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| {{inscription
| | The inscription SL-2.3, together with the other three inscriptions on the [[index::SL-2 helmet|Negau helmet A]], was included in the Raetic corpus by {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 329–331. Schumacher acknowledged that the Raeticness of the inscriptions' linguistic content was doubtful, but included them on the grounds of the Raetic characters (particularly Sanzeno "retrograde pi" in [[index::SL-2.4]]). SL-2.3, however, is the odd one out both alphabetically and linguistically. While Schumacher's rationale concerning the Raetic characters holds up for the legible inscriptions [[index::SL-2.1]] and [[index::SL-2.4]], the alphabet used in SL-2.3 is most probably Venetic rather than Raetic. Furthermore, while the language of all four inscriptions has been repeatedly analysed as Celtic, only SL-2.3 ''zuφniφanuaφi'' has a convincing Celtic etymology ''dubnī banuabī'' 'of Dubnos Banuabios' ({{bib|Marstrander 1925}}: 44–51), while the other three remain obscure and may well be Raetic as the alphabet suggests. All four inscriptions were originally included in TIR, but SL-2.3 was transferred to the Cisalpine Celtic corpus in accordance with Marstrander's reading and interpretation in April 2020. The inscription is now filed in ''Lexicon Leponticum'' with the new siglum [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/PD·1 PD·1]. |
| |reading=þuφniφanuaφi
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| |reading_original={{c|I}}{{c|Φ|Φ3}}{{c|A|A7}}{{c|U|U2}}{{c|N}}{{c|A|A7}}{{c|Φ|Φ3}}{{c|I}}{{c|N}}{{c|Φ|Φ3}}{{c|U|U2}}{{c|Þ|Þ6}}
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| |direction=sinistroverse
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| |letter_height_min=0.7
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| |letter_height_max=1.0 cm
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| |letter_number_min=14
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| |word_number=0
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| |line_number=1
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| |script=North Italic script
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| |language=unknown
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| |object=SL-2 helmet
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| |position=right-hand side, front area, lower area, outside
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| |craftsmanship=embossed
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| |condition=complete
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| |source=Schumacher 2004: 330
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| |checklevel=5
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| |problem=alte Literatur; Vergleich mit der Spada di Verona
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| }}
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| == Commentary ==
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| First published in {{bib|Mommsen 1853}}: 208, no. 12 (with older literature).
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| Further references: '''{{bib|Fabretti 1867}}: no. 59''', '''Von Sacken & Kenner 1866: 292, no. 1089''', '''{{bib|Corssen 1874}}: 949 (Note)''', '''{{bib|Pichler 1880}}: 43 f.''', '''Oberziner 209''', {{bib|AIF I}}: 36, no. 99, {{bib|Olsen 1903}}: 23 ff., {{bib|Marstrander 1925}}: passim, {{bib|Marstrander 1927}}: 6 f., {{bib|Egg 1986}}: 227, {{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: 19 f. (Ic), {{bib|Urban & Nedoma 2002}}: 57.
| | [[text_plain::''see LexLep''| ]] |
| | | [[sortform::SL_002_003| ]] |
| Pictures in {{bib|Giovanelli 1845}}: tav. II (drawing), {{bib|Giovanelli 1876}}: tav. II (drawing), {{bib|Mommsen 1853}}: Taf. I, 12B (see {{bib|Mommsen 1853}}: 208 f.) (= {{bib|AIF I}}: Taf VI, 99 A = {{bib|Marstrander 1925}}: 38), '''Fabretti tab. VI''', '''{{bib|Pichler 1880}}: ???''' (= {{bib|AIF I}}: Taf. VI, 99 B), {{bib|Marstrander 1927}}: 7, Fig. 3 and 4 (drawings) and Pl. I (photo), {{bib|Egg 1986}}: 226, Abb. 183 (drawing) (= {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: Taf. 16, 3) and {{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: Abb. 6 and 7 (photos).
| | [[Category:Non-inscription]] |
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| Length 6.5 cm. Embossed with a pointed tool on the chamfer. The inscription is upside-down when the helmet is worn.
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| The inscription is in good condition. A white inlay was added sometime before 1927, possibly for photos made for {{bib|Marstrander 1927}}, but must have been cleaned away since. Remains can still be seen in some of the deeper indentations. All letters are well legible.
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| The problem lies in the identification of the four characters consisting of a vertical hasta with a circle (or circloid) on top (letters 1, 3, 6 and 13). The first character features two such circles. While the bottom circle is as lopsided as the circles in the other letters, the top one is perfectly circular and made of more, but shallower and not easily visible indentations arranged around a single particularly deep one. It seems to have been executed with much care. Letter 3 does not much resemble 1: The circle is irregular and distinctly bigger, taking up more than half of the length of the hasta. The circle on top of letter 6 is considerably smaller, though still bigger than in letter 1; letter 13 features a circle almost as small as those of letter 1, with one indentation belonging to the hasta sitting on top of it.
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| It is theoretically possible that all four characters are intended as the same letter – {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}} read ''þ̣uþniþanuaþi''. While both the characters for ''{{p||þ}}'' and ''{{p||φ}}'' can appear as hastae with circles in the upper area, {{c||Φ3}} in the North Italic alphabets is a variant of {{c||Φ4}}, with the circle sitting, in different sizes, anywhere on the central or upper part of the hasta. In this light, all the respective characters in SL-2.3 could be identified as {{c||Φ3}}, because in all cases the hasta continues into or through the circle, in letter 13 even beyond it. {{c||Þ5}}, being a variant of {{c||Þ4}}, should have a circle above the hasta. {{c||Þ6}} might be explained by a mistake of the writer, who may have started applying the inscription the other way round. (Compare the question of how [[index::SL-2.5]] was applied.) However, the circles of letter 1 are much smaller, and the appearance of the top circle seems peculiar. We are inclined to think that {{c||Þ6}} is to be read ''{{p||þ}}''. The "dumbbell-shape" may be an otherwise unattested variant of {{c||Þ5}}, or due to an effort of the writer to distinguish the letter more clearly from the three {{c||Φ3}}s – possibly as an afterthought when realising that his circles had become continually smaller. Even the upper circle may be an amendation, if the deep indentation at its centre was intended as the top element of {{c||Þ4}}. The reading of letters 6 and 13 as ''{{p||þ}}'' we consider unlikely.
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| The reading with one anlauting dental and three labials is the one usually favoured, because it is the basis for {{bib|Marstrander 1925|Marstranders}} interpretation of the inscription as a Celtic personal name (see [[index::þuφniφanuaφi]]). Marstrander assumed that the inscription was written in the Bozen alphabet (as identified by Pauli). Prosdocimi in {{bib|Prosdocimi & Scardigli 1976}}: 225 f., while agreeing with Marstrander's interpretation, regards the first letter as a variant of Zeta, with reference to [[index::RN-1]].
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| The view that the first character is not a letter but some sort of symbol, decoration or punctuation mark, as held by {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} and, following him, {{bib|Olsen 1903}}: 25, is obsolete.
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| {{bibliography}}
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