Script
Transmission of the alphabet to and in Italy
In the 8th century BC, the island of Pithekoussai (modern Ischia) off the coast of Campania was colonized by Greeks from Euboia. While it is not quite clear whether the settlement was a proper colony or just a trading post, it spawned the foundation of historically important Kyme around the middle of the 8th century on mainland Italy. Pithekoussai itself seems to have lost importance at the turn of the century. The alphabet used by the colonists was that of the Euboic mother-cities Chalkis und Eretria - indeed, one of the oldest testimonies of early Greek writing is from Pithekoussai: the so-called Cup of Nestor, dated to the last quarter of the 8th century. (Jeffery 1990: 235) The Etruscans would have been in contact with the Greek settlers from the beginning, and the acquisition of their script was not a long time coming: The oldest document of written Etruscan, a kotyle from Tarquinia, is dated to about 700 (Wallace 2008: 17).
As the oldest abecedarium on an ivory tablet from Marsiliana d’Albegna (about 650) shows, the Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet, in its Eastern Greek "red" variety as used in Euboia, without any changes with regard to the different phonemic systems of the two languages. (For details see Jeffery 1990: 236ff.) Only by and by do the documented abecedaria reflect a process of adaptation to writing practice. The apparently obsolete signs for the mediae dropped out - all exept Gamma, which together with Kappa and Qoppa became part of a curious orthographic rule for writing allophones, and only later replaced both the other signs as the exclusive sign for the velar stop. Due to the lack of /o/ in Etruscan, Omikron falls away. In the 6th century, an additional sign in the shape of an 8 is created for /f/, after a phase of writing the sound with a digraph <vh> oder <hv>, and added to the end of the sign row. As concerns the writing of sibilants, a certain confusion on the part of the Greeks (see Jeffery 1990: 25ff., Swiggers 1996: 266f.) seems to have been propagated to the Etruscans: The Etruscan language seems to have had - apart from a dental affricate written with Zeta - two sibilants /s/ and probably /ʃ/ which were written with Sigma and San – in the South Sigma for /s/, San for /ʃ/, the other way round in the North. In the Southern cities Caere und Veii, where a number of divergences from general Etruscan writing practice can be observed over the course of time, a Sigma with more than three strokes appears instead of San. Finally in Cortona, a monophthongised, possibly long /e/ was consistently written with the sign E turned against the direction of writing. As is customary in archaic Greek inscriptions, Etruscan inscriptions are generally sinistroverse, apart from a short phase around 600 in Caere and Veii. Unlike Greek practice, boustrophedon writing is rare. While word separation is consistently executed on Nestor's Cup, the archaic Etruscan texts often dispense with it, until it establishes itself in neo-Etruscan time (after 470). (For details see Wallace 2008: 17ff.; a collection of Etruscan abecedaria in Pandolfini & Prosdocimi 1990: 19-94.)
As things present themselves to us now, the Etruscan script must have found its way to the peoples north of the river Po more than once, and not necessarily from the Etruscan settlements in Transpadania. Etruscan inscriptions in the very North are known from Feltre, the area around Mantova (Bagnolo S. Vito, Roncoferraro) and Montecchio?. According to the theory of Prosdocimi, however, the first version of the Venetic script was based on a model from Clusium (Chiusi), while a seperate tradition lies at the basis of the younger alphabet of Este. The archaic alphabet (dat.), attested securely only in one (*Es 120) and possibly in two more inscriptions, tau und theta aus chiusi; anscheinend fortgesetzt in vicenza?. In the alphabet of Este, unusually well documented on a number of votive writing tablets, anderes system, and, most prominently, syllabic punctuation is used. dieses ab ca. 600 in Südetrurien, v.a. in der Stadt Veii. Im dortigen Heiligtum scheint sich eine vielleicht pädagogisch motivierte Schreibschultradition herausgebildet zu haben, in der alle Elemente, die nicht Teil einer (C)CV-Silbe waren, durch Punktierung abgeteilt wurden. heiligtum auch in este, ähnliche funde? silbenschreibung schon in kyme, sinn unklar, rix und literatur. dann wiederum separates system in padua, und ganz komisch in cadore mit heiligtum in Lagole, aber überall die silbenpunktierung. verkomplizierung durch den umstand, dass die veneter auch griechische schrift gekannt haben müssten (wg o am ende der reihe). phonemische unterschiede. (For details see Fogolari & Prosdocimi 1988: 328-351.)
