothetical Raetic people. The profusion of usually fuzzy and sometimes contradictory propositions put forth on this topic lay rooted in the confusion or even equation of the classical name Raeti, whose ancient purport was to be identified, and the epigraphical finds defined, inconsistently over time, as linguistically or alphabetically Raetic. The Italian side has traditionally favored the Etruscan theory, proposing a Mediterranean drift into the Alps since pre-Roman times as suggested by the classical historiographers, while the Austrian camp preferred to identify the Raeti with the omnipresent Illyrians: With regard to Pauli's results concerning the Etruscan character of the inscriptions found in the Bozen area and as far north as Matrei am Brenner, Friedrich Stolz conceded that Etruscans dwelled "im südlichen Theile des Landes" (Stolz 1892: p. 37) – that is, where an Italian-speaking population existed in his own time. Literatur zur Nationalität der Räter vor Stolz in Anm. 14 Stolz regarded the name "Raeti" as a cover term, which allowed him to look for other ethnicities with which to identify the northern Raeti. He introduced a comment made by Strabon (IV,206) into the discussion, which mentions the Inntal tribes of the Breuni and the Genauni as being Illyrians, thereby mitigating the controversy: The Illyrians were associated with neither Italy nor Central Europe, but the Balkan. Stolz then channelled the problem into toponymy, with the pre-Roman toponyms of Tyrol being widely regarded as Illyrian in the first place. und die Italiener (32)? Stolz' writings have influenced prehistoric research in Austria and Germany until the cessation of "Panillyrism" in the 1950ies, among others Oswald Menghin and Ferdinand Haug. Even Pauli, who had identified the Venetic tribes with the Illyrians, acknowledged the relevance of Strabon and had his Illyro-Veneti settle in the greater part of north-western Tyrol, with the Etruscans only migrating along the valley of the river Etsch to Matrei (p. 242 f.). Mommsen, Whatmough 1923: 70 ff., PID: 4 ff., 627 with literature; basic questions: how did the etruscans get into italy, are the raeti related to them, or have they been seconderily influenced, are they urbevölkerung or where did they come from, who else could they be related to, or are they a mixed population
The 1920ies and 1930ies witnessed a linguistically based argument between the leading philologists in the field, conducted mainly in the journals Glotta, Studi Etruschi (SE) and the nationalistic Archivio per l’Alto Adige (AAA). Whatmough's opinions (also 1934) were accepted by Giuliano Bonfante, who took the Raeti for Illyrians. They were opposed by Rudolf Thurneysen, who found the equation of Raetic þinaχe with Etruscan zinace. cortsen 1935 etruskisch Paul Kretschmer (also Kretschmer 1932b, Kretschmer 1940 and 1943, Kretschmer 1949), Vittore Pisani and Francesco Ribezzo (also Ribezzo 1934b) also recognized similarities between Raetic and Etruscan, but argued a common ancestor: While the former two saw Raetic as an autochthonous pre-IE language related to Minor Asian Etruscan, which at the time of the inscription was already being Indo-Europeanized, Ribezzo preferred to have speakers of a pre-IE substratum including Raetic and Etruscan immigrate from Central Europe. Italian nationalism was represented by Carlo Battisti (numerous papers, see bibliography), who stuck with the ancients by identifying the Raeti with Etruscan fugitives, and fit this theory into an overall picture of migration from the South (and East) into the Alps. On the other end of the scale, Emil Vetter, who was responsible for the bibliographical reviews concerning Italic languages in Glotta, joined the debate in 1935 (p. 205) by remarking that he did not consider the Raetic-Etruscan equations compelling. He maintained his sceptical outlook in later publications, suggesting that the Sondrino inscriptions ought to be kept apart from the Raetic ones and that possibly even the Bozen and Magrè groups were not as close as generally assumed (Vetter 1943: 70 f. and 77 resp.)
Statuettes, petrographs, and the Iscrizioni retiche
After 1945, excavations conducted in South Tyrol and the Trentino brought important new finds to light. The bronze statuettes of Sanzeno (inscriptions SZ-1 to SZ-15), found in 1947, shifted the epicentre of Pauli’s Bozen alphabet to the right of the river Etsch. They were published in 1950 by Giacomo Roberti, and again in 1951 with a linguistical focus by Giovan Battista Pellegrini. Together with Giulia Fogolari, Pellegrini also published the inscription on the belt plaque of Lothen; Michel Lejeune followed suit with the inscription of Castelciés. In 1957, the discovery of the "petrographs of Steinberg" (in fact Brandenberg), published by Vetter, and three inscribed objects from the Himmelreich, both in North Tyrol, extended the domain of Raetic script to the north of the Brenner. The "stagshorns" from the Montesei di Serso were published by Pellegrini in 1965. Unfortunately, the new sources did nothing to clear up any of the old problems. On the contrary, both the Lothen and Steinberg inscriptions displayed yet more alphabet variants, and the identity of the Raeti, their language and script became ever more foggy.
