Script - Revision history

Corinna Salomon: /* Chronology */

2020-04-30T21:57:47Z

Chronology

Corinna Salomon: /* Raetic */

2020-04-30T20:56:43Z

Raetic

← Older revision		Revision as of 22:56, 30 April 2020
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	The Venetic script features Omikron, which in the younger Este alphabet is situated not in its ancestral place, but at the very end of the row, as evidenced by the votive tablet Es 23, the only one bearing a complete row (in addition to the usual consonant-only). While Omikron is usually assumed to have been acquired directly from the Greek alphabet, probably through contact with Greeks settling in and south of the Po delta, Prosdocimi (p. 329) favours the theory that it was taken as a lettre morte (through writing instruction) from the Etruscan alphabet before its ultimate reduction. The Venetic use of Sigma vs. San follows the South Etruscan use, Sigma being the character used for the default sibilant and San leading a marginal existence. This is also the case in the archaic inscriptions; for possible explanations see Prosdocimi on p. 330 f. Finally, one of the distinctive features of the Venetic script is the frequent inversion of Lambda and Upsilon.		The Venetic script features Omikron, which in the younger Este alphabet is situated not in its ancestral place, but at the very end of the row, as evidenced by the votive tablet Es 23, the only one bearing a complete row (in addition to the usual consonant-only). While Omikron is usually assumed to have been acquired directly from the Greek alphabet, probably through contact with Greeks settling in and south of the Po delta, Prosdocimi (p. 329) favours the theory that it was taken as a lettre morte (through writing instruction) from the Etruscan alphabet before its ultimate reduction. The Venetic use of Sigma vs. San follows the South Etruscan use, Sigma being the character used for the default sibilant and San leading a marginal existence. This is also the case in the archaic inscriptions; for possible explanations see Prosdocimi on p. 330 f. Finally, one of the distinctive features of the Venetic script is the frequent inversion of Lambda and Upsilon.

	~~=== Raetic ===~~

	The Raeti (find places in green on the map) appear to have learned the art of writing from the Veneti rather than the Etruscans ({{bib\|Schumacher 2004}}: 312–316). While Raetic inscriptions are only known from the 5<sup>th</sup> century onward, at a time when Etruscan inscriptions have appeared in the very North (see above), some features of the Raetic script strongly suggest a Venetic source.<br>
	1. Employment of Phi, Khi and Tau for mediae or phonemes interpreted as mediae by speakes of Indo-European languages: Tau can be argued to write ~{{p\|\|d}} in [[index::MA-19\|Magrè]] and [[index::ST-2\|Steinberg]].<br>
	~~2. St. Andrew's cross for /t/.<br>~~
	3. Non-employment of Zeta: Raetic, like Etruscan, had a dental affricate /{{p\|\|z}}/ (or similar). While Etruscan used Zeta to write this phoneme, Raetic inscriptions feature two graphically distinct [[index::Þ\|special characters]], which appear to have been newly created. The fact that Zeta was not used to write /ts/ in Venetic can explain this discontinuity. There is, however, at least one exception (see [[index::Z]]).<br>
	~~4. Rudimentary syllabic punctuation in Magrè context.<br>~~
	~~5. Orientation of Lambda and Upsilon in the Magrè alphabet.<br>~~

	As in Venetic, different alphabet variants are used for writing the Raetic language. Some of the similarities with Venetic can only be demonstrated for the Magrè alphabet, which appears to be close to the Archaic Venetic alphabet, although the use of (somewhat idiosyncratic) syllabic punctuation indicates an acquaintance with a phase 2 Venetic source. It is not yet clear whether or inhowfar all Raetic alphabet variants are derived from the same model. It cannot be excluded that different Venetic varieties, and maybe to some extent also Etruscan or even Celtic writing practice, have influenced Raetic writing. For details see below sub "The Raetic Script" and [[index::Raetic epigraphy\|here]]. One common feature of the Raetic alphabets, three-bar Mu {{c\|\|M}}, is reminiscent of the Venetic Vicenza alphabet, unfortunately represented by only three documents: All three testimonies have Mu with three bars; the lengthy inscription Vi 2 demonstrates the archaic use of use of {{c\|\|Θ}} and {{c\|\|T}}.

