https://tir.univie.ac.at/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Sindy+Kluge&feedformat=atomThesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T21:26:32ZUser contributionsMediaWiki 1.38.1https://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Museum_Wattens&diff=18194Museum Wattens2022-07-26T12:46:38Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
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<div>{{museum<br />
|name=Heimatkunde- und Museumsverein Wattens-Volders<br />
|type_museum=local history<br />
|street=Innsbruckerstraße 2<br />
|postal_code=6112<br />
|town=Wattens<br />
|province=Tirol<br />
|country=Austria<br />
|coordinate_n=47.5515833<br />
|coordinate_e=12.4523629<br />
|website=https://www.museum-wattens.com<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
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=== General information ===<br />
The '''Heimatkunde- und Museumsverein Wattens-Volders''' is responsible for the [[Museum Wattens]] which is divided in two sections: the first section contains the prehistory of the region around [[index::Wattens]] and [[index::Volders]] in particular the discoveries from the Raetic settlement [[index::Himmelreich]] and the urnfield of [[index::Volders]]. The second section is dedicated to the history of the regional industry mainly to the development of the Swarovski-Company and the paper mill of [[index::Wattens]].<br>At the moment the museum is situated in Höraltstraße 4, 6112 Wattens, in a buidling which was part of the school near the museum. A relocation of the museum it is planed for 2015. Then the museum resides in the ''Neidharthaus'' (Innsbrucker Straße 2, 6112 Wattens).<br>For further information about the [[Museum Wattens]] and the outdoor museum '''Himmelreich''' see http://www.museum-wattens.at.<br />
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=== Further objects hosted in the [[Museum Wattens]] ===<br />
Above (cp. '''Objects hosted''') are indicated all objects preserved in the [[Museum Wattens]] with an inscription and/or characters listed with a siglum in the ''{{SITENAME}}''.<br>In addition there are several objects with characters and/or incisions which are indicated in the references as inscription and/or signs with an alphabetical character. After the autopsy of the regarding objects and because of the doubtful status concerning the characters they were excluded from the main sigla system. But due to the fact that in the references they were considered to be inscribed they are listed with the siglum '''EX'''(cluded) in the ''{{SITENAME}}''.<br>Related to the [[Museum Wattens]] the following objects belong to this group: '''EX-81''': potsherd (collective siglum for different ceramic fragments from the Raetic settlement [[index::Himmelreich]], Inv. No. M 4, M 5, M 6, M 7, M 30, M 103, M 110, M 124, M 129, M 198, M 271, M 272, M 277, M 278, M 461, M 611, M 615, Z 6. ''Note'': The collective siglum '''EX-81''' is divided into two groups: The first group of the different ceramic fragments coming from the [[index::Himmelreich]] is preserved in the [[Museum Wattens]], a second group is kept in the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum]].<br>For further information concerning the '''EX'''-siglum system as well as detailed indications related to the above-mentioned objects cp. [[index::Non-script notational systems|here]].<br><br>''S.K.''<br />
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=== Update in July 2022 based on the information by the museum staff ===<br />
In 2015 the rooms of the museum in Höraltstraße 4, 6112 Wattens, had to be closed.<br> <br />
In October 2018 the museum financed by the community of Wattens was re-opened whereas the focus is on everyday and industrial history since 1895. For further information see: https://www.museum-wattens.com/ <br />
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The archaeological collection as described above and also the findings from [[Fritzens]]-Pirchboden are preserved in the museum depot.<br> <br />
For research and study purpose as well as loan requests the findings are obviously accessible on demand. Responsible for this purpose: '''Heimatkunde- und Museumsverein Wattens-Volders''': https://www.museumsverein.tirol/kontakt--21336072-de.html<br><br />
However, a small part of the archaeological collection is on exhibition on loan in the [[Museum Wattens]]. For example the remarkable fragment of an angular harp with a Raetic inscription cp. [[index::IT-4]]: https://www.uibk.ac.at/archaeologien/forschung/arbeitsgemeinschaften/musikarchaeologie/harfe/harfe_fritzens.html<br><br>For the update informations special thanks to Mag. Philipp Lehar from the Museum Wattens and chairman of the Heimatkunde- und Museumsverein Wattens-Volders.<br />
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{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=User:Sindy_Kluge&diff=16894User:Sindy Kluge2016-11-23T10:37:54Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
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<div>[[File:Team member Sindy Kluge.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Sindy Kluge]]<br />
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'''''Sindy Kluge'''''<br><br />
Magistra Artium (M.A.) in Ancient Studies (Classical Archaeology and Ancient History) and Italian Studies ([http://www.uni-halle.de/ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany] as well as [http://www.unifi.it/ Università degli studi Firenze, Italy]).<br>From November 2005 to September 2011 student resp. research assistant in the DFG-funded project ''[http://www.indogerm.uni-halle.de/forschung/projekte/etruskische_texte/ "Neuedition der Etruskischen Texte"]'' (cp. the relevant publication released in 2014: [http://www.baar-verlag.com/en/Books/Etruskische-Texte.html Etruskische Texte]). <br>Since September 2013 research assistant in the FWF-funded project ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum''.<br>In this project primarily in charge of the [[:Category:Object|objects]] and further contexts related to the objects like [[:Category:Site|sites]] or [[:Category:Museum|repositories]] etc. as well as occupied with literature research. Also responsible for the project correspondence.<br> <br />
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''''' Publications '''''<br />
*'''[http://www.baar-verlag.com/en/Books/Etruskische-Texte.html Etruskische Texte]''': "Etruskische Texte". Editio minor, neu bearbeitet von Gerhard Meiser in Zusammenarbeit mit Valentina Belfiore und Sindy Kluge, auf Grundlage der Erstausgabe von † Helmut Rix, Baar-Verlag: 2014.<br><br />
*Sindy Kluge, Corinna Salomon, Stefan Schumacher: Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. Eine neue Inschriftendatenbank. Ferdinandea. Die Zeitung des Vereins Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Nr. 32 (Mai–Juli 2015): 9.<br><br />
*Sindy Kluge, Corinna Salomon: Ausgewählte Funde aus Dercolo im Kontext der rätischen Inschriften. Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch der Tiroler Landesmuseen 8/2015: 80-95.<br><br />
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*[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpages]]<br />
*[[Special:Contributions/Sindy_Kluge|My contributions]]<br />
*[mailto:sindy.kluge@univie.ac.at E-mail]: sindy.kluge@univie.ac.at<br />
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[[description::Research and data entry| ]]<br />
[[name::S.K.| ]]<br />
[[Category:Team Member|Kluge, Sindy]]<br />
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</div></div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=User:Sindy_Kluge&diff=16893User:Sindy Kluge2016-11-23T10:28:42Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
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<div>[[File:Team member Sindy Kluge.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Sindy Kluge]]<br />
<div style="padding:10px; border:double black 3px; background-color:DarkGray"><br />
<br />
'''''Sindy Kluge'''''<br><br />