The 1970ies saw a break in the reaserch on Raetic, effected by Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi, who adressed himself to methodological criticism, especially on the popular practice of interpreting inscriptions whose reading was not certain. He took an important step by defining the denotations and limitations of the term Raetic:
1. The term Raetic is defined by nothing but the script, in that it is applicable to those North Italic inscriptions that are neither written in the alphabets of Este (Venetic), nor Lugano (Lepontic) or Sondrino, or that of the Val Camonica (Camunic).
2. There are overlaps with neighbouring script provinces, and also offshoots on the margins.
3. The Raetic script shows variants.
4. The Raetic script might accommodate different languages, possibly including those customarily written in neighbouring alphabets. Accordingly, a language or dialect associated with the Raetc script could occasionally be found in an inscription in a non-Raetic alphabet.
5. The Etruscan features of the Raetic language could be due to a general genetic relationship, to one being a younger stage of the other, to secondary influence of one on the other, or result simply from the constricted view of the Indo-Europeanists, to whom all non-IE languages look vaguely similar.
In 1973, Alberto Mancini, a student of Prosdocimi, produced a list of questions that he deemed most urgent, including problems of phoneme-grapheme-relation, forms of graphemes, and also the still doubtful role of the Sondrino alphabet. Two years later, he published a lengthy article entitled Iscrizioni retiche (IR) in which he strove to update and amend the Raetic corpus as presented by Whatmough. Mancini’s is not a corpus as such, it merely serves as a supplement to the PID. He collected the new inscriptions, presented them with the relevant literature, and also included some unpublished material, mainly from the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum. Where he considered the readings of Whatmough or earlier scholars to be wrong or in some way amendable, he gave alternative interpretations by himself or others according to the 1973 state of the art. The work’s great virtue, especially compared to the unillustrated PID, is the abundance of photographs and drawings, even if the quality of the latter is inferior. Professional modern researchers have largely heeded Prosdocimi’s advice, apart from Maria Grazia Tibiletti Bruno, who unfortunately was chosen to contribute on Raetic to an important and much read compendium on the languages and dialects of ancient Italy in 1978.
Fringe scholarship on Raetic
Like all epigraphic riddles, the Raetic inscriptions have attracted the attention of numerous fringe scholars and laymen, who are responsible for some of the more curious theories and also a couple of "decipherments". They have been the cause for no little confusion and mystification about Raetic matters in fields that are only marginally concerned with the problem, and also in the public. Ferruccio Bravi in a book entitled La lingua dei Reti (1981) has made a brave attempt at a complete edition, including many very useable pictures, but his readings are bogus. Linus Brunner, also in the 1980ies, believed the inscriptions to encode a Semitic language; the chemicist Herbert Zebisch, who also put forward decipherments of the Phaistos disc and Linear A, preferred to read Iberian. Nevertheless, there is also useful work done by non-specialists, most prominently Adolfo Zavaroni, who is the host of a preliminary online collection of North Italic sources.
Breakthrough in Raetic archaeology
In 1968, a symposium on Raetic was held in Chur, Switzerland, whose results were published in 1970 as Der heutige Stand der Räterforschung, and again in 1984 under the title Das Räterproblem in geschichtlicher, sprachlicher und archäologischer Sicht. The focus of the symposium was on archaeology, including only one paper on linguistic matters by Ernst Risch. Nevertheless, it gave a fresh impetus to research and presented some innovative ideas on the "Räterfrage". In 1981, Reimo Lunz (p. 198 ff.) asserted that, nebulous as the Raeti as a people remained, the domain of the inscriptions coincided with an archaeological group of the Tyrolean younger iron age, the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture.