	=== Cisalpine Celtic ===		=== Cisalpine Celtic ===

Corinna Salomon: /* Chronology */

2020-04-30T19:11:56Z

Chronology

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:11, 30 April 2020
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	The inscriptions from [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] as well as [[index::WE-4]] and [[index::WE-1]] from the Wipp- and Eisacktal, written in a Magrè-style alphabet similar to the oldest testimonies, show that a Venetoid writing tradition continued also in the North (outside the Sanzeno catchment area) during phase 2, which we have associated with the central Raetic area. The material from the Inn valley being mostly undated, it is hard to judge the progress of Raetic writing culture in the North. Note that [[index::IT-4]] is dated by context and may be considerably older than the 1<sup>st</sup> c. The alphabet used in some of the rock inscriptions (see below) can be compared to that used in [[index::PU-1]], indicating that the rock inscriptions themselves may be of considerable age.		The inscriptions from [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] as well as [[index::WE-4]] and [[index::WE-1]] from the Wipp- and Eisacktal, written in a Magrè-style alphabet similar to the oldest testimonies, show that a Venetoid writing tradition continued also in the North (outside the Sanzeno catchment area) during phase 2, which we have associated with the central Raetic area. The material from the Inn valley being mostly undated, it is hard to judge the progress of Raetic writing culture in the North. Note that [[index::IT-4]] is dated by context and may be considerably older than the 1<sup>st</sup> c. The alphabet used in some of the rock inscriptions (see below) can be compared to that used in [[index::PU-1]], indicating that the rock inscriptions themselves may be of considerable age.

