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While the schibboleth letters mentioned above do usually appear in the expected forms and are grouped together appropriately in numerous inscriptions from both alphabetical contexts, the letter form ←{{c||L}} / {{c||L|d}}→ (commonly Magrè Lambda) does crop up in Sanzeno context, where it is not only incongruous, but in some cases must clearly be read /{{p||p}}/ instead of /{{p||l}}/. The identification of ←{{c||L}} / {{c||L|d}}→ is problematical in the following circumstances:
While the schibboleth letters mentioned above do usually appear in the expected forms and are grouped together appropriately in numerous inscriptions from both alphabetical contexts, the letter form ←{{c||L}} / {{c||L|d}}→ (commonly Magrè Lambda) does crop up in Sanzeno context, where it is not only incongruous, but in some cases must clearly be read /{{p||p}}/ instead of /{{p||l}}/. The identification of ←{{c||L}} / {{c||L|d}}→ is problematical in the following circumstances:


*Inscriptions in which ←{{c||L}} appears together not with Magrè-Pi {{c||P5}}, but with Sanzeno-Lambda {{c||L2}} and/or Sanzeno-Pi ←{{c||P2}}.
*Inscriptions in which ←{{c||L}} appears together not with Magrè Pi {{c||P5}}, but with Sanzeno Lambda {{c||L2}} and/or Sanzeno Pi ←{{c||P2}}.
*Inscriptions with isolated ←{{c||L}} (not accompanied by any other variant of Pi or Lambda), whose linguistic content (e.g. phonetical plausibility, but most prominently comparison with independently attested material) suggests a reading /p/.
*Inscriptions with isolated ←{{c||L}} (not accompanied by any other variant of Pi or Lambda), whose linguistic content (e.g. phonetical plausibility, but most prominently comparison with independently attested material) suggests a reading /p/.


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*Inscriptions from (epigraphical or geographical) Sanzeno context with isolated ←{{c||L}} which cannot be definitely demonstrated to write /{{p||l}}/.
*Inscriptions from (epigraphical or geographical) Sanzeno context with isolated ←{{c||L}} which cannot be definitely demonstrated to write /{{p||l}}/.


←{{c||P2|d}} appears combined only with Sanzeno Lambda {{c||L2}} on [[index::CE-1.3]] (twice) and [[index::SZ-22.1]], and is consequently considered to represent Pi turned against writing direction in both cases. Both inscriptions duly have Sanzeno alphabet {{c||U2}}, though the one from geographically intermediate [[index::Cembra]] also features word-internal punctuation. With the bar of Pi extending in writing direction, the distinction between the three schibboleth letters Pi, Lambda and Upsilon is still sustained, and this system is actually the one in use in the Lugano alphabet. However, both inscriptions display Raetic features (←{{c||A}}, ←{{c||S}}).
←{{c||P2|d}} appears combined only with Sanzeno Lambda {{c||L2}} on [[index::CE-1.3]] (twice) and [[index::SZ-22.1]], and is consequently considered to represent Pi turned against writing direction in both cases. Both inscriptions duly have Sanzeno Upsilon {{c||U2}}, though the one from geographically intermediate [[index::Cembra]] also features word-internal punctuation. With the bar of Pi extending in writing direction, the distinction between Pi, Lambda and Upsilon is still sustained, and this system is actually the one in use in the Lugano alphabet. However, both inscriptions display clearly Raetic features in both writing (←{{c||A}}, ←{{c||S}}) and content.


