SL-1 helmet: Difference between revisions

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{{object
{{object
|name=Helmet of Vače
|name=Vače helmet
|type_object=helmet
|type_object=helmet
|type=Negau helmet, Slovenian type, variant Vače
|type=Negau helmet, Slovenian type, variant Vače
|material=bronze
|material=bronze
|dimension=height 19.5 cm, diameter min. 25.7 cm, diameter max. 27.9 cm, thickness min. 1.4 mm, thickness max. 2.0 mm
|dimension=length: 27 cm, width: 25.8 cm, height: 19 cm, thickness: 1 mm
|dimension_max=27.9 cm
|dimension_max=27.0 cm
|condition=complete
|condition=complete
|sortdate=-425
|sortdate=-425
|date=second half of the 5th century BC
|date=second half of the 5<sup>th</sup> century BC
|date_derivation=typology
|date_derivation=typology
|site=Vače
|site=Vače
|find_circumstances=unknown
|find_circumstances=unknown
|date_find=before July 1886
|date_find=before 1883
|location=Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung
|location=Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung
|inventory_number=VI 2655
|inventory_number=VI 2655
|accessibility=repository
|accessibility=repository
|source=Reinecke 1942: 145–146; Egg 1986: 228 (No. 330), fig. 186, pl. 249; Nedoma 1995: 32–34, fig. 22, 23
|checklevel=0
|checklevel=3
|problem=Akten Watsch einarbeiten; Fundumstände nach Pecnik
}}
}}
== Commentary ==
== Commentary ==
Bronze Negau-type helmet of the Slovenian type, variant Vače.<br>Domed bowl with median ridge; highly creased filler with roll-shaped chin strap bails. The filler was riveted together in one place on the back side; the two rivets still visible. Interior brim of the filler perforated at regular intervals. Patina from light green to dark green in colour with patches from light brown to white in colour. Age-related corrosion with some slivers. Rarely other traces of abrasion. Slight dell on the left exterior of the brim thus the brim slightly broken in this area.<br>Stamped decoration around the filler, a row of palmettes and a spiral eyes row between three lines which on the one hand enframed the decoration rows, otherwise the lines serve as border for each row. On exterior no further decoration.<br>In front of the throat an embossed [[index::SL-1|inscription]], and marks in two more places: An oblique stroke {{c||line d 2}} (height 1.5 cm) is embossed with a pointed tool (about thirty indentations) in the back on the throat. The same mark is found in the exact same place on another Negau-type helmet ([[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung]], with inv. No. VI 1668), but embossed with an oblong tool ({{bib|Marstrander 1927}}: 14 et seq. and 20). Another mark {{c||line d 2}} {{c||line d 1}} (height 0.6 cm) is embossed on the edge of the calotte right over the throat and the oblique stroke.<br>An attribution of the helmet to the variant Vače is possible because of the roll-shaped bails which are characteristical of this variant in contrast to the variant Idrija and the for this variant typical bracket bails. Also characteristic of the Vače group is a stamped decoration in form of spiral eyes, circle eyes or palmettes. Normally the Negau-type helmets of the Slovenian type, variant Vače, were dated to the second half of the 5th century BC. At the turn of the 4th century the variant Idrija appears. For the distinction of the different variants and the dating see {{bib|Urban & Nedoma 2002}}: 52–54.<br>Any indications of the find circumstances like detailed find place are unknown. The helmet was purchased by the [[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung|Kunsthistorisches Museum]] from Johann Grilz who excavated the helmet near the location of Klenik, 1886. An attached document – dated to the 10 July 1886 – of the [[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung|Kunsthistorisches Museum]] indicates that the helmet was part of a number of antiquities which were sold by Johann Grilz to the museum. The local farmer Johann Grilz (1860-1931) or in Slovenian Janez Grilc discovered the famous ''Situla of [[index::Vače]]'' in January or in March 1882 and sold the object to the museum in Ljubljana / Laibach. Related to the helmet there are no references about the detailed find place ({{bib|Reinecke 1942}}: 145–146). It is however obviously that the helmet must be found before July 1886.<br>Due to the missing find circumstances a specific classification is not possible. The good state of preservation of the helmet at which no evidence of intentional damage are visible implies that the kind of deposition does not suggest a sacral motivation ({{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: 33).<br>Against the good state of preservation of the helmet and the well legible [[index::SL-1|inscription]] in the front of the throat, currently the helmet is preserved in the repository of the [[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung|Kunsthistorisches Museum]] due to museum didactic aspects. The showcase which presents all the other Negau-type helmets is reserved to all the helmets of the hoard of [[index::Ženjak]] e.g. [[index::SL-2 helmet]].<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in February 2014.<br>''S.K.'' with additional information by ''C.S.''
First published in {{bib|Schneider 1892}}: 54 f. (Nr 97). Examined by TIR on 12<sup>th</sup> February 2014.
 