			When talking about the dating of Raetic inscriptions, the usual caveats apply: archaeo-logical dating on the basis of excavation context and typology is sometimes uncertain, and time frames of different extent make it hard to establish a chronology even where datings are available. Particularly in the Raetic corpus, we have a great number of old findings which cannot be dated, because their archaeological context is unknown. When dating an object through context, it must be observed that objects which have a short life span, such as ceramics, are likely to date from about the time which is determined by that context, whereas objects with a longer life span (especially if they are valuable), such as fibulas, may be considerably older (Gamper 2006, 43). Moreover, the time of production or even use of an object does not necessarily determine the time when the inscription was applied. A date for production or widespread use of objects gives a terminus post quem; a date for a grave or deposit gives a terminus ante quem (Schumacher 2004, 246; MLR, 10). The following paragraphs give an overview of the dating of objects with Raetic inscriptions which is strictly based on the archaeological data as presented in the literature. The possibility of dating inscriptions based on palaeography will be addressed in ch. 2.5.2.
			The oldest objects bearing Raetic inscriptions appear to be two of the more remarkable items in the Raetic corpus: the Situla in Providence and the Paletta di Padova. The situla with the inscription HU-7 is dated to the third quarter of the 6th c. on the basis of typology (Frey 1962, 46) . Unfortunately, the find place of the vessel is unknown, it having emerged from the Italian art market. In the museum’s announcement of the situla in 1934, the Etruscan necropolis at the Certosa di Bologna was given as find place, but the reliabil-ity of this statement was already qualified by Frey 1962, 1. The fact that a similar object – the Situla Certosa – was found there can either support the claim or challenge it (in that it makes the necropolis a plausible find place to make up for a decorated situla). The find place of the ritual spatula which bears the inscription PA-1 is known quite precisely, as it was found during excavations in a courtyard of the Basilica di Sant’Antonio in Padova, but no Bronze- or Iron-Age context came with it. The piece is dated typologically to the 6th– 5th c. (Gambacurta et al. 2002, 186 [no. 20]). The testimonies are similar insofar as the objects are atypical (the situla being the most elaborately decorated one in the Raetic corpus), and come from places to the south(-east) of the Raetic area proper, which have not yielded any other Raetic inscriptions: Bologna was Etruscan, Padova was a Venetic site.
			The so-called Spada with the inscription VR-3 – definitely not a sword – is dated to the 6th–5th c. by Marinetti 1987, 138 f. (n. 5), following Salzani’s (1984, 793) identification of the object as a skewer of the sort which was used in ritual feasts and his comparison of the piece to similar ones from Padova and Magdalenska gora. Salzani himself, however, gives the early 4th c., to which the Slovenian specimen can be dated by context (Salzani 1984, 181; also Gambacurta et al. 2002, 185 [no. 19]). De Marinis 1988, 121 lists the Spada among inscribed objects dated to the 5th c. The find place is indicated as Ca’ dei Cavri, a fraction of Bussolengo, in the original publication (Rossi 1672, 404 [“Campagna Caudina”]); if this is accurate, VR-3 is the only Raetic inscription find from the right bank of the Adige in the area of Verona.
			Some of the above-mentioned characteristics are shared by the Lothen belt plaque (inscription PU-1), which can be dated typologically to the 5th c. by its figural decorations – two deer – which are known from the iconographic programme of situlae (Lunz 1981a, 22). No other inscriptions are known from the Burgkofel, but there are finds from the immediate vicinity of St. Lorenzen. The settlement on the Steger hill, whence come three bones (inscriptions PU-5–7) and three potsherds (inscriptions PU-8–10), is dated princip-ally to the 5th–4th c. by Constantini 2002, 41, though individual finds may be younger. The settlement on the Sonnenburger Weinleite, which yielded a stone plaque with inscription PU-4 and a loom weight with marks, is dated to the 5th–3rd c. (ibid., 48); another loom weight comes from the Puenland settlement, dated to the 5th–4th c. (ibid., 22).
			The oldest document from the Raetic core area between Trento and the Bozen basin appears to be NO-13 on an astragalos from the Ciaslir on the Monte Ozol, the only high-altitude site to yield Raetic inscriptions. The place was in use, originally and probably throughout, as a burnt-offerings site from the late Bronze to the early Iron Age, possibly even into Roman times; highly diverse finds in combination with nearby fundaments of buildings make further interpretation difficult (Gleirscher et al. 2002, 247 [no. 133]). According to Perini 2002, 767, the inscription find comes from a layer dated to Retico A (middle of the 6th–middle of the 5th c.).
			The material from Sanzeno is difficult to interpret and date. Of the seven find spots, only the northernmost, Casalini, has demonstrably yielded inscribed objects, most im-portantly the bronzes, which were found by chance in a sand pit in the late 1940s. While the other find spots, dated to Retico A, testify to a large settlement (for an overview see Gamper 2006, 334–337 and Marzatico 2001, 496–501), the function of the excavated buildings (case retiche) at Casalini, dated to Retico B–C (LT A–B), is unclear – they are arranged in neat lines, sharing walls, as if planned out (Marzatico 2001, 496). A projected settlement is a possibility, even though a settlement clearly lay just to the south: the Casalini site may have been a replacement. One may also consider an emporion with rows of studios and shops (in light of the numerours iron finds) or, like Gleirscher et al. 2002, 251 (no. 155), a temple district with treasuries (regarding the votive objects). Nothdurfter 2002, 1136 thinks of cult buildings with bothroi in the basement and space for attaching votive gifts to the walls on the upper storey, together with administrative buildings and workshops which produced the votives. See also Marzatico 2001, 494 f. on the question of indoor sanctuaries. The large number of finds, many of them old findings without a precise context, is yet to be systematically reviewed in its entirety.
			The oldest document from Sanzeno which can be dated independently of its context is SZ-16 on the warrior statuette, dated typologically to the second half of the 5th c. (Walde-Psenner 1983, 108 [no. 85]). The half-plastic votive bronzes, which are typical for the Raetic area and therefore difficult to date through comparison with models from the south (Gleirscher et al. 2002, 207), are still likely to belong in the context of Etruscan-style bronze votives and to be from the same time or not much younger. Gempeler 1976, 51 f. argues for the 4th–3rd c. (specifically for the horse bronzes with SZ-9 and 14, and HU-5 and 6) with regard to Venetic and Etruscan influences (also Dal Rì 1987, 174 f. [no. 722 and 723] and De Marinis 1988, 122). Gleirscher apud Schumacher 2004, 247 (and impicitly in Gleirscher et al. 2002, 207) gives the 5th–4th c. He points to the fact that that the bronze with SZ-14 – the Cavaliere di Sanzeno – features a rider who wears a Negau helmet and to the similarity of the bronze with inscription SZ-3 with the more securely datable Dercolo bronze (see below). The bronze pieces with inscriptions SZ-87 and SZ-96 can also be compared with pieces included in the Dercolo hoard. Following the common dating of situlae, the situlae (SZ-30 situla and SZ-82 cist) and situla handles (with SZ-17, SZ-19 and SZ-31) can be dated typologically to the 5th–4th c. The iron helmet with SZ-73 is datable to LT A/B1 through typology (Nothdurfter 1992, 56). Nothdurfter 1979, 97–103 dates most of the iron material with marks to between the 5th and the end of the 2nd c., the phase which is thought to be the time in which the settlement flourished. The bulk of the pottery appears to belong in the later phase, the prominent Sanzeno bowls being dated to the 3rd–2nd c. (Marzatico 2001, 511, but see Gamper 2006, 13–17 about the issues of bowl chronology). The youngest inscribed object from Sanzeno is a Roman Imperial Age iron knife (in-scription SZ-38; Nothdurfter 1979, Beilage 2).