Magistra Artium (M.A.) in Ancient Studies (Classical Archaeology and Ancient History) and Italian Studies ([http://www.uni-halle.de/ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany] as well as [http://www.unifi.it/ Università degli studi Firenze, Italy]).<br>From November 2005 to September 2011 student resp. research assistant in the DFG-funded project ''[http://www.indogerm.uni-halle.de/forschung/projekte/etruskische_texte/ "Neuedition der Etruskischen Texte"]'' (cp. the relevant publication released in 2014: [http://www.baar-verlag.com/en/Books/Etruskische-Texte.html Etruskische Texte]). <br>Since September 2013 research assistant in the FWF-funded project ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum''.<br>In this project primarily in charge of the [[:Category:Object|objects]] and further contexts related to the objects like [[:Category:Site|sites]] or [[:Category:Museum|repositories]] etc. as well as occupied with literature research. Also responsible for the project correspondence: [http://online.univie.ac.at/pers?lang=en&zuname=Kluge,%20Sindy&format=html Contact]<br><br />
<br />
<br />
''''' Publications '''''<br />
*'''[http://www.baar-verlag.com/en/Books/Etruskische-Texte.html Etruskische Texte]''': "Etruskische Texte". Editio minor, neu bearbeitet von Gerhard Meiser in Zusammenarbeit mit Valentina Belfiore und Sindy Kluge, auf Grundlage der Erstausgabe von † Helmut Rix, Baar-Verlag: 2014.<br><br />
*Sindy Kluge, Corinna Salomon, Stefan Schumacher: Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum. Eine neue Inschriftendatenbank. Ferdinandea. Die Zeitung des Vereins Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum Nr. 32 (Mai–Juli 2015): 9.<br><br />
*Sindy Kluge, Corinna Salomon: Ausgewählte Funde aus Dercolo im Kontext der rätischen Inschriften. Wissenschaftliches Jahrbuch der Tiroler Landesmuseen 8/2015: 80-95.<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpages]]<br />
*[[Special:Contributions/Sindy_Kluge|My contributions]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[description::Research and data entry| ]]<br />
[[name::S.K.| ]]<br />
[[Category:Team Member|Kluge, Sindy]]<br />
<br />
</div></div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=PU-1_girdle_plate&diff=16890PU-1 girdle plate2016-11-19T20:27:14Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Commentary */</p>
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<div>{{object<br />
|name=Gürtelblech von Lothen<br />
|type_object=girdle plate<br />
|material=bronze<br />
|dimension=length: 37.3 cm, width: 10.4 cm, thickness: 0.2 mm<br />
|dimension_max=37.3 cm<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sortdate=-475<br />
|date=beginning of the 5th century BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Lothen / Campolino<br />
|field_name=Burgkofel<br />
|find_circumstances=construction works<br />
|sortdate_find=1940<br />
|location=Museum Mansio Sebatum<br />
|inventory_number=none<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Lunz 1981: 201, fig. 86; Dal Rì 1987: 177–178 (No. 730), fig. 304; Morandi 1999: 49-51 (No. 7); Steiner 2011b: 598–599<br />
|checklevel=3<br />
|problem=Objektbeschreibung<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Bronze girdle plate.<br>Complete, with figural decorations. The central scene composed by a figural depiction of two deer. The deer on the right end with large antlers looks downwards, which probably indicates grazing. Around the central scene a frame made of fine grooves.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result from the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. The indications given in the specialised literature differ partly: Cp. e.g. {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}}: 177 (''"Lungh. cm 35; largh. cm 12; spess. cm 0,07"''; in succession {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 49, ''"Misura in lunghezza cm 35."'') or {{bib|Steiner 2011b}}: 598 (''"Lungh. cm 32; largh. cm 10,4"'').<br>On the back side an [[index::PU-1|inscription]].<br>According to the information given by the official museum page, the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate]] was found in 1940, during construction works, below the [[index::Burgkofel]]. Cp. also: {{bib|Lunz 1973b}}: 21; {{bib|Steiner 2011b}}: 598–599. In contrast to this indication Morandi notes 1948 as find year (cp. {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 49).<br>Due to the figural decoration working, which closely resembles the typology of the situlae, the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate from Lothen]] can be dated to the 5th century BC.<br>Schumacher indicates the [[index::Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano]] as depository (with inventory nr. 2168; cp. {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 186). However, when the team of ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' studied and autopsied the inscriptions preserved in the [[index::Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano|museum]], they realized that the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate]] is no longer part of the museum inventory. Instead, the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate]] is under the ownership of the [[index::Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano]]. However, it is now preserved and shown at the local permanent exhibition of the [[index::Museum Mansio Sebatum]]. See the [http://www.mansio-sebatum.it/2014/neu-im-museumgurtelblech-aus-bronze-und-munzschatz/ official page of the museum] (as of October 30, 2014). <br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in June 2015.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Raetic_epigraphy&diff=16883Raetic epigraphy2016-11-19T06:36:50Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Chronology */</p>
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<div>== Inscription overview by find place ==<br />
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For some clarifications concerning the geography of the Raetic area and terminology see [[index::Property:sigla group|here]].<br />
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Starting in the South-East of the Raetic area, two isolated finds come from areas closer to the Venetic sphere.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Castelcies]]</u>: Built into a church wall at the foot of the Alps by the Piave valley, the [[index::TV-1 slab|stone opistograph]] appears to be of local manufacture. The [[index::TV-1.1|North Italic inscription]] is filed as written in the Magrè alphabet, with Raetic Mu and Alpha, but {{c||S|d}}→. Linguistically, not indubitably Raetic.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Padova]]</u>: The [[index::PA-1|inscription]] on the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]] is lengthy and definitely linguistically Raetic. It does, however, display some unusual features which may be ascribed to the high dating of the object or the Venetic context of its manufacturing.<br />
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The southernmost area of agglomeration of Raetic inscriptions is [[index::Verona]] and its environs east of the river Adige / Etsch. Note that no linguistically Raetic testimonies come from the area right of the river, just as no definably Lepontic material is known from the left side.<br />
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*<u>East of Verona</u>: From [[index::Montorio Veronese|Montorio]], two small bones, [[index::VR-7|one]] with maybe an individual name, [[index::VR-8|one]] with marks. Also, an antler grip plate with an epigraphically peculiar [[index::VR-6|inscription]] (containing {{c||Þ3}} in combination with Venetoid letter forms). All the pieces are vaguely Raetoid (support, characters, content), though none can be definitely connected to the Raetic sphere. An inscribed potsherd may belong in a Roman context, cp. the two potsherds with a Latin inscription from the same find spot. Two unusually shaped (and unusually large) antler pieces come from [[index::San Briccio]]. [[index::VR-1]] is conspicuous for the occurrence of Raetic {{c||T4}}, while [[index::VR-2]] may contain the word {{w||þinaχe}}, noticeably spelled with Zeta (see below).<br />
