SL-2 helmet

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Object
Proper name:	Helmet A of Negau, Ženjak helmet 13, Reinecke Helm 1
Classification:	helmet
Archaeological type:	Negau helmet, Slovenian type, variant Vače
Material:	bronze
Size:	height 18.4 cm, diameter min. 26.7 cm, diameter max. 28 cm, thickness min. 1.3 cm, thickness max. 1.6 cm
Condition:	complete, damaged
Archaeological culture:	La Tène A
Date:	second half of 5th–beginning of 4th centuries BC
Date derived from:	typology
Site:	Ženjak (Benedikt, Slovenia)
Field name:	Obrat
Archaeological context:	hoard
Coordinates (approx.):	46° 35' 36.56" N, 15° 53' 19.68" E
Find date:	1811
Current location:	Kunsthistorisches Museum Wien – Antikensammlung (on exhibition)
Inventory Nr.:	VI 1659
Inscriptions:	SL-2.1 (siraku:̣þurti) SL-2.2 (:ar?(?)eisv?) SL-2.4 (kerut)
Sources:	Reinecke 1942: 132, No. 1, pl. 11 Egg 1986: 227 (No. 324), fig. 183, pl. 243 Nedoma 1995: 16–20, fig. 1–8

Images

Details of object SL-2 helmet.

Commentary

Negau-type helmet of bronze, Slovenian type, variant Vače.
Domed bowl, with median ridge from front to back, and with small flanged rim, cylindrical base. Blackish green to dark green and brown patina on exterior, corroded light green to brown beige on interior. All surfaces with traces of corrosion as well as long thin ridges of corrosion at the bowl. On the back side a section of the brim is broken. The filler is completely missing. There are no rivets for anchoring any crest visible.
Around the whole bowl a stamped decoration in form of spiral eyes above the throat.
Except of the broken section on the back side of the brim the helmet is in good state of preservation.
See also the image databank of the Kunsthistorisches Museum: http://bilddatenbank.khm.at/KHMSearch/viewArtefact?id=65444.

Apart from the inscriptions, the helmet bears two marks.

First published in Von Sacken & Kenner 1866: 292, no. 1089 (but already included in Mommsen's drawing of the helmet). Autopsied by TIR on 10^th January 2014.

Pictures in Mommsen 1853: Taf. I, 12A (drawing; see Mommsen 1853: 208 f.), Marstrander 1927: 9, Fig. 6 (drawing), Reinecke 1942: 133 (c) (drawing) and Nedoma 1995: 18, Fig. 2 (drawing).

Embossed with a pointed tool on the chamfer, with the left hasta made up of 18, the right, slightly crooked, of about 21 points.

Further references: Marstrander 1927: 9, Egg 1986: 227 (No. 324), Prosdocimi 1986: 34 f., Nedoma 1995: 19, Urban & Nedoma 2002: 57.

First published in Marstrander 1927: 9. Autopsied by TIR on 10^th January 2014.

Pictures in Marstrander 1927: 9, Fig. 7 (drawing), Reinecke 1942: 133 (d) (drawing) and Nedoma 1995: 18, Fig. 2 (drawing).

Probably a manufacturer's mark (Reinecke 1942: 132, Nedoma 1995: 19). Compare SL-1.3.

Further references: Urban & Nedoma 2002: 57.

Bibliography

Egg 1986	Markus Egg, Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln, Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 1986.
Egg 1988	Markus Egg, "Italische Helme mit Krempe", in: Angelo Bottini, Markus Egg, Friedrich-Wilhelm von Hase, Hermann Pflug, Ulrich Schaaff, Peter Schauer, Götz Waurick (Eds), Antike Helme. Sammlung Lipperheide und andere Bestände des Antikenmuseums Berlin [= Monographien Band 14], Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 1988, 222–270.
Gabrovec 1966	Stane Gabrovec, "Chronologie der Negauerhelme", in: Massimo Pallottino, Renato Peroni, Mariarosa Corona, Virginia Corona (eds), Atti del VI Congresso Internazionale delle Scienze Preistoriche e protostoriche. Roma 29 agosto - 3 settembre 1962. Vol III: Comunicazioni Sezioni V-VIII, Roma: 1966, 114–120.
Hormayr 1823	Joseph Freiherr von Hormayr, Wien, seine Geschicke und seine Denkwürdigkeiten, Wien: Franz Härter 1823.
Marstrander 1925	Carl Johan Sverdrup Marstrander, "Les inscriptions des casques de Negau, Styrie", Symbolae Osloensis 3 (1925), 37–64.