weiters die räter ohne silbenpunktierung, können sich das von den venetern wiederhergestellte plosivschreibungssystem wieder auf den bauch hauen, obwohl anscheinend reste davon da sind - welche venetische tradition? gemischt? beziehungen zu cadore oder nicht, und wenn ja, über welche route? welche rolle spielen die venetoiden inschriften im gebirge - zeugnis für alpentransit, oder chronologischer faktor? ist das alphabet von magrè eh einfach venetische schrift mit einem sonderzeichen? wieso schauen die sonderzeichen so unterschiedlich aus?
lepontisch dagegen seinerseits vom etruskischen, aber auch mit o, verweis aufs lexlep, ältestes dokument eigentlich von jenseits mit fraglicher stellung, archaisch-lepontisches zentrum an den südspitzen von lago maggiore und lago di como (comer arm), dann auch im tessin (s. uhlich), und sonst is aus der gegend zwischen dort und mantua, wo eigentlich die etrusker sitzen, recht viel undefinierbares zeugl.
und schließlich die camuner im oglio-tal oberhalb vom lago d'iseo, was mit denen verkehrt is, weiß keiner.
| Nestor's Cup
725-700 |
Kyme 2
700-675 |
Marsiliana d'Albegna
~650 |
Chiusi | *Es 120
600-575 |
Este | Padua | Cadore | Magrè | Sanzeno | Steinberg | Lugano |
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Alphabets of Transpadania and the Alps as distinguished in TIR
Greek
Etruscan
North Italic
The archaic Venetic alphabet
Alphabet of Este
Alphabet of Padua
Alphabet of Cadore
Alphabet of Magrè
Alphabet of Sanzeno
Alphabet of Steinberg
Alphabet of Lugano
Camunic
Latin
Images
 Map of inscriptions in the two Raetic alphabets.
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 Map of North Italic inscriptions.
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Bibliography
| AIF I | Carl Pauli, Altitalische Forschungen. Band 1: Die Inschriften nordetruskischen Alphabets, Leipzig: 1885. |
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| Colonna 1972 | Giovanni Colonna, "Clusium et Orvieto", Studi Etruschi 40 (1972), 470–471. |
| ET | Helmut Rix, Gerhard Meiser (Eds), Etruskische Texte. Editio Minor [= ScriptOralia 23-24; Reihe A, Altertumswissenschaftliche Reihe 6-7], Tübingen: Gunter Narr 1991. (2 volumes) |
| Gamper 2006 | Peter Gamper, Die latènezeitliche Besiedlung am Ganglegg in Südtirol. Neue Forschungen zur Fritzens-Sanzeno-Kultur [= Internationale Archäologie 91], Rahden/Westfalen: Leidorf 2006. |
| Jeffery 1990 | Lilian H. Jeffery, The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece. A study of the origin of the Greek alphabet and its development from the eighth to the fifth cernturies B.C., Oxford: 1990. |
| Lexicon Leponticum | David Stifter, Martin Braun, Michela Vignoli et al., Lexicon Leponticum. URL: http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/ |
| Lunz 1981b | Reimo Lunz, Venosten und Räter. Ein historisch-archäologisches Problem [= Archäologisch-historische Forschungen in Tirol Beiheft 2], Calliano (Trento): 1981. |
| Mancini 1980 | Alberto Mancini, "Le iscrizioni della Valcamonica. Parte 1: Status della questione. Criteri per un'edizione dei materiali", Studi Urbinati di storia, filosofia e letteratura Supplemento linguistico 2 (1990), 75–167. |
| Marchesini 2013 | Simona Marchesini, "Descrizione epigrafica della lamina", in: Carlo de Simone, Simona Marchesini (Eds), La lamina di Demlfeld [= Mediterranea. Quaderni annuali dell'Istituto di Studi sulle Civiltà italiche e del Mediterraneo antico del Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche. Supplemento 8], Pisa – Roma: 2013, 45–53. |
| Marinetti 2004 | Anna Marinetti, "Nuove iscrizioni retiche dall'area veronese", Studi Etruschi 70 (2004), 408–420. |
| Marinetti 2004b | Anna Marinetti, "Venetico: Rassegna di nuove iscrizioni (Este, Altino, Auronzo, S. Vito, Asolo). (Rivista di Epigraphia Italica)", Studi Etruschi 70 (2004), 389–408. |