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*<u>North of Verona</u>: A substantial inscription find in a building in [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]] yields documents whose epigraphical status is somewhat dubious. While [[index::VR-12]] (on a bone) could be classified as epigraphically Raetic (with Venetoid = Magrè-style Lambda and Pi, and Raetic {{c||A|d}}), [[index::VR-17]] (on a bone point) has Mu with four bars, unknown in Raetic. [[index::VR-12]] is also the only inscription with "standard" Alpha, all the others having {{c||A15}} (with the bar not touching the hastae). [[index::VR-13]] and [[index::VR-14]] (on bones) both have {{c||L}}, which is read Lambda in the TIR, but might qualify as Lepontic Pi (esp. in combination with {{c||L2}} in [[index::VR-14]], though this is highly doubtful). Both the slightly longer inscriptions on bronze fittings (?) contain Venetic/Magrè {{c||U}} and can be determined to have linguistically Raetic content. But while the dental affricate is written with Tau in [[index::VR-10]] – an expectable compromise spelling in the absence of a special character – [[index::VR-11]] has Zeta, which points towards Lepontic or even Etruscan influence. The (to varying extent) shortened form {{w||þinaχe}} connects the two bronze pieces with the [[index::VR-4|inscription]] on a bone from [[index::Castelrotto]], and possibly also with the abovementioned antler piece from [[index::San Briccio]], both of which – provided that the interpretation is correct – also have Zeta for the dental affricate. Syllabic punctuation is employed in two, possibly three of the inscriptions on bone, and also, in a rather curious fashion, on the bronze objects and in Castelrotto. In all cases but one, the puncts take the form of a short vertical at the bottom of the line. It may be observed that San appears comparatively frequently, while Sigma is notably absent – maybe a North Etruscan feature?<br />
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*<u>[[index::Trissino]]</u>: From the only find place in the Agno valley, 36 bones, among them four with inscriptions. Two of these ([[index::TR-1.1]], [[index::TR-3]]) lend themselves to some extent to interpretation as Raetic words (names?); the other two ([[index::TR-2]], [[index::TR-4]]) display similarities in the characters used (including punctuation marks) and are obscure. All four are filed as being written in the Magrè alphabet ({{c||U5}}, {{c||A15}}, {{c||P}} (?)). Unlike the [[index::Ganglegg]] bones, those from [[index::Trissino]] are not perforated; only [[index::TR-1.2|one]] bears an additional mark on the back.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Magrè]]</u>: 21 pieces of antler found together on (probably) a site of burnt offerings; all of them bear linguistically usable inscriptions. Individual testimonies share a number of characteristics with others: Almost all antlers have marks on the back; they all have (or may have had) drilled holes at one end. Five pieces are only partly cut in half, with the entire tip of the antler preserved. Only one is decorated with ornamental lines at both ends. Dextroverse writing is comparatively frequent (8 dextroverse vs 10 sinistroverse), and in at least two inscriptions the writing direction appears to have changed during the application when the writer turned the object in their hand. Maybe connected with this lax attitude towards direction, the letters Alpha and Epsilon (once even Upsilon) are frequently inverted. The Magrè special character {{c||Þ}} appears in six inscriptions, writing either {{w||þinaχe}} or {{m||-þu}} (and once {{w||piθie|piþie}} by mistake). The obscure ending (?) {{m||-þu}}, exclusive to Magrè, occurs thrice. {{w||þinaχe}} occurs in four inscriptions, always with a (clear or potential) name and three times with a third, opaque element. Five inscriptions contain clear unmarked name formulae. Some inscriptions seem to be associated with each other, e.g. the recurrence of the names {{w||piθie}} and {{w||piθam(n)e}}, and of the (name?) elements {{w||esθua|esθua(-)}} and {{w||valθikinu|val-}}. However, no clear groups emerge; it is hard to determine how homogenic the Magrè corpus really is. At least, the alphabet – apart from inverted Upsilon in [[index::MA-6]] – is consistently that which is named after the site. [[index::MA-24]] is a non-inscription on a lead ingot. <br />
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*<u>[[index::Piovene Rocchette]]</u>: A single inscribed [[index::AS-14 potsherd|potsherd]] from the place where the Astico valley first opens into the Padan plain, some 10 km northwest of [[index::Magrè]]. The four-letter [[index::AS-14|inscription]] contains Phi and Khi, and cannot be securely ascribed to the Raetic corpus on either epigraphical or linguistical grounds.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Bostel]]</u>: The settlement near [[index::Rotzo]] in the western Altopiano di Asiago, above the Adige valley, has been yielding inscribed objects, mostly pottery, since the 1880ies. All but [[index::AS-3|one]] of the finds from before 1920 ([[index::AS-1]]–[[index::AS-13]]) are currently untraceable and probably destroyed, which makes an evaluation of the corpus difficult. However, the more recent finds ([[index::AS-15]]–[[index::AS-23]]) fit in well with the descriptions of the older material, and corroborate {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}'s decision to ascribe the latter to the Raetic corpus. Two repeatedly occurring sequences of characters on ceramic beakers ({{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}} and {{c||Ś3|d}}{{c||V|d}}) probably represent workmen's marks. They are usually inscribed on the narrow bottom of the vessel, with the tops of the letters pointing towards the foot, sometimes also on the foot or the wall, and usually written repeatedly on the same object. In [[index::AS-15]], [[index::AS-19]] and probably [[index::AS-2]], these marks appear in combination with language-encoding inscriptions. The well attested Raetic individual name {{w||piθam(n)e|piθamne}} occurs twice. A complex mark inscribed twice on [[index::AS-16 beaker]] seems to connect the writing on pottery with the two "bone needles" (maybe [[index::Ganglegg]]-style bone points?) [[index::AS-12 needle]] and [[index::AS-13 needle]] bearing one mark each. Half of the proper inscriptions and the mark {{c||Ś3|d}}{{c||V|d}} are written dextroverse. The alphabet used is Venetoid ({{c||P|d}}, {{c||U|d}}), but Lambda, occurring only [[index::AS-19.1|once]], has Sanzeno-shape (in combination with both Venetoid Pi and Upsilon). Alpha, Sigma and Mu appear in their typically Raetic shapes.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Montesei di Serso]]</u>: From the meeting point of Valsugana and Valle dei Mòcheni / Fersental; twelve pieces of antler. Found together in a house and bearing Raetic inscriptions at least partly similar in form and content, they can be compared to the Magrè finds, though the context does not suggest the presence of a sanctuary. The inscriptions are written in the Magrè alphabet; only [[index::SR-2]] has {{c||U2}}, not accompanied by Pi or Lambda, but ←{{c||A3}} and – apparently – syllabic punctuation. ←{{c||A3}} and ←{{c||A3|d}} both occur (4:7), though never in the same text; equally, Sigma is turned in both directions (in about equal distribution), once in the [[index::SR-4|same inscription]]. Both Magrè-Heta {{c||H3}} and Khi ({{c||Χ}}, {{c||Χ3}}) appear twice. {{c||Θ}} is the only letter for a dental employed in Serso; Tau, Zeta and the special character are absent. Pi {{c||P5}} occurs only [[index::SR-5|once]], accompanied by traditionally shaped Phi {{c||Φ2}}, which is also found in the deviant [[index::SR-2]] ({{c||Φ}}). Three of the other inscriptions contain the word {{w||perisna}} written with {{c||T4}} in the anlaut, on which see [[index::T]]. Seven of the twelve inscriptions feature some sort of punctuation, three of those have punctuated letters, which is singular in Raetic context (more on punctuation below). In addition to the antler pieces, three objects with non-inscriptions from the site are included in the TIR.<br />