Images in {{bib|Egg 1986}}: pl. 249 (photo) and {{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: Abb. 21 (photo).
 
Bronze Negau helmet of the Slovenian type, variant Vače. Domed bowl with median ridge; crimped brim with lining plate with tube-shaped chin strap bails. The lining plate was riveted together in one place in the back (the two rivets are still visible) and is perforated at regular intervals along the inner rim. Patina from light green to dark green in colour with patches from light brown to white in colour. Corrosion with some slivers; few other traces of abrasion. Slight dent on the left-side outer rim of the brim, which is slightly broken in this place. The only decoration is stamped all around on the lining plate: a row of palmettes and one of spiral eyes between three thin lines which frame and separate them. Cf. {{bib|Egg 1986}}: 228 (no. 330).
 
The inscription [[index::SL-1]] is applied in front on the chamfer. Embossed marks are applied in two more places: an oblique line {{c||line d 2}} (height 1.5 cm) is embossed with a pointed tool (about thirty indentations) at the back on the chamfer. The same mark is found in the exact same place on another Negau-type helmet ([[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung]], inv. No. VI 1668), but embossed with an oblong tool ({{bib|Marstrander 1927}}: 14 f., 20). Another mark {{c||line d 2}} {{c||line d 1}} (height 0.6 cm) is embossed on the edge of the dome right above the chamfer and the oblique line.
 
The attribution of the helmet to the variant Vače is based on the tube-shaped bails which are characteristic of this variant ({{bib|Egg 1986}}: 68); the helmet can be further classified as belonging to the subtype with spiral-eye decoration. The area of production cannot be precisely determined, but is likely closer to the Alpine region than the find place. For typology, distribution and the dating to the mid-5<sup>th</sup>–early 4<sup>th</sup> century see {{bib|Egg 1986}}: 68, 78–82 and {{bib|Urban & Nedoma 2002}}: 52–54.
 
The good state of preservation of the helmet, with no evidence of intentional damage, indicates that it was not ritually deposited like the helmets of the [[index::Ženjak]] hoard ({{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: 33).
 
The exact find place of the helmet is unknown. It was purchased between 1880 and 1891 for the [[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung|Antikensammlung]] in Vienna from one Johann Grilz (Janez Grilc) from Klenik, a village about a kilometre east of Vače. {{bib|Schneider 1892}}: 55 notes "Aus Watsch in Krain 1883.", which is probably the year of acquisition. {{bib|Reinecke 1950}}: 145 mentions an attached document at the museum, dated to 10 July 1886, which records that the helmet was part of a number of antiquities which were sold by Grilz to the museum, but this is likely a later memo, as the writer seems to have only second-hand information about these additional objects ("angeblich"). Grilz, a local farmer, appears to have been an avid collector and seller of archaeological finds; he also discovered the Situla of Vače in January or March 1882 (sold to the museum in Ljubljana).  
 
Despite its good condition and well legible inscription, the helmet is currently kept in the depot of the [[index::Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung|Kunsthistorisches Museum]], the Negau-helmet showcase being reserved to helmets from the [[index::Ženjak]] hoard.
 