Recent finds and compilations
After Mancini’s update, new finds were uncovered in South Tyrol, the Trentino, and the Veneto, where the spada di Verona, which had gone missing 300 years ago, was recovered and republished by Anna Marinetti in 1987 – an important work, where for the first time a segmentation of the text on purely structural grounds was attempted. Steinberg In 1992, Stefan Schumacher’s Die rätischen Inschriften, intended as a preliminary work to a proper corpus, sought to combine the data from the PID and the IR and contains a collection of all inscriptions then known, sorted by find spot following the example of Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967 for the Venetic corpus. This work made possible an overall view of the inscriptions and the language they encoded, and laid the basis for new insights, published mainly by Schumacher (also 1993 and 1998) and Helmut Rix, who devoted a small monograph to these matters in 1998. Raetic was determined to be more homogenic than expected, and indeed related to Etruscan. Important contributions have been made by Mancini 1991 and 1999, Marinetti 1992, Schmeja 1996 and Morandi 1999. In 2004, Schumacher updated his collection for a second edition, augmenting it by a summarisation of the recent findings and a couple of newfound inscriptions. In the same year, Marinetti published a group of new inscriptions (VR-5 to VR-28) from the South of the Raetic compass. The most important new finds of recent years, however, come from North Tyrol and Bavaria: IT-4, IT-5, and the petrographs ??? and UG-1/UG-2. Mancini
Bibliography
| AIF I | Carl Pauli, Altitalische Forschungen. Band 1: Die Inschriften nordetruskischen Alphabets, Leipzig: 1885. |
|---|---|
| AIF II,2 | Carl Pauli, Altitalische Forschungen. Band 2: Eine vorgriechische Inschrift von Lemnos, Abteilung 2, Leipzig: 1894. |
| AIF III | Carl Pauli, Altitalische Forschungen. Band 3: Die Veneter und ihre Schriftdenkmäler, Leipzig: 1891. |
| Battisti 1944 | Carlo Battisti, "Osservazioni sulla lingua delle iscrizioni nell'alfabeto etrusco settentrionale di Bolzano", Studi Etruschi 18 (1944), 199–236. |
| Battisti 1946–47 | Carlo Battisti, "Osservazioni sulla lingua delle iscrizioni nell'alfabeto etrusco settentrionale di Bolzano", Studi Etruschi 19 (1946–47), 249–276. |
| Bonfante 1935 | Giuliano Bonfante, "Quelques aspects du problème de la langue rétique", Bulletin de la Société de Linguistique de Paris 36 (1935), 141–154. |
| Bravi 1979 | Ferruccio Bravi, La Lingua dei Reti. II. Testi, Lessico, Repertori [= Clessidra 19], Bozen – Bolzano: Presel 1979. |
| Brunner & Toth 1987 | Linus Brunner, Alfred Toth, Die rätische Sprache – enträtselt. Sprache und Sprachgeschichte der Räter, Gossau: 1987. |
| Calzavara Capuis & Pellegrini 1970 | Loredana Calzavara Capuis, Giovan Battista Pellegrini, "Tavoletta Iscritta da S. Lorenzo di Sebato", in: Istituto di Archeologia dell'Università di Padova (Ed.), Venetia. Studi miscellanei di archeologia delle Venezie, Vol. 2 [= Pubblicazioni dell'Istituto di archeologia dell'Università di Padova 6], Padova: 1970, 235–253. |
| CII | Ariodante Fabretti, Corpus inscriptionum italicarum, Torino: 1867. (2 volumes) |
| Cipolla 1884 | Carlo Cipolla, "III. Lavagno", Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità (1884), 4–13. |
| Conestabile 1863 | Giancarlo Conestabile, Second spicilegium de quelques monuments écrits ou épigraphes des Étrusques. Musées de Londres, de Berlin, de Manheim, de La Haye, de Paris, de Pérouse (Italie), Paris: Librairie Académique - Didier et Cie 1863. |
| Corssen 1874 | Wilhelm Paul Corssen, Ueber die Sprache der Etrusker. Band 1, Leipzig: 1874. |