It is not clear, how and why the non-Venetic features of the Sanzeno alphabet arose, but a letter variant ←{{c||P2|d}} might reasonably be expected to have been an intermediate form between {{c||P5}} and {{c||P2}}, cropping up sporadically as a marginal archaism. However, on [[index::SZ-87]] ←{{c||P2|d}} appears combined with Sanzeno Pi {{c||P2}}. The two letters occur, separated by only one letter, within the same word {{c||S}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||L}}, probably an individual name in the genitive. Here, ←{{c||P2|d}} would a priori be considered a case of alphabetical inference, Magrè Lambda in a Sanzeno inscription – maybe written by a person proficient in both alphabets. But a reading {{w||lipis}} precludes the comparison of the form with {{w||pipe}} on [[index::BZ-11]] (not autopsied!). A reading {{w||pipis}} can be argued by grouping [[index::SZ-87]] with the three inscriptions have the triple combination of ←{{c||P2|d}}, ←{{c||P2}}, ←{{c||L2}}, being one clear (Sanzeno) Lambda, one clear (Sanzeno) Pi, and one letter of doubtful ascription. These are [[index::WE-3]], [[index::SZ-15.1]] and [[index::SZ-30]]. In [[index::WE-3]], the dubious ←{{c||P2|d}} occurs in the name {{w||piθamnuale}}, which is attested several times – in Magrè context with {{c||P5}}, but in the other instance in Sanzeno context also with ←{{c||P2|d}} (see [[index::BZ-9]] below). [[index::WE-3]] has three incontestably correct Sanzeno Lambdas, and one Sanzeno Pi in the name {{w||laspa}}, which is also attested on [[index::SZ-1.1]] and, incidentally, [[index::SZ-15.1]]. [[index::SZ-15.1]] has one Sanzeno Lambda in {{w||laspa}}, two Sanzeno Pis in {{w||laspa}} and {{c||E}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2|d}}, and two instances of ←{{c||P2|d}} in {{c||E}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2|d}} and {{c||U4}}{{c||N}}{{c||U4}}{{c||Ś}}{{c||A5}}{{c||P2|d}}{{c||A5}}{{c||K}}. {{c||E}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2|d}} may be compared with {{c||S}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2|d}} in [[index::SZ-87]] (the corresponding nominative?); on the segmentation of and possible comparanda for {{c||U4}}{{c||N}}{{c||U4}}{{c||Ś}}{{c||A5}}{{c||P2|d}}{{c||A5}}{{c||K}} see the inscription page. [[index::SZ-30]], the only dextroverse one of the inscriptions discussed here, has Sanzeno Lambda twice in well attested forms, Sanzeno Pi in the anlaut of an isolated name (?) {{w||pumis}}, and twice anlauting {{c||P2}}→ in obscure words.
It is not clear, how and why the non-Venetic characteristics of the Sanzeno alphabet arose, but a letter variant ←{{c||P2|d}} could easily be explained as an intermediate form between {{c||P5}} and {{c||P2}} which might reasonably be expected to crop up sporadically as a marginal archaism. However, in [[index::SZ-87]] ←{{c||P2|d}} appears combined with Sanzeno Pi {{c||P2}}. The two letters occur, separated by only one letter, within the same word {{c||S}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||L}} {{w||?ipis}}, probably an individual name in the genitive. Here, ←{{c||P2|d}} would a priori be considered a case of alphabetical interference, Magrè Lambda in a Sanzeno inscription – maybe written by a person proficient in both alphabets. But a reading {{w||lipis}} precludes the comparison of the form with {{w||pipe}} on [[index::BZ-11]] (not autopsied). A reading {{w||pipis}} can be argued by grouping [[index::SZ-87]] with the three inscriptions which have the triple combination of ←{{c||P2|d}}, ←{{c||P2}} and ←{{c||L2}}, being one Sanzeno Lambda, one Sanzeno Pi, and one letter of doubtful ascription. These are [[index::WE-3]], [[index::SZ-15.1]] and [[index::SZ-30]]. In [[index::WE-3]], the dubious ←{{c||P2|d}} occurs in the name {{w||piθamnuale}}, which is attested several times – in Magrè context with clear Pi, but in one other instance in Sanzeno context also with ←{{c||P2|d}} (see [[index::BZ-9]] below). [[index::WE-3]] has three incontestably correct Sanzeno Lambdas, and one Sanzeno Pi in the name {{w||laspa}}, which is also attested on [[index::SZ-1.1]] and, incidentally, [[index::SZ-15.1]]. [[index::SZ-15.1]] has one Sanzeno Lambda in {{w||laspa}}, two Sanzeno Pis in {{w||laspa}} and {{w||pipie|?ipie}}, and two instances of ←{{c||P2|d}} in {{c||E}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2}}{{c||I}}{{c||P2|d}} {{w||pipie|?ipie}} and {{c||U4}}{{c||N}}{{c||U4}}{{c||Ś}}{{c||A5}}{{c||P2|d}}{{c||A5}}{{c||K}} {{w||kapaśunu|ka?aśunu}}. {{w||pipie|?ipie}} may be compared with {{w||pipis|?ipis}} in [[index::SZ-87]] (the corresponding nominative?); on the segmentation of and possible comparanda for {{w||kapaśunu|ka?aśunu}} see the inscription page. [[index::SZ-30]], the only dextroverse one of the inscriptions discussed here, has Sanzeno Lambda twice in well attested forms, Sanzeno Pi in the anlaut of an isolated name (?) {{w||pumis}}, and twice anlauting {{c||P2}}→ in obscure words.