			The major sanctuary of Valemporga (Meclo) was in use from the late Bronze to the late Roman Imperial Age, with a bulk of finds from Retico A demonstrating an increased frequency in the early La Tène period. The stratigraphy being destroyed, individual finds can only be dated through typology (Gleirscher et al. 2002, 236). The miniature shield with inscription NO-3 and the fragment of a bronze-plaque figure with inscription NO-19, both from the sanctuary, are the only two inscribed specimens of the typical bronze plaque votives which belong in the context of situla art and are dated to LT A–B1 (Tschurtschen-thaler & Wein 1998, 243; Gleirscher et al. 2002, 205 f.; Marzatico 2012, 320–324), though a later date cannot be excluded (Gehring 1976, 161). The fragment of a situla with inscript-ion/mark NO-8 may be assumed to belong in the same time frame. The neighbouring site of the Campi Neri south of Cles, also a sanctuary with an even longer duration (Gleirscher et al. 2002, 236 [no. 81]), yielded a number of bronze objects, none of which can be securely dated. The bronze baton with inscription NO-15 can be compared with similar objects from the Dercolo hoard; the horse bronze with inscription NO-16, which was found together with the baton in a pit, can only contingently be compared to the Sanzeno bronzes, as it is worked in full-plastic (cf. the horse statuette with SZ-71), yet rather crudely made. The strainer with inscription NO-2 dates to around the birth of Christ (Gleirscher apud Schumacher 2004, 248). The slab from Tavòn with inscription NO-10, a stray find, cannot be dated.
			Most of the find places of inscriptions in the Val di Non are situated in the northern part of the valley. The only outlier is the more southerly Dercolo, where a hoard find of unclear function (Schindler 1998, 222–224. 232 f.) contained the horse-headed bronze with inscription NO-11. The hoard was deposited around 400 (Lunz 1974, 83; Schindler 1998, 231); seeing that the objects deposited in the situla appear to have been comparatively new (Schindler 1998, 231), the bronze may be dated to the late 5th c. Two unassociated Sanzeno bowls are younger (LT C–D; Schindler 1998, 224). The Fritzens bowl sherd with the marks NO-14, an old finding from somewhere in the Val di Non, dates from the 5th–3rd c. based on typology.
			The valley of the Adige between Salurn and Meran and the immediately adjoining mountainous areas have yielded a fair number of inscribed objects. While many finds come from well researched archaeological contexts, no homogenous group finds of inscriptions like the Sanzeno bronzes have so far been made in the area. The oldest settlement complex in the area was situated on the east side of the Mitterberg, facing the Adige, southeast of modern Pfatten in the Unterland. It yielded the oldest object in the corpus, a bronze Hallstatt-age axe from a hoard found above the grave field (Lunz 1974, 211 f.), dated to the 7th or early 6th c. (Marzatico 1997, 453). Like many of its kind, the bronze axe bears marks, but these are not Raetic characters; the testimony of BZ-17 has no bearing upon the chronology of Raetic script. The associated grave field of Stadlhof dates from the Hallstatt to the early La Tène period; the fragment of a cist with inscription BZ-11 from grave XVIII (Ghislanzoni 1939, 514 f.) and the slab with inscription BZ-10.1 from grave A (Franz 1951, 130) must therefore be dated to LT A or B. For the bronze key with inscription BZ-12, possibly from the potential bothros near the Leuchtenburg (Gleirscher et al. 2002, 261 [no. 198]), no dating is available. The potsherd with inscription BZ-13 from the settlement of Laimburg may be younger (3rd–2nd c.; Schumacher 2004, 211). Finally, the precise find spot of the fragmentary miniature vessel with inscription BZ-25, a museum find, is unknown, but the votive situlae belong typologically with the miniature shields and bronze plaque figures, and are, like these, well represented in the Meclo sanctuary.
			Four inscribed objects come from Überetsch. The only sporadically excavated site on the Putzer Gschleier west of St. Pauls near Eppan yielded three finds (none from the casa retica), which cannot be dated. The inscribed slab from Maderneid (Eppan) with inscript-ion BZ-24 can be dated to the Late Roman Republican period by the style of its decoration (Stefan Demetz p.c.).
			The area in the Bozen basin between the Bozen district of Moritzing and Siebeneich in the west is called the “sacred corner” (Heiliger Winkel/Sacro angolo) for the numerous find spots (see Tecchiati 2002); unfortunately, it has not so far been systematically ex-cavated. Four finds from the Moritzing grave field come not from excavated contexts, but from chance finds in the 19th c. Two – a situla handle with inscription BZ-9 and a fragment of a bronze vessel with inscription BZ-4 – are from a grave context dated to the second half of the 5th–first half of the 4th c. (Steiner 2002, 258) ; two cists with marks come from a context dated to the 4th–early 3rd c. (ibid., 254). On the dating of the helmet hoard found on the Kosman property (Jenesien; inscriptions BZ-26 to BZ-29) see below. The handle of a cist with inscription BZ-5, found during one of the minor excavations on the Greifen-steiner Hang, can be dated typologically to the 5th–3rd c. through typology (Lunz 1985, 145); the handle of a simpulum with inscription BZ-3, an old finding from the area of the Großkarnell property, is dated by typology to the 5th–4rd c.
			Further up the Adige valley, the bronze axe with inscription BZ-2, a stray find from the vicinity of the church St. Christoph near Tisens, is dated typologically to the 5th c. (Zemmer-Plank et al. 1985, 165 [no. 34]). The three potsherds with marks from the settle-ment of St. Hippolyt near Tisens and the iron sickle from the hilltop can not be securely dated, but the ceramics partly bear resemblance to material from the nearby sanctuary on the Hochbichl near Meran, which appears to be no younger than LT A–B (Lunz 1974, 193).
			A single antler piece with inscription VN-1 comes from the Tartscher Bichl near the place where the Münstertal meets the Adige valley. The major settlement appears to have been most important during the early and middle La Tène period, but must be expected to have been in use until LT C2, when it was essentially replaced by the Ganglegg settlement (Gamper 2006, 290 f.). The latter site, situated somewhat to the south on the northern flank of the valley, had already been settled in Ha D/LT A, and appears to have been constructed within a rather short time at the end of the 2nd c. and abandoned again just as suddenly at the end of LT D (ibid., 254). Among numerous perforated bones and bone needles of un-clear (original) function which were found on the floors of houses and apparently deposit-ed there during the ritual abandonment are numerous pieces with marks and some with inscriptions (VN-2–19).
			No inscription finds come from the Münstertal, and only one from the Engadin: the potsherd with inscription EN-1 from Suotchastè near Ardez is dated to LT A–B through context and typology (Caduff 2007, 16). The ceramics from the sanctuary on the Pillerhöhe near Fliess, of which three pieces bear inscriptions or script-like marks (IT-8–10), date to the early La Tène period (Tschurtschenthaler & Wein 1998, 247). To my knowledge, no datings are available for the settlement on the Hörtenberg near Pfaffenhofen. The Demlfeld sanctuary, part of a larger complex around Ampass, was in use throughout the younger Iron Age, but no precise dating is known for the bronze plaque with inscription IT-5. The settlement on the Himmelreich near Volders in the Inntal yields a great number of pot-sherds bearing marks (including IT-2) which are dated to the middle and late La Tène period (Gamper 2006, 265 f.). The carved antler with inscription IT-4 comes from house 2 of the Pirchboden settlement near Fritzens; the house was destroyed by fire in the late Iron Age, possibly in the course of the Roman Alpine campaign (Tomedi 2001, 32).