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The valley of the Avisio river / Laifserbach, reaching the Adige valley at Trento from the Northeast, yields two unassociated inscriptions.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Caslir]]</u>: An old finding, the ''[[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]]'' with its five sequences of letters remains the only inscribed object from the Val di Cembra / Zimmerstal (the lower course of the river). While some of the sequences may belong together, they cannot all be regarded as part of only one inscription. The alphabet, however, is consistently that of Sanzeno (exclusively ←{{c||U2}}, ←{{c||L2}}, ←{{c||A|d}}, ←{{c||S|d}}), with the exception of Pi, which occurs only [[index::CE-1.3|once]], appearing as ←{{c||P2|d}}. See [[index::P]] for details.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Tesero]]</u>: From the Val di Fiemme / Fleimstal (the central part of the valley), an unusual [[index::FI-1|inscription]], which seems to contain a theonym of Celtic origin. The [[index:: FI-1 antler|antler handle]], however, is a typical support for Raetic inscriptions. Due to the many inverted and retrograde letters, an ascription to any specific alphabet is not possible.<br />
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The centre of Raetic writing, at least as far as the number of inscriptions is concerned, is situated between [[index::Trento]] and [[index::Meran / Merano]]. Inscription finds were made in the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non|Val di Non]], in the higher land between the Non and Adige valleys (Überetsch), as well as along the latter (Unterland, Burggrafenamt, and also further up the river in the Vinschgau).<br />
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*<u>[[index::Sanzeno]]</u>: The most notable find group, the fifteen zoomorphic bronzes, were found together in a sand pit in the settlement in the locality Casalini. There is no evidence for a sanctuary, e.g. a larger building or a site of burnt offerings, but the bronzes clearly testify to ritual practice. They are executed in half-plastic, i.e. cast in an open mould, and have holes drilled into them – apparently they were attached to a wall or similar vertical structure. The animals depicted are mostly horses, more or less abstraced, sometimes with riders, as well as fish and a couple of unidentifiable creatures. (The [[index::SZ-13 bronze|dolphin]] does not fit in with the others in both style and the fact that it does not seem to bear an inscription. The latter is also the case for three of the horse-shaped bronzes, but the overall execution is in line with the local style.) We do not know whether all the bronzes which have come down to us are from the same time, but they and also the inscriptions they bear are noticeably similar. It is highly likely that the bronzes are of local manufacture and were bought in situ by the dedicants, much like one can purchase pictures of saints at pilgrimage churches today. In fact, it is not impossible that the inscriptions were made upon request by local scribes rather than the dedicants themselves. The texts consist mainly in full names in the nominative; sometimes up to three persons are named on one object, and some of them can be demonstrated to be related – for example Remi, Visteχa's son, and his (presumably) wife Φrima in [[index::SZ-2.1]]. Not all of the inscriptions are transparent, though; quite a few contain elements which cannot at this point be analysed. Many objects feature additional marks of different complexity – workman's marks, or possibly even price tags? In addition to the half-plastic bronzes, definitely language-encoding sequences are inscribed on the [[index::SZ-16 statuette|statuette]] of a warrior, on two bronze rods ([[index::SZ-87]], [[index::SZ-96]]), a [[index::SZ-31 simpulum|simpulum]] and a [[index::SZ-18 key|key]]. Of greatest importance is the fragmentary votive inscription on the [[index::SZ-30 situla|Sanzeno situla]]. The remainder of the inscribed bronze objects (vessels, simpula, a bronze, a statuette) bears mostly 3–4 character inscriptions, some of which might be linguistically relevant (names?). Equally, on organic material, only one linguistically usable [[index::SZ-22.1|inscription]] on a grip plate, and again various obscure shortish sequences on antler objects, two bones and one tusk. A fair amount of the iron implements found in Sanzeno is inscribed, with a few inscriptions occurring repeatedly, suggesting factory marks (see {{w||upi}}, {{w||sχsi}}, {{w||þine}}, {{w||la}}, {{w||iai}}, {{w||uθiiθi}}). Also, possibly a [[index::SZ-68|Latin inscription]] on an iron knife, and two inscriptions which may have been more substantial on a [[index::SZ-73|helmet]]. Finally, some pottery bearing more or less well legible scratchings – more workman's marks?<br />
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*<u>Val di Non (other sites)</u>: Most of the other find places of inscriptions in the basin come from the northern part around the Lago di Santa Giustina. The only outlier is the more southerly [[index::Dercolo]], from whence come an inscribed [[index::NO-11 bronze|horse bronze]] (part of a ritual deposit) and two unassociated bowls with non-inscriptions. From [[index::Mechel / Meclo]] we have the miniature shield bearing an [[index::NO-3|exemplary dedication formula]], as well as a (fragmentary?) [[index::NO-19|inscription]] on the fragment of another votive plaque. Of two rims of bronze vessels, [[index::NO-6 fragment|one]] bears an inscription, the [[index::NO-8|other one]] only a mark. In addition, two antler pieces (one with a usable, one with a doubtful inscription), as well as a [[index::NO-5|potsherd]], and a [[index::NO-9|fibula]] with what are probably ornamental marks. Five linguistically usable inscriptions, on bronze objects and one bone point, come from [[index::Cles]]; [[index::NO-2|one of them]] repeats part of the [[index::SZ-16|inscription]] on the Warrior of Sanzeno. From [[index::Revò]], a single [[index::NO-13 bone|astragalos]] with an [[index::NO-13|inscription]] which appears to be associated with the [[index::Montesei di Serso|Serso]] corpus. From [[index::Tavòn]], a [[index::NO-10 slab|stone slab]] with obscure [[index::NO-10|inscription]]. Also from somewhere in the Val di Non comes a [[index::NO-14 potsherd|potsherd]] with an inscription or mark resembling finds from the [[index::Piperbühel]] and [[index::Mellaun / Meluno]].<br />
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*<u>[[index::Bozen / Bolzano]] area</u>: The Etsch valley between Salurn / Salorno and [[index::Meran / Merano]] and the immediately adjoining mountainous areas yield a fair number of inscribed objects. Apart from the alphabet used, which is exclusively that of Sanzeno (where identifiable), the object and inscription types are highly varied. While many finds come from well researched archaeological contexts (e.g. the settlement and grave field of [[index::Pfatten / Vadena]]/[[index::Stadlhof]]), no homogenous group finds of inscriptions have so far been made in the area. The only arguable exception is the '''helmet hoard''' found on the [[index::Kosman-Gut|Kosman property]] in the highlands north of the Bozen basin (inscriptions [[index::BZ-26]] to [[index::BZ-29]] on fragments of helmets). Of five inscriptions from [[index::Eppan / Appiano|Überetsch]], i.e. the highlands west of the Etsch, two ([[index::BZ-14]], [[index::BZ-24]]) are linguistically relevant. The latter is the only Raetic inscription containing the letter Omicron, and our only testimony indicating a process of latinisation. The site of [[index::Kaltern / Caldaro]], representing the South of Überetsch, is not actually relevant, as the [[index::BZ-17|only find]] is dated to the Hallstatt era and is not associated with Raetic writing or even para-writing. The Unterland ([[index::Pfatten / Vadena]]) yields four minor inscriptions and the stela [[index::BZ-10 slab]]. Four inscriptions on bronze vessels come from [[index::Moritzing / San Maurizio]] in the Bozen basin. Two of them are merely marks, but one is the substantial [[index::BZ-4]]. Following the Etsch upwards (the Burggrafenamt is, roughly speaking, the Etsch valley between [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]] and [[index::Meran / Merano]]), a number of highly varied inscriptions on different kinds of objects. From the area of [[index::Siebeneich / Settequerce]], one [[index::BZ-5|dubious inscription]], as well as another [[index::BZ-6 slab|inscribed slab]] and [[index::BZ-3]] on a [[index::BZ-3 simpulum|simpulum]]. The only proper inscription from further north is [[index::BZ-2]] on a [[index::BZ-2 axe|bronze axe]] from [[index::St. Christoph]]. Besides that, only four objects with marks from the settlement of [[index::St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]], as well as two dubious inscriptions on potsherds from the [[index::Hochbühel]] near [[index::Meran / Merano]].<br />