Isolated ←{{c||P2|d}} is read Pi based on content-related arguments in the inscriptions [[index::BZ-9]] and possibly [[index::NO-13]]. On the name {{w||piθam(n)e|piθame}} in [[index::BZ-9]] see above ([[index::WE-3]]). For the question of whether ←{{c||P2|d}} is intended in [[index::NO-13]], see the inscription page; if it is the case, {{w||perisna}} is well attested also. ←{{c||P2|d}} also appears on its own in [[index::NO-11]], but without parallel attestation no decision can be made between the readings {{w||liri}} and {{w||piri}}.
Isolated ←{{c||P2|d}} is read Pi based on content-related arguments in the inscriptions [[index::BZ-9]] and possibly [[index::NO-13]]. On the name {{w||piθam(n)e|piθame}} in [[index::BZ-9]] see above ([[index::WE-3]]). For the question of whether ←{{c||P2|d}} is intended in [[index::NO-13]], see the inscription page; if it is the case, {{w||perisna}} is well attested also. ←{{c||P2|d}} also appears on its own in [[index::NO-11]], but without parallel attestation no decision can be made between the readings {{w||liri}} and {{w||piri}}.


Regarding solely its form, the letter ←{{c||P2|d}} might in Sanzeno context be considered either an influence from the Magrè alphabet (when alongside Sanzeno Pi; in [[index::SZ-87]]), or a remnant form of Pi (when alongside Sanzeno Lambda; in [[index::BZ-9]], [[index::CE-1.3]] and [[index::SZ-22.1]]). While it might not be absurd to postulate such a double origin of the form, neither of these explanations accounts for the cases where it appears alongside both regular Sanzeno letter forms. The postulation of writing mistakes is not advisable. For [[index::WE-3]], this explanation might pass, seeing as ←{{c||P2|d}} occurs only in the completely inverted second line as opposed to ←{{c||P2}} in the first, in combination with the fact that Sigma also appears turned in different directions. But Sigma is the only Raetic letter whose orientation varies within one inscription – letter with bars are generally written with surprising uniformity. Writing ←{{c||P2|d}} instead of ←{{c||P2}}, which is the only letter with a bar extending "backwards" from a straight hasta, may seem an easy mistake to make, but there appears to have been no problem with the equally counterintuitive ←{{c||A}}. In [[index::SZ-15.1]], ←{{c||P|d}} and {{c||P}}→ occur almost successively; in [[index::SZ-30]], the writer would have switched from "wrong" to "correct" and back again, and that only in that part of the inscription which is left to us. Such crude mistakes would stand in contrast to the noticably neat execution of the inscriptions discussed.
Regarding solely its form, the letter ←{{c||P2|d}} might in Sanzeno context be considered either an influence from the Magrè alphabet (when alongside Sanzeno Pi; in [[index::SZ-87]]), or a remnant form of Pi (when alongside Sanzeno Lambda or isolated; in [[index::BZ-9]], [[index::CE-1.3]] and [[index::SZ-22.1]]). While it is not absurd to presume two different origins and consequently values of the form, neither of these explanations accounts for the cases where it appears alongside both regular Sanzeno letter forms. The postulation of simple writing mistakes is not advisable. For [[index::WE-3]], this explanation might pass, seeing as ←{{c||P2|d}} occurs only in the completely inverted second line as opposed to ←{{c||P2}} in the first, in combination with the fact that Sigma also appears turned in different directions. But Sigma is actually the very letter whose orientation is known to occasionally vary within one inscription – letters with bars are generally written with surprising uniformity. Writing ←{{c||P2|d}} instead of ←{{c||P2}}, which is the only letter with a bar extending "backwards" from a straight hasta, may seem an easy mistake to make, but there appears to have been no problem with the equally counterintuitive ←{{c||A}}. In [[index::SZ-15.1]], ←{{c||P2|d}} and {{c||P2}}→ occur almost successively; in [[index::SZ-30]], the writer would have switched from "wrong" to "correct" and back again, and that only in that part of the inscription which is left to us. Such crude mistakes stand in contrast to the noticably neat execution of the inscriptions discussed. While downright blunders are improbable, the redundantly distinctive retrograde bar of ←{{c||P2}} may have been considered not obligatory by some writers, making the form interchangeable with its archaic variant ←{{c||P2|d}}, though in this case a higher frequency of occurrence of ←{{c||P2|d}} should be expected.