{{bibliography}}
{{bibliography}}

Latest revision as of 00:27, 17 April 2020

edit with form
Object
Proper name: Vače helmet
Classification: helmet
Archaeological type: Negau helmet, Slovenian type, variant Vače
Material: bronze
Size: length: 27 cm, width: 25.8 cm, height: 19 cm, thickness: 1 mm
Condition: complete
Date: second half of the 5th century BC
Date derived from: typology
Site: Vače (Litija, Slovenia)
Coordinates (approx.): 46° 7' 8.40" N, 14° 50' 16.80" E [from site]
Find date: before 1883
Find circumstances: unknown
Current location: Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung (repository)
Inventory Nr.: VI 2655
Inscription: SL-1 (terisna)

Images

SL-1 helmet - detail rear side
Object SL-1 helmet - detail rear side.
SL-1 helmet - detail rear side
Object SL-1 helmet - detail rear side.
SL-1 helmet - front side
Object SL-1 helmet with inscription SL-1 - front side.
SL-1 helmet - sideview
Object SL-1 helmet - sideview.
SL-1 helmet - rear side
Object SL-1 helmet - rear side.

SL-1 helmet - underside
Object SL-1 helmet - underside.
SL-1 helmet - detail of the brim
Object SL-1 helmet - detail of the brim.
SL-1 helmet - detail of the brim
Object SL-1 helmet - detail of the brim.

Commentary

First published in Schneider 1892: 54 f. (Nr 97). Examined by TIR on 12th February 2014.

Images in Egg 1986: pl. 249 (photo) and Nedoma 1995: Abb. 21 (photo).

Bronze Negau helmet of the Slovenian type, variant Vače. Domed bowl with median ridge; crimped brim with lining plate with tube-shaped chin strap bails. The lining plate was riveted together in one place in the back (the two rivets are still visible) and is perforated at regular intervals along the inner rim. Patina from light green to dark green in colour with patches from light brown to white in colour. Corrosion with some slivers; few other traces of abrasion. Slight dent on the left-side outer rim of the brim, which is slightly broken in this place. The only decoration is stamped all around on the lining plate: a row of palmettes and one of spiral eyes between three thin lines which frame and separate them. Cf. Egg 1986: 228 (no. 330).

The inscription SL-1 is applied in front on the chamfer. Embossed marks are applied in two more places: an oblique line line d 2 s (height 1.5 cm) is embossed with a pointed tool (about thirty indentations) at the back on the chamfer. The same mark is found in the exact same place on another Negau-type helmet (Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung, inv. No. VI 1668), but embossed with an oblong tool (Marstrander 1927: 14 f., 20). Another mark line d 2 s line d 1 s (height 0.6 cm) is embossed on the edge of the dome right above the chamfer and the oblique line.

The attribution of the helmet to the variant Vače is based on the tube-shaped bails which are characteristic of this variant (Egg 1986: 68); the helmet can be further classified as belonging to the subtype with spiral-eye decoration. The area of production cannot be precisely determined, but is likely closer to the Alpine region than the find place. For typology, distribution and the dating to the mid-5th–early 4th century see Egg 1986: 68, 78–82 and Urban & Nedoma 2002: 52–54.

The good state of preservation of the helmet, with no evidence of intentional damage, indicates that it was not ritually deposited like the helmets of the Ženjak hoard (Nedoma 1995: 33).

The exact find place of the helmet is unknown. It was purchased between 1880 and 1891 for the Antikensammlung in Vienna from one Johann Grilz (Janez Grilc) from Klenik, a village about a kilometre east of Vače. Schneider 1892: 55 notes "Aus Watsch in Krain 1883.", which is probably the year of acquisition. Reinecke 1950: 145 mentions an attached document at the museum, dated to 10 July 1886, which records that the helmet was part of a number of antiquities which were sold by Grilz to the museum, but this is likely a later memo, as the writer seems to have only second-hand information about these additional objects ("angeblich"). Grilz, a local farmer, appears to have been an avid collector and seller of archaeological finds; he also discovered the Situla of Vače in January or March 1882 (sold to the museum in Ljubljana).

Despite its good condition and well legible inscription, the helmet is currently kept in the depot of the Kunsthistorisches Museum, the Negau-helmet showcase being reserved to helmets from the Ženjak hoard.

Bibliography

Egg 1986 Markus Egg, Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln, Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 1986.
Marstrander 1927 Carl Johan Sverdrup Marstrander, "Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch", Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse 1926/2 (1927), 1–26.
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