	=== Writing of dentals ===		=== Writing of dentals ===

Corinna Salomon: /* Distribution */

2020-04-30T15:28:31Z

Distribution

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	=== Distribution ===		=== Distribution ===
	<div style="margin: 0; padding: 0 0 ~~10px 10px~~; float:right;">[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png\|right\|border\|250px]]</div>		<div style="margin: 0; padding: 0 0 17px 17px; float:right;">[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png\|right\|border\|250px]]</div>

	The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c\|\|U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c\|\|L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w\|\|lavise}} and {{w\|\|eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m\|\|-le}}. {{c\|\|L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c\|\|P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c\|\|P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c\|\|T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.		The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c\|\|U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c\|\|L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w\|\|lavise}} and {{w\|\|eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m\|\|-le}}. {{c\|\|L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c\|\|P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c\|\|P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c\|\|T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.

Martin Braun: /* Map */

2020-04-29T21:15:32Z

Map

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	[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]		[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]

	{\|table ~~class~~="~~table_data~~" style="margin-top:20px~~; float:center~~;"		{\|table align="center" style="margin-top:20px;"
	\| style="background:#F7BB18;" \|		\| style="background:#F7BB18; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Lepontic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Lepontic
	\| style="background:#6D6574;" \|		\| style="background:#6D6574; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Camunic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Camunic
	\| style="background:#71B635;" \|		\| style="background:#71B635; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Raetic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Raetic
	\| style="background:#1A97A8;" \|		\| style="background:#1A97A8; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Venetic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Venetic
	\| style="background:#ED84A4;" \|		\| style="background:#ED84A4; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Etruscan		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Etruscan
	\|}		\|}

Corinna Salomon: /* Map */

2020-04-29T19:41:53Z

Map

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	[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]		[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]

			{\|table class="table_data" style="margin-top:20px; float:center;"
			\| style="background:#F7BB18;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Lepontic
			\| style="background:#6D6574;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Camunic
			\| style="background:#71B635;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Raetic
			\| style="background:#1A97A8;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Venetic
			\| style="background:#ED84A4;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Etruscan
			\|}

	== Raetic script ==		== Raetic script ==

Martin Braun: /* Distribution */

2020-04-29T15:33:45Z

Distribution

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:33, 29 April 2020
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	=== Distribution ===		=== Distribution ===
	[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png\|right\|border\|250px]]		<div style="margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 10px; float:right;">[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png\|right\|border\|250px]]</div>

	The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c\|\|U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c\|\|L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w\|\|lavise}} and {{w\|\|eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m\|\|-le}}. {{c\|\|L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c\|\|P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c\|\|P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c\|\|T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.		The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c\|\|U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c\|\|L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w\|\|lavise}} and {{w\|\|eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m\|\|-le}}. {{c\|\|L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c\|\|P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c\|\|P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c\|\|T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.

