SL-2.4: Difference between revisions

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|reading=kerut
|reading=kerut
|reading_original={{c|T|T3}}{{c|U|U2}}{{c|R}}{{c|E}}{{c|K|K2|d}}
|reading_original={{c|T|T3}}{{c|U|U2}}{{c|R}}{{c|E}}{{c|K|K2|d}}
|reading_variant={{w|karut}}<br>{{c||T3}}{{c||U2}}{{c||R}}{{c|A}}{{c||K2|d}}<br>purak<br>lurak
|reading_variant={{w|karut}}<br>{{c||T3}}{{c||U2}}{{c||R}}{{c|A||d}}{{c||K2|d}}<br>purak<br>lurak
|direction=ambiguous
|direction=ambiguous
|letter_height_min=1.8
|letter_height_min=1.8
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The letter {{c||K2|d}} is written with a long upper bar. Those strokes reaching the bottom of the line are scratched from there upwards, probably because the upturned rim presented an impediment.
The letter {{c||K2|d}} is written with a long upper bar. Those strokes reaching the bottom of the line are scratched from there upwards, probably because the upturned rim presented an impediment.


The writing direction is ambiguous: Either {{c||K2|d}} (in a sinistroverse reading) or {{c||R}} (in a dextroverse reading) is turned the wrong way. The second letter from the right consists of two oblique hastae (the left one slightly straighter) with two bars slanting down from the right hasta. It can be read {{c||E}}, tipped forward with its bars almost reaching the bottom of the line (known from Etruscan inscriptions, see {{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 19), or as {{c||A}} erroneously supplied with a superfluous stroke. In the first case, the letter supports a sinistroverse reading, while the {{c||A}}, though not as significant statistically, is dextroverse. The leftmost character, if read sinistroverse, is Sanzeno Tau; if read dextroverse, it is Sanzeno or Lugano Pi (or indeed Magrè Lambda). The dextroverse readings {{w||purak}} or {{w||lurak}} ({{bib|Egg 1986}}: 227 (Nr 324)) cannot therefore be ruled out. With regard to {{c||K2|d}}, {{bib|Marstrander 1927}}: 9 observed that "[d]ans l'alphabet proprement étrusque ''p'' et ''k'' ont souvent un sens contraire à celui des autres lettres".
The writing direction is ambiguous: Either {{c||K2|d}} (in a sinistroverse reading) or {{c||R}} (in a dextroverse reading) is turned the wrong way. The second letter from the right consists of two oblique hastae (the left one slightly straighter) with two bars slanting down from the right hasta. It can be read {{c||E}}, tipped forward with its bars almost reaching the bottom of the line (known from Etruscan inscriptions, see {{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 19), or as {{c||A|d}} erroneously supplied with a superfluous stroke. In the first case, the letter supports a sinistroverse reading, while the {{c||A|d}}, though not as significant statistically, is dextroverse. The leftmost character, if read sinistroverse, is Sanzeno Tau; if read dextroverse, it is Sanzeno or Lugano Pi (or indeed Magrè Lambda). The dextroverse readings {{w||purak}} or {{w||lurak}} ({{bib|Egg 1986}}: 227 (Nr 324)) cannot therefore be ruled out. With regard to {{c||K2|d}}, {{bib|Marstrander 1927}}: 9 observed that "[d]ans l'alphabet proprement étrusque ''p'' et ''k'' ont souvent un sens contraire à celui des autres lettres".


