SZ-30

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Inscription
Transliteration:	ka[? ?]isθi : luχe : ̣p̣umis : l[ ]θiaḳ[? ?]auþile : ẹḷuku : ̣
Original script:	[][][]
Object:	SZ-30 situla (bronze)
Position:	inside
Frame:	(none, top and bottom, none)
Script:	North Italic script
Direction of writing:	dextroverse
Letter height:	1.2 cm – 2.5 cm
Number of letters:	35
Number of characters:	40
Number of lines:	1
Craftsmanship:	embossed
Current condition:	damaged, fragmentary, restored
Date of inscription:	5th–4th centuries BC [from object]
Date derived from:	typology [from object]
Language:	Raetic
Meaning:	unknown
Alternative sigla:	IR 29 LIR SA-22
Sources:	Schumacher 2004: 139

Images

Inscription SZ-30 - fragment A.	Inscription SZ-30 - fragment B.	Inscription SZ-30 - fragment C.	Inscription SZ-30 - fragments D and E.	Inscription SZ-30 - fragment A.
Object SZ-30 situla with inscription SZ-30 - fragments A-K.	Object SZ-30 situla with inscription SZ-30.

Commentary

First published in IR. Autopsied by TIR in November 2013.

Pictures in IR (photo tav. XLI and drawing = LIR).

The characters are struck from what was apparently the inside of the situla, and are usually read from this side, even though dextroverse inscriptions are unusual. It is unlikely that the strokes would have been visible on the outside of the vessel even in the absence of copper rust. (Compare, however, IT-5 where the positive side seems to have been the face side.) This raises the question of when and why the characters were embossed. It is generally assumed that the inscription was applied secondarily: The situla was dismantled and inscribed, possibly for votive purposes (suggested also by the presence of the word eluku), on what had been the inside, apparently making use of two decorative lines as a frame for the letters.

The presence of the rivetted rime before has been taken to suggest that fragment A bears the beginning of the inscription, though the separator to the left of the rivetted rim, with the uppermost dot missing, may indicate otherwise. While it might mark the end of the inscription, it is possible that the situla was constructed of more than one piece of bronze sheet. In that case, even if the writer started at one of the rims, there were one ore even more of them traversing the inscription. After , a discolouration is visible along the breaking edge in the lower half of the line, maybe indicating a stroke (?). Based on the reconstruction of the situla, fragment B bears the second (or next) part of the inscription. Fragments A and H may possibly fit together; in that case, as few as three or four letters may be missing between and . The very tip of the letter before the first is visible. A small piece missing in the upper area where fragment B was broken (see SZ-30 situla) damages the separator (the uppermost dot being gone) and the character following it, but no other reading than is plausible. Judging by the bent edges of fragments B and C, a rivetted rim may have been separating them. In that case, hardly any letters would be missing between and . is damaged in the middle area, the upper bar being gone; no white inlay in the remaining bar. The right part of the fragment shows only the upper parts of the following letters: an angle representing the tip of , or , followed by the tip of an oblique stroke, most probably , and one of a hasta. Fragments D and E have not been joined together by the restaurator like the fractions of fragment B, but belong together without a doubt. The size of the lacuna between fragments C and D is not securely determinable (see SZ-30 situla). Before , the upper tip of an oblique stroke. A hole is located right at the tip of – while it is deep and irregular and does not look intentional like the dots of the separators, no similar defect can be found on the situla's surface. See NO-13 for possibly a similar execution of the special character and Þ for details. and of eluku are damaged by the break between the two fragments, but the reading is non-ambiguous. Fragment G fits neatly onto fragment A.

The characters are neatly and consistently executed, with appearing always with short bars, with the bar rising in writing direction, with the upper angle opening in writing direction, shorter than the other letters, and a separator consisting of three dots. The only difficulty concerns the ever-problematic characters for l and p: All three Northern variants , and occur in the inscription. in eluku and )auþile is clear, and in pumis is the standard Sanzeno-type p, so in luχe and at the beginning of a lost word could be read either l or p. It does seem strange that in such a tidy inscription the writer should have made a grave mistake like this; it remains to be determined whether with the bar on top turned in writing direction is not a character distinct from the other two rather than a variant of either or frequent evidence of a common mistake. (See L for details and ??? for other inscriptions containing all three characters.)

The inscription appears to be the longest document of the Raetic language which has so far come down to us; unfortunately, it is shortened to unknown extent by the disintergration of the object. Of the complete words, only eluku is attested in other Raetic inscriptions. luχe or puχe lends itself to various interpretations; the segmentation of pumis as a personal name plus genitive suffix is not implausible, but not confirmable in the absence of other attestations of the name. Only one pertinentive form can be found in )auþile.

Bibliography

IR	Alberto Mancini, "Iscrizioni retiche", Studi Etruschi 43 (1975), 249–306.
LIR	Alberto Mancini, Le Iscrizioni Retiche [= Quaderni del dipartimento di linguistica, Università degli studi di Firenze Studi 8–9], Padova: Unipress 2009–10. (2 volumes)