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*<u>Vinschgau</u>: A considerable number of bone objects has been found on the [[index::Ganglegg]] settlement site, some of them inscribed with marks of varying complexity. Eighteen of them – perforated bones, bone points and handles (?) – are included in the TIR; of these, about twelve bear characters which may be considered letters. The legible inscriptions contain Raetic individual names, some of them recurring, often systematically combined with additional characters of unclear function. Some of the non- and dubious inscriptions also resemble each other. All in all, the small corpus is quite homogenous, but the function of objects and inscriptions is obscure. Where identifiable, the alphabet is consistently that of Sanzeno ({{c||L2}}, {{c||U2}}, ←{{c||S|d}}, ←{{c||A|d}}), but note ←{{c||P2|d}} on [[index::VN-2]]/[[index::VN-3]]. A single find comes from the older settlement on the [[index::Tartscher Bühel]]. The [[index::VN-1|inscription]] on an antler grip plate is linguistically Raetic and, like the Ganglegg finds, written in the Sanzeno alphabet.<br />
From [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]], where the Eisack valley opens into the Adige valley, a trail of inscription finds leads north to the Brenner pass and over it to the Inn valley. <br />
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*<u>[[index::Piperbühel]]</u>: From the site near [[index::Klobenstein / Collalbo]], not too far from Bozen, come three inscriptions on completely different objects, which do not appear to have anything in common beyond the find place. For the [[index::RN-1|inscription on a slab]] see below (sub "Inscriptions on stones"); the [[index::RN-2|lengthy text on a wooden rod]] is utterly mysterious. Both are written in the Sanzeno alphabet. The third is an inscriptoid on pottery which can be compared with finds from the Eisack and Non valleys (see the [[index::RN-3|inscription page]]). <br />
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*<u>[[index::Rungger Egg]]</u>: Of the numerous potsherds with incised marks found on the site, only two bear characters which may be referred to as letters. The similarity might, however, well be fortuitious. No certain script material is known from the area.<br />
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*<u>Eisack valley, [[index::Mellaun / Meluno]]</u>: Four potsherds with marks, at least two – possibly all four – from the [[index::Reiferfelder]]. [[index::WE-6]] and [[index::WE-7]] can be compared with marks on ceramic fragments from elsewhere in the Raetic area. No secure testimonies of script from the site.<br />
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*<u>Eisack valley, [[index::Stufels]]</u>: Two objects with lengthy inscriptions. [[index::WE-3]] on an isolated piece of antler (apparently originally an actual handle) is written in the Sanzeno alphabet. [[index::WE-4]] is written in the Magrè alphabet; the support – a Roman-style ''olla'' – may be imported from the South.<br />
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*<u>Puster valley</u>: The eleven inscribed objects from the Puster valley, despite them all coming from the context of the Raetic settlement predating ancient Sebatum, are inhomogenic. The most important document by far is the [[index::PU-1 girdle plate|Lothen girdle plate]] bearing a lengthy but obscure inscription with some epigraphical peculiarities. Three bones (currently untraceable) and three potsherds from the [[index::Steger]] hill bear short and obscure inscriptions. More interesting support-wise are two small inscribed stone objects, [[index::PU-4|one]] with maybe a name. Additionally, two loom weights with dubious marks. Where it can be determined, the inscriptions are written in the Magrè alphabet.<br />
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*<u>Wipp valley, [[index::Kronbühel / Custozza]]</u>: Only a single inscribed [[index::WE-2 potsherd|potsherd]] from the upper Eisack valley. The characters of the fragmentary [[index::WE-2|inscription]] may represent script, but cannot be ascribed to a specific alphabet.<br />
*<u>Wipp valley, [[index::Matrei am Brenner]]</u>: The only find from the valley of the river Sill between the Brenner pass and the Inn valley, already fairly close to [[index::Innsbruck]], where the Sill meets the Inn. An exemplary inscription written in the Magrè alphabet (/{{p||l}}/ = {{c||L}}).<br />
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Along the Inn valley, inscriptions have been found on numerous sites in North Tyrol. Only one find comes from the Engadin.<br />
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*<u>Eastern Inn valley</u>: The easternmost find spot is [[index::Pirchboden]], from whence a [[index::IT-4 unidentifiable|singular object]] – probably a musical instrument – with a heavily damaged, but clearly Raetic [[index::IT-4|inscription]] written in the Magrè alphabet. Only a few kilometers along the valley, but south of the river, the [[index::Himmelreich]] yields a great number of potsherds bearing marks. Of the three objects in the TIR, [[index::IT-1|one]] belongs with this group, [[index::IT-3|one]] bears characters of doubtful status. The [[index::IT-2|third one]] is the only properly inscribed potsherd (of a ''Fritzener Schale'') in the entire corpus, bearing a Raetic individual name, probably written in the Magrè alphabet. From the [[index::Demlfeld]] a little further west comes the [[index::IT-5 plaque|only votive bronze plaque]] of the corpus; the substantial [[index::IT-5|inscription]] is the only one from beyond the Brenner pass which is written in the Sanzeno alphabet.<br />
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*<u>Western Inn valley</u>: From [[index::Hörtenberg]] a round [[index::IT-6 stone|stone]] with a [[index::IT-6|non-inscription]] which has parallels from elsewhere in the Raetic area, as well as a fragmentary [[index::IT-7|inscription]] on a [[index::IT-7 plaque|piece of iron fitting]]. The alphabet in the latter inscription is that of Magrè. In the very West, just beyond the confluence of Inn and Sanna, the [[index::Pillerhöhe]] yields – besides two bowls with non-inscriptions – an [[index::IT-8|inscription]] on a [[index::IT-8 potsherd|ceramic handle]], probably written in the Magrè alphabet. Note that [[index::IT-7]] (Hörtenberg) and [[index::IT-8]] (Pillerhöhe) both feature a noticeably small St. Andrew's cross (see [[index::Θ|Theta]]).<br />
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*<u>[[index::Ardez]]</u>: Only [[index::EN-1 potsherd|one piece of inscribed pottery]] from the upper Inn valley; the fragmentary [[index::EN-1|inscription]] cannot be ascribed to any specific alphabet or even securely to the Raetic corpus.<br />
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*<u>Northern Limestone Alps</u>: Petrographs from the Raetic area and displaying linguistically Raetic features have been found (so far) only in the very North, i.e. in the Northern Limestone Alps. The [[index::Schneidjoch]] (ST, one rock) and the site of the [[index::Achenkirch]] inscriptions (AK, min. two rocks) are located close to each other in the [[index::Steinberg]]/Achensee region (Tyrol); the [[index::Unterammergau]] inscriptions (UG, min. three rocks) are found in Southern Bavaria. For a typology of the inscriptions, see below.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Nußdorf]]</u>: The norhernmost find (potentially) belonging at least partly to the Raetic corpus is a silver ring inscribed with a text which has been read as Raetic written in a variety of the Camunic script by {{bib|Ziegaus & Rix 1998|Rix}} – see the [[index::AV-1|inscription page]] for details.<br />
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Finally, from far beyond the Raetic area, two eastern stray finds:<br />
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*<u>Slovenia</u>: Two independent helmet finds. The [[index::SL-1 helmet|Vače helmet]], an old finding of dubious circumstances, bears a single inscription which associates it with the area of [[index::Serso]] (Magrè alphabet). The [[index::SL-2 helmet|Negau helmet A]], from a substantial hoard near Ženjak, bears four apparently unrelated inscriptions, of which up to three are written on the Sanzeno alphabet; the fourth is generally interpreted as a Celtic name written in a Venetic alphabet. On the cultural-historical context of these and similar inscribed helmets, see below.<br />