{{bib|Egger 1959}}: 88 f. explained dextroverse {{c||K2|d}}, set apart from the rest of the inscription by a slightly broader gap, as the North Italic version of the abbreviation {{w||C}} for {{w||centuria}}. The remaining sequence, read {{w||erul}}, he interpreted as the name of a Germanic centurion ''Erul''(''us''): {{w||centuria}} {{w||Eruli}}. His reading was readily accepted by runologists, forming the basis for Otto Höfler's ''Erulertheorie'' concerning the origin of the Runic script (see {{bib|Höfler 1970}}: 114 f. and {{bib|Höfler 1971|1971}}: 154 f., {{bib|Klingenberg 1973}}: 140, {{bib|Schrodt 1975}}: 176). Aside from the improbable reading, {{bib|Egger 1959|Egger}}'s interpretation, based on {{bib|Reinecke 1942|Reinecke}}'s late dating of the helmet, is made chronologically impossible by {{bib|Egg 1986|Egg's}} new dating. See also {{bib|Schmeja 1968}}: 140 f. and {{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: 18–20 (II). The most attractive reading so far was Markey's, who, after a personal communication from Bernard Mees, suggested supposed ''kerup'' to be an abbreviation for a Celtic PN ''Keru-bogios'' ({{bib|Markey 2001}}: 117), as in Lepontic [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/setupk setupk] = ''Setu-bogios'' – this is obsolete with the new reading of {{c||T3}} as Tau (see [[index::T]]).
{{bib|Egger 1959}}: 88 f. explained dextroverse {{c||K2|d}}, set apart from the rest of the inscription by a slightly broader gap, as the North Italic version of the abbreviation {{w||C}} for {{w||centuria}}. The remaining sequence, read {{w||erul}}, he interpreted as the name of a Germanic centurion ''Erul''(''us''): {{w||centuria}} {{w||Eruli}}. His reading was readily accepted by runologists, forming the basis for Otto Höfler's ''Erulertheorie'' concerning the origin of the Runic script (see {{bib|Höfler 1970}}: 114 f. and {{bib|Höfler 1971|1971}}: 154 f., {{bib|Klingenberg 1973}}: 140, {{bib|Schrodt 1975}}: 176). Aside from the improbable reading, {{bib|Egger 1959|Egger}}'s interpretation, based on {{bib|Reinecke 1942|Reinecke}}'s late dating of the helmet, is made chronologically impossible by {{bib|Egg 1986|Egg's}} new dating. See also {{bib|Schmeja 1968}}: 140 f. and {{bib|Nedoma 1995}}: 18–20 (II). The most attractive reading so far was Markey's, who, after a personal communication from Bernard Mees, suggested supposed ''kerup'' to be an abbreviation for a Celtic PN ''Keru-bogios'' ({{bib|Markey 2001}}: 117), as in Lepontic [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/setupk setupk] = ''Setu-bogios'' – this is obsolete with the new reading of {{c||T3}} as Tau (see [[index::T]]).

Revision as of 14:55, 11 May 2016

Inscription
Transliteration: kerut
Original script: T3 sU2 sR sE sK2 d
Variant Reading: karut
T3 sU2 sR sA dK2 d
purak
lurak

Object: SL-2 helmet (bronze)
(Inscriptions: SL-2.1, SL-2.2, SL-2.4)
Position: front, lower area"lower area" is not in the list (front, back, top, bottom, inside, outside, neck, shoulder, foot, handle, ...) of allowed values for the "position" property., outside
Orientation:
Script: North Italic script
Direction of writing: ambiguous
Letter height: 1.81.8 cm <br /> – 2.0 cm
Number of letters: 5
Number of lines: 1
Craftsmanship: engraved
Current condition: complete
Date of inscription: 450–100 BC
Date derived from: typology

Language: unknown
Meaning: unknown

Alternative sigla: none
Sources: Schumacher 2004: 330 f.

Images

Commentary

First published in Marstrander 1927: 8 f., though according to him seen and drawn in the 19th c. by Franz von Lipperheide. Autopsied by TIR on 10th January 2014.

Images in Marstrander 1927: Fig. 5 (drawing), Reinecke 1942: 133, b (drawing = Markey 2001: 105, Fig. 6) and Taf. 11c (photo), Egger 1959: 88, Abb. 3 (drawing), Klingenberg 1973: 140, Fig. 18 (drawing), Egg 1986: Abb. 183 (drawing) and Nedoma 1995: 18, Fig. 3 (drawing) (= Schumacher 2004: Taf. 16, 4) and Abb. 8 (photo).

Length about 6.5 cm. Written on the brim under SL-2.2 with scratches faint but fairly well visible. A white inlay was added sometime before 1927, possibly for photos made for Marstrander 1927, but must have been cleaned away since.

The letter K2 d is written with a long upper bar. Those strokes reaching the bottom of the line are scratched from there upwards, probably because the upturned rim presented an impediment.