| Cortsen 1935 | Søren Peter Cortsen, "Literaturbericht 1928-1934: Etruskisch", Glotta 25 (1935), 145–147. |
| Dal Rì 1987 | Lorenzo Dal Rì, "Influssi etrusco-italici nella regione retico-alpina", in: Raffaele De Marinis (Ed.), Gli Etruschi a nord del Po, Mantova: Regione Lombardia - Provincia e Comune di Mantova 1987, 160–179. |
| De Simone & Marchesini 2013 | Carlo de Simone, Simona Marchesini (Eds), La lamina di Demlfeld [= Mediterranea. Quaderni annuali dell'Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà italiche e del Mediterraneo antico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Supplemento 8], Pisa – Roma: 2013. |
| Franz 1953 | Leonhard Franz, "Epigraphische Kleinigkeiten", Der Schlern 27 (1953), 176–178. |
| Franz 1957 | Leonhard Franz, "Südtiroler Reitia-Inschriften", Der Schlern 31 (1957), 105–109. |
| Franz 1958b | Leonhard Franz, "Eine Inschrift aus Cles", Der Schlern 32 (1958), 39–40. |
| Franz 1959 | Leonhard Franz, "Rätische Inschriften im Innsbrucker Landesmuseum", Der Schlern 33 (1959), 228–229. |
| Ghirardini 1901 | Gherardo Ghirardini, "Padova – Di un singolare bronzo paleoveneto scoperto presso la Basilica di S. Antonio", Notizie degli Scavi di Antichità (1901), 314–321. |
| Ghislanzoni 1939 | Ettore Ghislanzoni, "Il sepolcreto di Vadena (Bolzano)", Monumenti antichi Lincei 38 (1939), 319–534. |
| Giovanelli 1825 | Benedetto Giovanelli, Trento. Città de' Rezj e colonia romana, Trento: Monauni 1825. |
| Giovanelli 1834 | Benedetto Giovanelli, "Ueber ein rhätisches Gefäß und über rhätische Paläographie", Beiträge zur Geschichte, Statistik, Naturkunde und Kunst von Tirol und Vorarlberg 8 (1834), 133–149. |
| Giovanelli 1844 | Benedetto Giovanelli, Dei Rezj. Dell'origini de' popoli d'Italia e d'una iscrizione rezio-etrusca. Pensieri di Benedetto Conte Giovanelli Podestà di Trento, Trento: 1844. |
| Giovanelli 1845 | Benedetto Giovanelli, Le antichità rezio-etrusche scoperte presso Matrai nel Maggio 1845, Trento: Monauni 1845. |
| Haug 1914 | Ferdinand Haug, "Raeti", in: Georg Wissowa, Wilhelm Kroll, Kurt Witte (Eds), Paulys Real-Encyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, revised edition, Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler 1893–1978, Zweite Reihe, Band I, A, 1, 42–46. |
| IR | Alberto Mancini, "Iscrizioni retiche", Studi Etruschi 43 (1975), 249–306. |
| Kasseroler 1957 | Alfons Kasseroler, Die vorgeschichtliche Niederlassung auf dem „Himmelreich“ bei Wattens [= Schlern-Schriften 166], Innsbruck: Wagner 1957. |
| Kirchmayr & Schumacher 2019 | Margarethe Kirchmayr, Stefan Schumacher, "Ein Miniaturschild mit rätischer Inschrift vom Fernpass", in: Simon Hye, Ulrike Töchterle (eds), UPIKU:TAUKE. Festschrift für Gerhard Tomedi zum 65. Geburtstag [= Universitätsforschungen zur prähistorischen Archäologie 339], Bonn: 2019, 257–268. |
| Kretschmer 1932 | Paul Kretschmer, "Die Etruskerfrage und die Inschriften von Magrè", in: Axel Nelson (Ed.), Symbolae philologicae O.A. Danielsson Octogenario dicatae, Uppsala: 1932, 134–142. |
| Kretschmer 1932b | Paul Kretschmer, "Literaturbericht für das Jahr 1929. Griechisch", Glotta 20 (1932), 218–256. |
| Kretschmer 1940 | Paul Kretschmer, "Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten. Teil 1", Glotta 28 (1940), 231–278. |
| Kretschmer 1943 | Paul Kretschmer, "Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten (Fortsetzung)", Glotta 30 (1943), 84–218. |
| Kretschmer 1949 | Paul Kretschmer, "Wem waren die raetischen Täfelchen von Magrè geweiht?", Die Sprache 1 (1949), 30–36. |