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== Chronology ==<br />
When talking about the dating of Raetic inscriptions, the usual caveats apply: Archaeological dating via excavation context and typology is sometimes uncertain, time frames of different extent make it hard to establish a chronology even where datings are available. Particularly in the Raetic corpus, we have a great number of old findings which cannot be dated without their lost context. Moreover, the time of production or even use of an object does not necessarily determine the time when the inscription was applied. Dates for production or widespread use of objects give a terminus post quem; dates for graves and deposits give a terminus ante quem. (Cp. {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 246, {{bib|MLR}}: 10.) The following paragraphs give an overview of a chronology of Raetic inscriptions which is strictly based on the archaeological data as presented in the literature; for details and references please consult the object pages. The possibility of dating inscriptions based on palaeography will be examined in a second step.<br />
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The oldest object in the corpus is a bronze Hallstatt-age [[index::BZ-17 axe|axe]] from [[index::Kaltern / Caldaro]]. Like many of its kind, it bears signs, but these are not connected with Raetic writing. <br />
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The oldest objects bearing Raetic inscriptions appear to be three of the showier items in the Raetic corpus: the [[index::HU-7 situla|Situla in Providence]], dated to the third quarter of the 6<sup>th</sup> c. via typology, the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]], dated typologically to the 6<sup>th</sup>–5<sup>th</sup> c., and the [[index::VR-3 spit|Spada di Verona]] (dated by different scholars between the 6<sup>th</sup> and the 4<sup>th</sup> c.) The testimonies are similar insofar as the objects are atypical (the situla being by far the most elaborately decorated one in the Raetic corpus) and come from places to the South(-East) of the Raetic area proper (while the find spot of the situla is unknown, it is certainly of Southern, maybe Etruscan provenance) which have not yielded any other Raetic inscriptions. The inscriptions themselves are comparatively long and linguistically indubitably Raetic.<br />
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Some of the abovementioned characteristics are shared by the [[index::PU-1 girdle plate|Lothen girdle plate]], dated typologically to the 5<sup>th</sup> c. No other inscriptions are known from the [[index::Lothen / Campolino]] itself either, but a number of inscriptions and inscriptoids come from the immediate vicinity of [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]], i.e. from the context of the Raetic settlement predating ancient Sebatum. Of these, [[index::PU-4]], the only of the testimonies which definitely encodes language, is also dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> c. by archaeological context; none of the other inscriptoids is is younger than the 4<sup>th</sup> c.<br />
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A fifth peculiar and isolated object is the [[index::AV-1 ring|silver ring]] from Bavaria, bearing a Raetic inscription written in a Sondrio-style alphabet, which is very tentatively dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> c. via context.<br />
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The oldest document from the Raetic core area appears to be [[index::NO-13 bone]] ([[index::Monte Ozol]], dated via context to the middle of the 6<sup>th</sup>–middle of the 5<sup>th</sup> c. ({{bib|Perini 2002}}: 767). Also old is [[index::BZ-2 axe]] ([[index::Tisens / Tesimo]]), dated typologically to the 5<sup>th</sup> c.<br />
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The oldest document from [[index::Sanzeno]] is [[index::SZ-16]] on the [[index::SZ-16 statuette|warrior statuette]], dated typologically to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup> c. (as is the [[index::SZ-71 statuette|other full-plastic statuette]], with a non-inscription). The alphabet in evidence appears to be the standard Sanzeno alphabet as it continued to be used in the Nonsberg and the Upper Adige valley. The material from [[index::Sanzeno]] is generally dated to the Late Iron Age, i.e. the 5<sup>th</sup>–1<sup>st</sup> c. In regard to the high dating of the warrior statuette, the half-plastic votive bronzes are likely to be from the same time or not much younger. {{bib|Gempeler 1976}} and {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}} argue for the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c. (specifically for the horse bronzes [[index::SZ-9 bronze]], [[index::SZ-14 bronze]], [[index::HU-5 bronze]] and [[index::HU-6 bronze]]) with regard to Venetic and Etruscan influences. Gleirscher via {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 247 gives the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., with reference to the fact that that the rider of [[index::SZ-14 bronze]] is wearing a Negau helmet (cp. {{bib|Egg 1986}}: 116f. for another depiction of a Negau helmet dated to around 400), and the similarity of [[index::SZ-3 bronze]] with [[index::NO-11 bronze]] (see below). Two situlae ([[index::SZ-30 situla]], and [[index::SZ-82 cist]] with a factory mark) can be dated typologically to the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., as are the situla handles [[index::SZ-17 handle]] and [[index::SZ-19 handle]]. [[index::SZ-38]] on an [[index::SZ-38 knife|iron knife]] dated to the Late Iron Age bears characters identical to [[index::SZ-17]] – if we are concerned with a factory mark, the piece is likely to be of about the same age as [[index::SZ-17 handle]]. [[index::SZ-73 helmet]] is datable to the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c. via typology. The bulk of the pottery (none of it bearing a linguistically relevant inscription) appears to be younger (Sanzeno bowls being dated to the 3<sup>rd</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c.), but see {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 13 ff. about the issues of bowl chronology.<br />
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Two objects with linguistically relevant inscriptions from the Nonsberg can be dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> c.: [[index::NO-3 plaque]] (via typology, following {{bib|Tschurtschenthaler & Wein 1998}}: 243) and [[index::NO-11 bronze]] (late 5<sup>th</sup>: hoard/grave I from [[index::Dercolo]], deposited around 400). [[index::NO-8 fragment]], being a fragment of a situla, may be assumed to be no younger than the 4<sup>th</sup> c.; [[index::NO-19 plaque]] also belongs in that time frame. <br />
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The arguably Celtic [[index::FI-1|inscription]] on an [[index::FI-1 antler|antler handle]] from a settlement near [[index::Tesero]] in the Val di Fiemme can be dated to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup>–beginning of the 4<sup>th</sup> c. via the archaeological context, though a lower dating (4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c.) has also been suggested.<br />
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The archaeological site near [[index::San Briccio]] di Lavagno yielded two antler pieces datable by context to the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., while two documents from farther north than any before ([[index::WE-4]] from [[index::Stufels]] (typology and archaeological context) and [[index::WE-1]] from [[index::Matrei am Brenner]] (typology)) are dated to the same time frame.<br />