Corinna Salomon: /* Map */

2020-04-28T23:01:24Z

Map

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	=== Map ===		=== Map ===
	[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|800px]]		The map below shows find places of inscriptions of the four North Italic corpora, together with Etruscan inscriptions in the Padan plain. It is intended to give a rough overview over the distribution areas, and glosses over problematic or ambiguous ascription in some cases (e.g., the [https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Inscriptions "Ligurian" inscriptions]). In the case of inscriptions which belong to different groups linguistically and alphabetically, the colours reflect the alphabet used (e.g., [[index::AV-1]]).

			[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]

	== Raetic script ==		== Raetic script ==

Corinna Salomon: /* The Raetic alphabets */

2020-04-28T22:07:48Z

The Raetic alphabets

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	*pi has a large pocket {{c\|\|P3}} in inscriptions from the Inntal (see [[index::P]]),		*pi has a large pocket {{c\|\|P3}} in inscriptions from the Inntal (see [[index::P]]),
	*zeta pops up sporadically and may denote a stop, Este-style, in some inscriptions (see [[index::Z]]), while		*zeta pops up sporadically and may denote a stop, Este-style, in some inscriptions (see [[index::Z]]), while
	*zeta and san behave suspiciously in inscriptions from the area of Verona (see ~~below sub ''Distribution''~~), and		*zeta and san behave suspiciously in inscriptions from the area of Verona (see [[index::Z]] and [[index::Ś]]), and
	*one of the two decidedly unlike petrograph alphabets attested in the Northern Limestone Alps shows some as yet unclassified idiosyncrasies (see [[index::Raetic epigraphy]]).<br>		*one of the two decidedly unlike petrograph alphabets attested in the Northern Limestone Alps shows some as yet unclassified idiosyncrasies (see [[index::Raetic epigraphy]]).<br>
	All these special features, however, are connected by their association with Venetic writing traditions.		All these special features, however, are connected by their association with Venetic writing traditions.

Corinna Salomon: /* Distribution */

2020-04-28T22:05:10Z

Distribution

← Older revision		Revision as of 00:05, 29 April 2020
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	=== Distribution ===		=== Distribution ===
	The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated. The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c\|\|U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c\|\|L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w\|\|lavise}} and {{w\|\|eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m\|\|-le}}. {{c\|\|L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c\|\|P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c\|\|P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c\|\|T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub [[index::Script#Punctuation]] on puncts in certain petrographs.

	[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png\|right\|border\|250px]]		[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png\|right\|border\|250px]]

	~~In the boundary~~ areas ~~between~~ the ~~two alphabet provinces, we often find mixed features~~, ~~though –~~ as ~~said above – never within~~ the ~~same inscription. Two inscriptions from~~ the ~~south~~-~~eastern border of the~~ Sanzeno-alphabet area, ~~however~~, ~~combine~~ Sanzeno-type ~~letter forms~~ with ~~what appears to be Venetoid syllabic punctuation~~ (~~see below sub~~ [[index::~~Script#Word separation and syllabic punctuation~~]]): [[index::CE-1.3]] from ~~the valley of the Avisio (all five sequences on the~~ [[index::~~CE-1 situla~~\|~~Situla di Cembra~~]] are written in the ~~Sanzeno~~ alphabet ~~with~~ {{c\|\|U2}}, {{c\|\|L2}} and ~~consistent ←~~{{c\|\|~~A\|d~~}} and ←{{c\|\|~~S\|d~~}}), and [[index::SR-2]] ~~from~~ the ~~Valsugana (with~~ {{c\|\|U2}}, ~~not accompanied by~~ pi ~~or lambda). The~~ [[index::~~Serso~~]] ~~antlers~~, ~~from a find place~~ which ~~still belongs to~~ the ~~core area~~ of ~~the Fritzens~~-~~Sanzeno culture, generally make up a somewhat varied group, though with some notable shared features~~. ~~With~~ the ~~exception of problematic SR-2~~, ~~the inscriptions are basically written~~ in ~~the Magrè alphabet; seven of the twelve feature some sort of punctuation, three of these have punctuated letters. Three of the inscriptions contain the letter~~ {{c\|\|T4}}, which ~~also appears sporadically in~~ the ~~Val di Non and is suspect~~ of ~~belonging to an archaic tradition~~ (see [[index::T]]).		The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area\|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c\|\|U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c\|\|L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w\|\|lavise}} and {{w\|\|eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m\|\|-le}}. {{c\|\|L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c\|\|P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c\|\|P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c\|\|T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.