The writing direction is ambiguous: Either K2 d (in a sinistroverse reading) or R s (in a dextroverse reading) is turned the wrong way. The second letter from the right consists of two oblique hastae (the left one slightly straighter) with two bars slanting down from the right hasta. It can be read E s, tipped forward with its bars almost reaching the bottom of the line (known from Etruscan inscriptions, see Wallace 2008: 19), or as A d erroneously supplied with a superfluous stroke. In the first case, the letter supports a sinistroverse reading, while the A d, though not as significant statistically, is dextroverse. The leftmost character, if read sinistroverse, is Sanzeno Tau; if read dextroverse, it is Sanzeno or Lugano Pi (or indeed Magrè Lambda). The dextroverse readings purak or lurak (Egg 1986: 227 (Nr 324)) cannot therefore be ruled out. With regard to K2 d, Marstrander 1927: 9 observed that "[d]ans l'alphabet proprement étrusque p et k ont souvent un sens contraire à celui des autres lettres".

Egger 1959: 88 f. explained dextroverse K2 d, set apart from the rest of the inscription by a slightly broader gap, as the North Italic version of the abbreviation C for centuria. The remaining sequence, read erul, he interpreted as the name of a Germanic centurion Erul(us): centuria Eruli. His reading was readily accepted by runologists, forming the basis for Otto Höfler's Erulertheorie concerning the origin of the Runic script (see Höfler 1970: 114 f. and 1971: 154 f., Klingenberg 1973: 140, Schrodt 1975: 176). Aside from the improbable reading, Egger's interpretation, based on Reinecke's late dating of the helmet, is made chronologically impossible by Egg's new dating. See also Schmeja 1968: 140 f. and Nedoma 1995: 18–20 (II). The most attractive reading so far was Markey's, who, after a personal communication from Bernard Mees, suggested supposed kerup to be an abbreviation for a Celtic PN Keru-bogios (Markey 2001: 117), as in Lepontic setupk = Setu-bogios – this is obsolete with the new reading of T3 s as Tau (see T).

For the dating of the inscriptions on SL-2 helmet see Nedoma 1995: 16–18 and 20–22. Depending on which type(s) of inscriptions we are faced with, they may have been applied any time after the manufacture of the helmet in the second half of the 5th century by its owners, or as votive inscriptions on the occasion of the deposit around 100 BC.

The reading of Mentz 1954–55: 257 karuz is groundless and negligible.

Further references: Kretschmer 1943: 187, Prosdocimi 1986: 34 f., Markey 2001: 116 f., Urban & Nedoma 2002: 57 f.

Bibliography

Egg 1986 Markus Egg, Italische Helme. Studien zu den ältereisenzeitlichen Helmen Italiens und der Alpen. Teil 1: Text, Teil 2: Tafeln, Mainz: Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum 1986.
Egger 1959 Rudolf Egger, Die Inschrift des Harigasthelmes, Wien: 1959. (Sonderabdruck aus dem Anzeiger der phil.-hist. Klasse der ÖAW, Jahrgang 1959, Nr. 5.)
Höfler 1970 Otto Höfler, "–", review of: Wolfgang Krause, Herbert Jankuhn, Die Runeninschriften im älteren Futhark [= Abhandlungen der Akademie der Wissenschaften in Göttingen, phil.-hist. Kl., 3. Folge 65], Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht 1966, Göttingische gelehrte Anzeigen 222 (1970), 109–143.
Höfler 1971 Otto Höfler, "Herkunft und Ausbreitung der Runen", Die Sprache 17 (1971), 134–156.
Klingenberg 1973 Heinz Klingenberg, Runenschrift – Schriftdenken – Runeninschriften, Heidelberg: Winter 1973.
Kretschmer 1943 Paul Kretschmer, "Die vorgriechischen Sprach- und Volksschichten (Fortsetzung)", Glotta 30 (1943), 84–218.
Lipperheide & Rickelt 1896 Franz von Lipperheide, Karl Rickelt, Antike Helme, München: Mühlthaler's Königliche Hofbuchdruckerei 1896.
Markey 2001 Tom Markey, "A tale of two helmets: The Negau A and B inscriptions", The Journal of Indo-European Studies 29 (2001), 69–172.
Marstrander 1927 Carl Johan Sverdrup Marstrander, "Remarques sur les inscriptions des casques en bronze de Negau et de Watsch", Avhandlinger utgitt av Det Norske Videnskaps-Akademi i Oslo. Hist.-filos. klasse 1926/2 (1927), 1–26.