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From the area of [[index::Siebeneich / Settequerce]] come a [[index::BZ-3 simpulum|simpulum]] and a [[index::BZ-5 handle|cist handle]] from the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., both dated via typology. The bronze objects from nearby [[index::Moritzing / San Maurizio]] are from a grave context dated to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup>–first half of the 4<sup>th</sup> c. – these are inscriptions [[index::BZ-4]] and [[index::BZ-9]], and the factory marks on [[index::BZ-8 situla]]. Note that it is not quite clear what type of vessel the fragmentary support of [[index::BZ-4]] made a part of; the object may be rather older (around 500). [[index::BZ-7 cist]], also from Moritzing, belongs in the same time frame, as do three potsherds from [[index::St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]] with non-inscriptions. All inscriptions are written in the standard Sanzeno alphabet.<br />
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[[index::EN-1 potsherd]] is dated to the 5<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c. via context and typology. [[index::NO-14 potsherd]] also belongs in that time frame.<br />
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The [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]], an isolated find from [[index::Caslir]] in the Val di Cembra, is dated typologically to the 4<sup>th</sup> c.<br />
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The four inscriptions/inscriptoids from a settlement near [[index::Montorio Veronese]] can be dated by context to the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c.<br />
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The settlement of [[index::Bostel]] di Rotzo, and with it the finds, is dated to the 4<sup>th</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c. [[index::AS-3 potsherd]] and the more recent finds [[index::AS-15 beaker]]–[[index::AS-23 beaker]] can be dated more specifically to the end of the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c.<br />
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[[index::BZ-11 cist]] is dated to the 4<sup>th</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c. via context.<br />
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Sanzeno bowls are dated to the 3<sup>rd</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c.; this includes the material from [[index::Sanzeno]] itself, as well as the inscriptoids from the [[index::Rungger Egg]] and [[index::WE-6 potsherd]] from [[index::Mellaun / Meluno]]. For the dating of the other three potsherds from the latter site cp. again {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 13 ff. [[index::BZ-13 potsherd]] from the [[index::Pfatten / Vadena]] settlement is also dated to that time frame, as are the bowls from [[index::Dercolo]].<br />
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The finds from the Ganglegg come from the last phase of the settlement, i.e. the 3<sup>rd</sup>–1<sup>st</sup> c.<br />
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The three potsherds from the [[index::Himmelreich]] are dated between the middle of the 3<sup>rd</sup>–1<sup>st</sup> c., probably tending towards the higher date given the presence of the [[index::IT-2 potsherd|fragment of a Fritzner Schale]].<br />
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The bones from [[index::Colle di Castello]] ([[index::Trissino]]) are dated to the end of the 2<sup>nd</sup>–beginning of 1<sup>st</sup> c. via context, as are the finds from [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]].<br />
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[[index::VR-4 bone]] from [[index::Castelrotto]] is dated to the 1<sup>st</sup> c. via context, as is [[index::IT-4 unidentifiable|the fragment of a musical instrument]] from [[index::Fritzens]]. Typologically from the 1<sup>st</sup> c. is [[index::NO-9 fibula]] (probably no inscription). [[index::NO-2 strainer]] from [[index::Cles]] is dated to the 1<sup>st</sup> c. BC–1<sup>st</sup> c. AD by Gleirscher via {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 248. [[index::BZ-24 slab]] can be dated to the Late Roman Republican Period by the decoration style (Stefan Demetz p.c.).<br />
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The helmet finds from Slovenia and the [[index::Kosman-Gut]] can be typologically dated to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup> c. ([[index::SL-1 helmet|Vače]]) and the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup>–beginning of the 4<sup>th</sup> c. ([[index::SL-2 helmet|Negau A]], fragments from the Kosman hoard) respectively. However, the depot in which Negau A was found was laid down at the end of the 2<sup>nd</sup> c. at the earliest, the Kosman hoard can be dated to the first half of the 1<sup>st</sup> c. This means that the inscriptions, esp. of Negau A with its mix of (Sanzeno) Raetic, Venetic and Celtic traces in language and writing, may have been inscribed at any time between these dates, and indeed must be expected to have been applied at different times. (As concerns relative chronology, [[index::SL-2.3|the Celtic-Venetic inscription]] can be argued to predate the Raetic [[index::SL-2.1]] and [[index::SL-2.2]].) It must be born in mind that the Vače helmet, whose inscription has {{c||T4}}, may have had a similarly long history and have been inscribed at a later date.<br />
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''Remaining material, undated/undatable/dated to the Late Iron Age'':<br><br />
[[index::TV-1 slab]] ([[index::Castelcies]])<br><br />
[[index::VR-5 vessel]]<br><br />
The inscriptions from [[index::Magrè]] can only be dated to the Late Iron Age. The dating to the 3<sup>rd</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c. given by {{bib|Gambacurta 2002b}}: 122 requires substantiation.<br><br />
[[index::AS-14 potsherd]] ([[index::Piovene Rocchette]])<br><br />
The settlement near [[index::Montesei di Serso]] is only dated generally to the Late Iron Age. {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}}: 176, for reasons not evident, gives the 3<sup>rd</sup> c. for the antlers; Gleirscher via {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 247 favours an earlier date (5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., also without argumentation).<br><br />
[[index::NO-4 antler]], [[index::NO-5 potsherd]], [[index::NO-6 fragment]], [[index::NO-7 antler]] (different contexts near [[index::Mechel / Meclo]])<br><br />
[[index::NO-1 fragment]], [[index::NO-15 rod]], [[index::NO-16 bronze]], [[index::NO-17 bone point]] ([[index::Campi Neri]])<br><br />
[[index::NO-10 slab]] ([[index::Tavòn]])<br><br />
[[index::Sanzeno]] bronze objects<br><br />
[[index::Sanzeno]] iron objects (bearing mainly factory marks, according to [[index::Nothdurfter 1979]]: 97 best dated between the 5<sup>th</sup> and the end of the 2<sup>nd</sup> c.<br><br />
[[index::Sanzeno]] antler and bone objects <br><br />
[[index::HU-1 axe]] (best grouped with the bronze objects from [[index::Sanzeno]])<br><br />
[[index::HU-4 rod]]<br><br />
[[index::BZ-14 plaque]], [[index::BZ-15 antler]], [[index::BZ-16 chisel]] (different contexts near [[index::Eppan / Appiano]])<br><br />
[[index::BZ-19 sickle]] ([[index::St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]])<br><br />
[[index::BZ-6 slab]] ([[index::Siebeneich / Settequerce]])<br><br />
[[index::BZ-10 slab]], [[index::BZ-12 key]], [[index::BZ-25 fragment]] ([[index::Pfatten / Vadena]])<br><br />
[[index::RN-1 slab]], [[index::RN-2 rod]], [[index::RN-3 potsherd]] ([[index::Piperbühel]])<br><br />
[[index::VN-1]] ([[index::Tartscher Bühel]])<br><br />
[[index::WE-2 potsherd]] ([[index::Kronbühel / Custozza]])<br><br />
[[index::IT-5 plaque]] ([[index::Ampass]])<br><br />
[[index::IT-6 stone]], [[index::IT-7 plaque]] ([[index::Pfaffenhofen]])<br><br />
[[index::IT-8 potsherd]], [[index::IT-9 bowl]], [[index::IT-10 potsherd]] ([[index::Fliess]]) (5th c.?)<br><br />
[[index::Achenkirch|AK]], [[index::Steinberg|ST]], [[index::Unterammergau|UG]] (rock inscriptions)<br />
<br />
From the overview given above, a rough history of Raetic writing culture can be inferred. However, it has to be taken cum grano salis as long as substantial and important find groups such as the [[index::Magrè]] and [[index::Serso]] subcorpora cannot be included.<br />
<br />