Note that among twelve instances of ←{{c||P2|d}}, two words appear twice: the names {{w||piθam(n)e}} and {{w||pipie}}. The former might etymologically belong with other individual names in ''piθ-'', one of which is {{w||piθiave}}; the second one of the forms in question on [[index::SZ-30]] might also belong with this group. Yet it is unlikely that ←{{c||P2|d}} vs. {{c||P2}} reflects a phonetic reality – while a surprising number of characters for labial stops seem to have been used by the Raeti, and the problematic case of [[index::NO-13]] might connect ←{{c||P2|d}} with [[index::Φ|Φ5]], the name {{w||piθam(n)e}} is attested with regular Magrè Pi in [[index::Serso]].
Note that among twelve instances of ←{{c||P2|d}}, two words appear twice: the names {{w||piθam(n)e}} and {{w||pipie|?ipie}}. The former might etymologically belong with other individual names in ''piθ-'', one of which is {{w||piθiave}}; the second one of the forms in question on [[index::SZ-30]] might also belong with this group. Yet it is unlikely that ←{{c||P2|d}} vs. ←{{c||P2}} reflects a phonetic reality – while more than the usual number of characters for labial stops seem to have been used by the Raeti, and the problematic case of [[index::NO-13]] might connect ←{{c||P2|d}} with {{c||Φ5}}, the name {{w||piθam(n)e}} is attested with regular Magrè Pi in [[index::Serso]] (see [[index::Φ]]).


In TIR, ←{{c||P2|d}} in Sanzeno context is consistently defined as Pi and transliterated accordingly, unless there is a reason to do otherwise. This includes fragmentary inscriptions which have not been discussed above ([[index::VN-2]], [[index::VN-3]], [[index::SZ-32]]), and a great number of inscriptoids from [[index::Sanzeno]] (most prominently the {{w||upi}}-inscriptions). The only exception so far is the {{w||la}}-group, which appears to have {{c||L}} alternating with {{c||L2}}.
In light of the fact that in none of the cases discussed above, a reading /{{p||l}}/ is preferable to a reading /{{p||p}}/, ←{{c||P2|d}} in Sanzeno context is consistently defined as Pi in TIR and transliterated accordingly, unless there is a reason to do otherwise. This includes fragmentary inscriptions which have not been mentioned ([[index::VN-2]], [[index::VN-3]], [[index::SZ-32]]) and a great number of inscriptoids from [[index::Sanzeno]] (most prominently the {{w||upi}}-inscriptions). The only exception so far is the {{w||la}}-group, which appears to have {{c||L}} alternating with {{c||L2}}.