| Lejeune 1951 | Michel Lejeune, "L'Inscription Rétique de Castelcies", Studi Etruschi 21 (1951), 209–214. |
| LIR | Alberto Mancini, Le Iscrizioni Retiche [= Quaderni del dipartimento di linguistica, Università degli studi di Firenze Studi 8–9], Padova: Unipress 2009–10. (2 volumes) |
| Lunz 1981 | Reimo Lunz, Archäologie Südtirols. Von den Jägern des Mesolithikums (um 7000 v. Chr.) bis zum Ende des Weströmischen Reiches (476 n. Chr.) [= Archäologische Forschungen in Tirol 7], Calliano (Trento): 1981. |
| Lunz & Morandi 2003 | Reimo Lunz, Alessandro Morandi, "Un frammento di elmo di bronzo con iscrizione retica da Settequerce – Siebeneich", Archeologia Classica LIV (2003), 341–349. |
| Mancini 1973 | Alberto Mancini, "Rivista di epigrafia italica: Retico", Studi Etruschi 41 (1973), 364–371. |
| Mancini 1995 | Alberto Mancini, "Nuove Iscrizioni Retiche", Quaderni del Dipartimento di Linguistica - Università di Firenze 6 (1995), 137–153. |
| Mancini & Prosdocimi 1976 | Alberto Mancini, Aldo Luigi Prosdocimi, "Nota sui Corni Iscritti di S. Briccio di Lavagno e sul "Retico"", in: Alessandra Aspes (Red.), 3000 anni fa a Verona. Dalla fine dell'età del Bronzo all'arrivo dei romani nel territorio Veronese, Verona: 1976, 111–122. |
| Marchesini 2014 | Simona Marchesini, "Nuove iscrizioni retiche da Cles e Sanzeno (Trento)", in: Rosa Roncador, Franco Nicolis, Antichi popoli delle Alpi. Sviluppi culturali durante l'età del Ferro nei territori alpini centro-orientali (Atti della giornata internazionale di studi 1 maggio 2010 Sanzeno, Trento), Trento: Provincia autonoma di Trento. Soprintendenza per i beni architettonici e archeologici 2014, 127–144. |
| Marinetti 1987 | Anna Marinetti, "L'iscrizione retica (PID 247) da Ca' dei Cavri (Verona)", in: Alessandra Aspes (Ed.), Prima della Storia. Inediti di 10 anni di ricerche a Verona, Verona: Museo Civico di Storia Naturale 1987, 131–140. |
| Marinetti 1991 | Anna Marinetti, "Una Iscrizione Retica su un Piccolo Osso di Animale dal Maton di Castelrotto", Annuario Storico della Valpolicella 1990-1991 (1991), 39–42. |
| Marinetti 1992 | Anna Marinetti, "Documenti epigrafici da St. Lorenzen (Val Pusteria, Bolzano). Epigraphische Zeugnisse aus St. Lorenzen (Pustertal, Bozen)", in: Ingrid R. Metzger, Paul Gleirscher, Die Räter / I Reti [= Schriftenreihe der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Alpenländer, Neue Folge 4], Bozen: Athesia 1992, 691–700. |
| Marinetti 2003 | Anna Marinetti, "Iscrizioni retiche di San Giorgio Valpolicella (VR)", Quaderni di Archeologia del Veneto (QdAV) IXX (2003), 111–117. |
| Marinetti 2004 | Anna Marinetti, "Nuove iscrizioni retiche dall'area veronese", Studi Etruschi 70 (2004), 408–420. |
| Marinetti 2011b | Anna Marinetti, "Le iscrizioni retiche dal Bostel di Rotzo (Vicenza)", Quaderni di Archeologia del Veneto (QdAV) XXVII (2011), 201–203. |
| Marzatico 2001 | Franco Marzatico, "La prima età del Ferro", in: Michele Lanzinger, Franco Marzatico, Annaluisa Pedrotti (Eds), Storia del Trentino. Vol. 1: La preistoria e la protostoria, Bologna: Il Mulino 2001, 417–477. |
| Mayr 1947 | Karl M. Mayr, "Vorrömische Inschrift vom Putzer-Gschleier in Eppan", Der Schlern 21 (1947), 267. |
| Mayr 1953 | Karl M. Mayr, "Rätische Votivinschrift vom Tartscherbühel bei Mals", Der Schlern 27 (1953), 365–367. |
| Mayr 1954 | Karl M. Mayr, "Webstuhlgewicht mit rätischen Schriftzeichen", Der Schlern 28 (1954), 552–553. |
| Mayr 1956 | Karl M. Mayr, "Räto-römischer Grabstein mit Inschrift aus Maderneid in Eppan", Der Schlern 30 (1956), 175–176. |
| Mayr 1957c | Karl M. Mayr, "Hirschhornvotiv mit rätischer Inschrift aus Sanzeno am Nonsberg", Der Schlern 31 (1957), 426–427. |