	~~The northernmost Sanzeno~~-~~type inscription (WE-3) and the southernmost Magrè-type inscription in the Wipptal (WE-4) both come from Stufels (Brixen). The Wipptal lies outside the reach of the Sanzeno αβ, which may account~~ for ~~the fact that the Pustertal, which opens into the valley~~ of ~~the Eisack at Brixen~~, ~~takes part in both traditions. This border is not random, being frequently cited in the archaeological literature (e.g. Lunz 1981b, 43) as a point of transition between the northern~~ and ~~southern Alpine area (beside~~ the ~~Alpine divide at the Brenner pass), as it marks the point where the narrow Wipptal opens into the comparatively easily accessible Brixen basin.~~

	~~The Pustertal inscriptions are difficult to judge as a group. The lengthy inscription PU-1 shows both~~ Venetoid and ~~Etruscoid characteristics (2~~.~~5.2.1, 2.5.5.5). The only other certainly language-encoding inscription PU~~-4 ~~on a stone plaque lacks the shibboleth letters, unless one counts the sequence , inscribed on one of the narrow sides, whose function and relation to the main inscription on the flat side~~ is ~~unclear. The two hypothetical alphas are orientated differently~~, ~~the three scratches on the left are clearly inclined, the bar of the alleged Venetoid~~ is very doubtful; we are probably con-cerned with non- or pseudo-script. The remaining inscriptions from the Pustertal are difficult to read and of doubtful status, but they show an affinity to the Sanzeno αβ in that some of them have Sanzeno-style upsilon .



	~~Generally, we find~~ a considerably larger extent of local (and diachronic?) variation within the province of the Magrè αβ than in the Sanzeno inscriptions; see section 2.5.2.1 on alphabet variants used in a number of early, isolated finds. The inscriptions from Magrè itself, more homogenous in appearance than those in other subcorpora, are notable for the employment of the Magrè character for the dental affricate, which ~~appears nowhere else, and for a tendency to invert individual letters (2.5.7). Syllabic punctuation is only employed~~ in inscriptions ~~from Magrè and Serso,~~ in ~~a subset of petrographs and arguably in inscriptions from the area of Verona (though this practice may have an entirely different basis; 2.5.3.3).~~

	~~The inscriptions~~ from the area of Verona are particularly difficult, though Marinetti’s (2003, 2004a) decision to present them as Raetic rather than as Venetic or even Etruscan was certainly the most reasonable one, as the bone supports point toward the Raetic sphere. In Montorio Veronese, VR-7 lacks any characteristic letters, whereas VR-6 contains too many: Venetoid upsilon indicates the Magrè αβ, as does tau – if so, is lambda. The occurence of the Sanzeno character , however, is surprising; also note that tau is retro-grade. Though all three inscriptions on antler and bone are reminiscent of Raetic material as far as objects and characters are concerned, and kari lends itself ~~to an interpretation as a Raetic individual name (2.6.1.3~~)~~, none can be definitely connected to the Raetic sphere~~.

	~~The epigraphical status of the San Giorgio inscriptions~~ is ~~somewhat less dubious. VR-12 could be classified as epigraphically Raetic (with Magrè-style lambda and pi, and Raetic )~~, but VR-17 has mu with four bars, otherwise unknown in Raetic inscriptions. VR-12 is also the only inscription with standard alpha, all the others having (with the bar not touching the hastae). VR-13 and VR-14 both have , which might theoretically be pi in the absence of linguistic parallels (especially in combination with possible, though un-likely, in VR-13; see ~~MLR 123), but larie formally qualifies as a Raetic name (2.6.1.3), and lavśa may be considered a variant of the individual name lavise (2.6.1.2). Both the slightly longer inscriptions~~ on ~~bronze fittings (VR-10 and 11) contain Magrè-style and can be argued to have linguistically Raetic content, but while the dental affricate is written with tau~~ in ~~VR-10 – an expectable compromise spelling in the absence of a special character – VR-11 has zeta, which may be an Etruscan element (2.5.3.3).~~
	Though a large part of the testimonies from Bostel di Rotzo is still constituted by work-men’s marks, the recent new finds have fully corrobrated Whatmough’s decision (PID 216–220) to ascribe the older inscriptions to the Raetic corpus: they display typically Raetic letter forms (← , ← ) and a well-attested name in Raetic spelling (piθamne; 2.6.1.2). The αβ used is that of Magrè ( , ), but lambda, occurring only once in AS-17.1, has Sanzeno-shape.

	Of the Trissino inscriptions, two (TR-1.1, TR-3) lend themselves to some extent to interpretation as Raetic words; the other two (TR-2, TR-4) display similarities in the characters used (including punctuation marks) and are obscure. All four employ the Magrè αβ ( , , ?).