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Revision as of 12:03, 5 August 2015

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Character
Customary name: pi

Variants and attestation

Transliteration Sinistroverse Dextroverse
  Glyph Number Glyph Number
P P.png 8 Pd.png 9
P2 P2.png 29 P2d.png 3
P3 P3.png 1 P3d.png 0
P4 P4.png 2 P4d.png 0
P5 P5.png 1 P5d.png 0
P6 P6.png 1 P6d.png 0

Commentary

Pi is one of the letters (together with Lambda and Upsilon) which serve as a basis for distinguishing the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets (see Script): The variants P s, P3 s, P4 s, P5 s with an angle (sometimes rounded), often termed "Venetoid" in the TIR, are attributed to the Magrè alphabet, while P2 s with a bar on top extending against writing direction is used in the Sanzeno alphabet.

While the schibboleth letters mentioned above do usually appear in the expected forms and are grouped together appropriately in numerous inscriptions from both alphabetical contexts, the letter form ←L s / L d→ (commonly Magrè Lambda) does crop up in Sanzeno context, where it is not only incongruous, but in some cases must clearly be read /p/ instead of /l/. The identification of ←L s / L d→ is problematical in the following circumstances:

  • Inscriptions in which ←L s appears together not with Magrè Pi P5 s, but with Sanzeno Lambda L2 s and/or Sanzeno Pi ←P2 s.
  • Inscriptions with isolated ←L s (not accompanied by any other variant of Pi or Lambda), whose linguistic content (e.g. phonetical plausibility, but most prominently comparison with independently attested material) suggests a reading /p/.

Both types of cases are so far only known from Sanzeno context, wherefore we may add a third, not purely epigraphically motivated condition:

  • Inscriptions from (epigraphical or geographical) Sanzeno context with isolated ←L s which cannot be definitely demonstrated to write /l/.

←P2 d appears combined only with Sanzeno Lambda L2 s on CE-1.3 (twice) and SZ-22.1, and is consequently considered to represent Pi turned against writing direction in both cases. Both inscriptions duly have Sanzeno Upsilon U2 s, though the one from geographically intermediate Cembra also features word-internal punctuation. With the bar of Pi extending in writing direction, the distinction between Pi, Lambda and Upsilon is still sustained, and this system is actually the one in use in the Lugano alphabet. However, both inscriptions display clearly Raetic features in both writing (←A s, ←S s) and content.

It is not clear, how and why the non-Venetic characteristics of the Sanzeno alphabet arose, but a letter variant ←P2 d could easily be explained as an intermediate form between P5 s and P2 s which might reasonably be expected to crop up sporadically as a marginal archaism. However, in SZ-87 ←P2 d appears combined with Sanzeno Pi P2 s. The two letters occur, separated by only one letter, within the same word S sI sP2 sI sL s ?ipis, probably an individual name in the genitive. Here, ←P2 d would a priori be considered a case of alphabetical interference, Magrè Lambda in a Sanzeno inscription – maybe written by a person proficient in both alphabets. But a reading lipis precludes the comparison of the form with pipe on BZ-11 (not autopsied). A reading pipis can be argued by grouping SZ-87 with the three inscriptions which have the triple combination of ←P2 d, ←P2 s and ←L2 s, being one Sanzeno Lambda, one Sanzeno Pi, and one letter of doubtful ascription. These are WE-3, SZ-15.1 and SZ-30. In WE-3, the dubious ←P2 d occurs in the name piθamnuale, which is attested several times – in Magrè context with clear Pi, but in one other instance in Sanzeno context also with ←P2 d (see BZ-9 below). WE-3 has three incontestably correct Sanzeno Lambdas, and one Sanzeno Pi in the name laspa, which is also attested on SZ-1.1 and, incidentally, SZ-15.1. SZ-15.1 has one Sanzeno Lambda in laspa, two Sanzeno Pis in laspa and ?ipie, and two instances of ←P2 d in E sI sP2 sI sP2 d ?ipie and U4 sN sU4 sŚ sA5 sP2 dA5 sK s ka?aśunu. ?ipie may be compared with ?ipis in SZ-87 (the corresponding nominative?); on the segmentation of and possible comparanda for ka?aśunu see the inscription page. SZ-30, the only dextroverse one of the inscriptions discussed here, has Sanzeno Lambda twice in well attested forms, Sanzeno Pi in the anlaut of an isolated name (?) pumis, and twice anlauting P2 s→ in obscure words.