			In the boundary areas between the two alphabet provinces, we often find mixed features, though – as said above – never within the same inscription. Two inscriptions from the south-eastern border of the Sanzeno-alphabet area, however, combine Sanzeno-type letter forms with what appears to be Venetoid syllabic punctuation (see below sub ''Punctuation''): [[index::CE-1.3]] from the valley of the Avisio (all five sequences on the [[index::CE-1 situla\|Situla di Cembra]] are written in the Sanzeno alphabet with {{c\|\|U2}}, {{c\|\|L2}} and consistent ←{{c\|\|A\|d}} and ←{{c\|\|S\|d}}), and [[index::SR-2]] from the Valsugana (with {{c\|\|U2}}, not accompanied by pi or lambda). The [[index::Serso]] antlers, from a find place which still belongs to the core area of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, generally make up a somewhat varied group, though with some notable shared features. With the exception of problematic SR-2, the inscriptions are basically written in the Magrè alphabet; seven of the twelve feature some sort of punctuation, three of these have punctuated letters. Three of the inscriptions contain the letter {{c\|\|T4}}, which also appears sporadically in the Val di Non and is suspect of belonging to an archaic tradition (see [[index::T]]).

			The northernmost Sanzeno-alphabet inscription [[index::WE-3]] and the southernmost Magrè-alphabet inscription in the Wipptal [[index::WE-4]] both come from [[index::Stufels]] ([[index::Brixen / Bressanone\|Brixen]]). The Wipptal lies outside the reach of the Sanzeno alphabet, which may account for the fact that the Pustertal, which opens into the valley of the Eisack at Brixen, takes part in both traditions: [[index::PU-1]] has Magrè-type letter forms, but displays a number of peculiarities, while [[index::PU-5]], [[index::PU-6]] and [[index::PU-11]] have Sanzeno-style upsilon. This border at Brixen is not random, cf. {{bib\|Lunz 1981b}}: 43, who considers it as a point of transition between the northern and southern Alpine area (beside the Alpine divide at the Brenner pass), as it marks the point where the narrow Wipptal opens into the comparatively easily accessible Brixen basin.

	~~While the above testimonies consistently show the use of the Magrè αβ,~~ one inscription ~~from~~ the ~~Inntal clearly belongs in Sanzeno-context~~: ~~Found at the burnt~~-~~offerings site Demlfeld near Ampass~~, ~~the perforated bronze plaque with its inscription may be compared to the inscribed votive objects from the Val di Non. While we do not have any other bronze tablets~~ in the ~~Raetic corpus~~, ~~such votives are well attested~~ in ~~Venetic, both uninscribed and inscribed, though no documents resemble~~ the ~~Demlfeld find~~. In light of a Venetic inscription found at the same site (*It 1~~; Schumacher 2009~~), IT-5 ~~may be~~ judged as an import or the work of a travelling dedicant ~~(see fig. 37)~~.		Only one inscription breaks the pattern of distribution: [[index::IT-5]], found in the Inntal, is clearly written in the Sanzeno alphabet. In light of a Venetic inscription found at the same site (*It 1), IT-5 is best judged as an import or the work of a travelling dedicant.

	The single fragmentary inscription from the Unterengadin, EN-1, is too short to be ascribed to either of the ~~αβs~~. ~~and helmets~~		As concerns the inscribed Negau helmets, both found far from the Raetic area (not on the map), [[index::SL-2 helmet\|one]] bears at least one Sanzeno-alphabet inscription; the [[index::SL-1 helmet\|other one]]'s inscription lacks the diagnostic letters, but features {{c\|\|T4}}. The single fragmentary inscription from the Unterengadin ([[index::EN-1]], not on the map), is too short to be ascribed to either of the alphabets.

	See [[index::Property:alphabet]] for a map.		See [[index::Property:alphabet]] for a scalable and tagged map.

	=== Chronology ===		=== Chronology ===

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	[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]		[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]

	{\|table ~~class~~="~~table_data~~" style="margin-top:20px~~; float:center~~;"		{\|table align="center" style="margin-top:20px;"
	\| style="background:#F7BB18;" \|		\| style="background:#F7BB18; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Lepontic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Lepontic
	\| style="background:#6D6574;" \|		\| style="background:#6D6574; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Camunic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Camunic
	\| style="background:#71B635;" \|		\| style="background:#71B635; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Raetic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Raetic
	\| style="background:#1A97A8;" \|		\| style="background:#1A97A8; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Venetic		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Venetic
	\| style="background:#ED84A4;" \|		\| style="background:#ED84A4; padding-right:10px;" \|
	\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Etruscan		\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Etruscan
	\|}		\|}

← Older revision		Revision as of 21:41, 29 April 2020
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	[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]		[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg\|center\|800px]]

			{\|table class="table_data" style="margin-top:20px; float:center;"
			\| style="background:#F7BB18;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Lepontic
			\| style="background:#6D6574;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Camunic
			\| style="background:#71B635;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Raetic
			\| style="background:#1A97A8;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Venetic
			\| style="background:#ED84A4;" \|
			\| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" \| Etruscan
			\|}

	== Raetic script ==		== Raetic script ==