Isolated ←P2 d is read Pi based on content-related arguments in the inscriptions BZ-9 and possibly NO-13. On the name piθame in BZ-9 see above (WE-3). For the question of whether ←P2 d is intended in NO-13, see the inscription page; if it is the case, perisna is well attested also. ←P2 d also appears on its own in NO-11, but without parallel attestation no decision can be made between the readings liri and piri.

Regarding solely its form, the letter ←P2 d might in Sanzeno context be considered either an influence from the Magrè alphabet (when alongside Sanzeno Pi; in SZ-87), or a remnant form of Pi (when alongside Sanzeno Lambda or isolated; in BZ-9, CE-1.3 and SZ-22.1). While it is not absurd to presume two different origins and consequently values of the form, neither of these explanations accounts for the cases where it appears alongside both regular Sanzeno letter forms. The postulation of simple writing mistakes is not advisable. For WE-3, this explanation might pass, seeing as ←P2 d occurs only in the completely inverted second line as opposed to ←P2 s in the first, in combination with the fact that Sigma also appears turned in different directions. But Sigma is actually the very letter whose orientation is known to occasionally vary within one inscription – letters with bars are generally written with surprising uniformity. Writing ←P2 d instead of ←P2 s, which is the only letter with a bar extending "backwards" from a straight hasta, may seem an easy mistake to make, but there appears to have been no problem with the equally counterintuitive ←A s. In SZ-15.1, ←P2 d and P2 s→ occur almost successively; in SZ-30, the writer would have switched from "wrong" to "correct" and back again, and that only in that part of the inscription which is left to us. Such crude mistakes stand in contrast to the noticably neat execution of the inscriptions discussed. While downright blunders are improbable, the redundantly distinctive retrograde bar of ←P2 s may have been considered not obligatory by some writers, making the form interchangeable with its archaic variant ←P2 d, though in this case a higher frequency of occurrence of ←P2 d should be expected.

Note that among twelve instances of ←P2 d, two words appear twice: the names piθam(n)e and ?ipie. The former might etymologically belong with other individual names in piθ-, one of which is piθiave; the second one of the forms in question on SZ-30 might also belong with this group. Yet it is unlikely that ←P2 d vs. ←P2 s reflects a phonetic reality – while more than the usual number of characters for labial stops seem to have been used by the Raeti, and the problematic case of NO-13 might connect ←P2 d with Φ5 s, the name piθam(n)e is attested with regular Magrè Pi in Serso (see Φ).

In light of the fact that in none of the cases discussed above, a reading /l/ is preferable to a reading /p/, ←P2 d in Sanzeno context is consistently defined as Pi in TIR and transliterated accordingly, unless there is a reason to do otherwise. This includes fragmentary inscriptions which have not been mentioned (VN-2, VN-3, SZ-32) and a great number of inscriptoids from Sanzeno (most prominently the upi-inscriptions). The only exception so far is the la-group, which appears to have L s alternating with L2 s.

Bibliography

Kluge & Salomon 2015 Sindy Kluge, Corinna Salomon, "Ausgewählte Funde aus Dercolo im Kontext der rätischen Inschriften", Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch der Tiroler Landesmuseen 8 (2015), 80–95.
Markey 2006 Thomas L. Markey, "Early Celticity in Slovenia and at Rhaetic Magrè (Schio)", Linguistica 46 (2006), 145–171.
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