It can be observed that the oldest testimonies of Raetic writing, as said above, are notable for both inscriptions and supports, though it should not be forgotten that the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]] and the [[index::VR-3 spit|Spada di Verona]] may be younger. Still, it appears that in a first phase of Raetic writing, only special objects were inscribed, sporadically and with much care. [[index::HU-7]], [[index::PA-1]] and [[index::VR-3]] are apparently of votive character, containing the word {{w||utiku}}. The alphabets used differ from each other, only those of [[index::HU-7]] and [[index::VR-3]] may be compared: They both feature Magrè-style inverted {{c||U}} and {{c||L}}, though in regard to their age and possible status as "proto-Raetic" testimonies, it may be preferable not to assign them to the Magrè alphabet. However, there are typically Raetic features in three-bar Mu {{c||M}} and [[index::HU-7]]'s →{{c||A3}}, and notably {{c||T4}} (in the absence of either Pi or Theta/(regular) Tau). [[index::PA-1]] shares the inverted letters, but otherwise appears to work with a restricted character set, spelling {{w||utiku}} with {{c||Θ}} and possible using a digraph <''kh''> for a marked velar. It employs punctuation for auslauting consonants (?). Phi, Tau and Chi are not employed in any of the three inscriptions. [[index::PU-1]] is epigraphically notably different: While Upsilon and Lambda (here together with angled Pi) are also inverted, the alphabet used has Phi and Chi, and appears to employ a curious variant of Zeta {{c||Z4}} for a marked dental stop (i.e. in place of Tau). Also in evidence are four-stroke Sigma {{c||S2}}, which occurs elsewhere only the more peculiar type of prevalently dextroverse Raetic rock inscriptions, and double-pennon San {{c||Ś2}}, isolated in the Raetic corpus.<br />
<br />
The oldest document from the central Raetic area, from the burnt-offerings site at the [[index::Monte Ozol]], is reminiscent in form ({{c||T4}}) and content ({{w||terisna}}) not of the Sanzeno-type material discussed in the next paragraph, but of the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions and [[index::SL-1]].<br />
<br />
In regard to the fact that all the datable material from the central Raetic area ([[index::Sanzeno]] and the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non]], [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]]), excepting the pottery, which only bears marks, comes from the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., it may tentatively be assumed that the writing culture emanating (allegedly) from the Sanzeno sanctuary flourished in these two centuries and constitutes a second phase of Raetic writing. Again, though, it has to be remembered that the bulk of the material is undated. If the use of the Sanzeno alphabet is indeed restricted to La Tène A and B, [[index::IT-5]] can be argued to be by far the earliest document from the Inn valley.<br />
<br />
At about the same time, [[index::San Briccio]] produces testimonies in the far South. Note that [[index::VR-1]], featuring {{c||T4}}, points back towards [[index::VR-3]], whereas [[index::VR-2]] shows similarities to the young inscription groups of [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]] and [[index::Castelrotto]], which can be argued to connect the area of Verona with Etruscan writing (see above). The [[index::Montorio Veronese]] inscriptions, chronologically and geographically in between, fail to constitute a link.<br />
<br />
The inscriptions on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]] in the 4<sup>th</sup> c., with their lack of the Sanzeno special character and solitary syllabic punctuation mark, constitute a smooth transition – at least on paper – to a conceivable third phase of Raetic writing, marked by discrete group finds mainly in the South: [[index::Bostel]], [[index::Trissino]], the abovementioned [[index::Montorio Veronese]] and [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]], as well as, a belated sign of life from the Sanzeno alphabet, the [[index::Ganglegg]]. It is understandable why the [[index::Serso]] and [[index::Magrè]] groups are generally preferred to be dated to this phase, though note that some of the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions have arguably archaic {{c||T4}}.<br />
<br />
The inscriptions from [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] as well as [[index::WE-4]] and [[index::WE-1]] from the Wipp- and Eisacktal, written in a Magrè-style alphabet similar to the oldest testimonies, show that a Venetoid writing tradition continued also in the North outside the Sanzeno catchment area during phase 2 which we have associated with the central Raetic area. The material from the Inn valley being mostly undated, it is hard to judge the progress of Raetic writing culture in the North. Note that [[index::IT-4]] is dated by context and may be considerably older than the 1<sup>st</sup> c. The alphabet used in some of the rock inscriptions (see below) can be compared to that used in [[index::PU-1]], indicating that the rock inscriptions themselves may be of considerable age.<br />
<br />
== Object and inscription groups ==<br />
<br />
''Rock inscriptions''<br />
<br />
{| class="table_lines" style="float:right; margin-top:5px; margin-left:30px; border:1px solid Seagreen;"<br />
! <br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | dir<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | pun<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | lig<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | {{c||S2|d}}<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | {{c||L4|d}}<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | {{c||K3|d}}<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-3<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-4<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-5<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-6<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-8<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.6<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.7<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.10<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.11<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | (x)<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.17<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | (x)<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.19<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-2.1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | (x)<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-2.2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | UG-1.1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | UG-1.2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Petrographs from the Raetic area and displaying linguistically Raetic features have been found (so far) only in the very North, i.e. in the Northern Limestone Alps. The [[index::Schneidjoch]] (ST, one rock) and the site of the [[index::Achenkirch]] inscriptions (AK, min. two rocks) are located close to each other in the [[index::Steinberg]]/Achensee region (Tyrol); the [[index::Unterammergau]] inscriptions (UG, min. three rocks) are found in Southern Bavaria. Not all of the inscriptions registered in the TIR are epigraphically or linguistically utilisable – of some, only faint traces can be seen, many are doubtful, a few are most probably not Raetic or even script. Among the longer testimonies from Tyrol, two groups emerge under both alphabetical and linguistical aspects:<br />
*Sinistroverse inscriptions ending in {{w||)nuale|-nuale}}, containing straight-forward name formulae in the pertinentive case (where decipherable), featuring the expectable Venetoid {{c||L}} and other Magrè letter forms and being generally inconspicuous: [[index::ST-1]], [[index::ST-2]], [[index::ST-3]], [[index::AK-1.1]], [[index::AK-1.2]], [[index::AK-1.6]], [[index::AK-1.7]], [[index::AK-1.19]].<br />
*Dextroverse inscriptions of unclear linguistic content, showing certain special features (to varying extent): the punctuation of suffixes, ligatures, and the letter forms {{c||S2|d}} (angles opening in writing direction), {{c||L4|d}} and {{c||K3|d}}. Of these inscriptions, [[index::ST-5]] (the only sinistroverse one) and [[index::ST-6]] are particularly similar in structure; [[index::AK-1.11]] (as well as the fragmentary [[index::AK-1.10]], [[index::AK-2.1]] and [[index::AK-2.2]]) may be grouped alongside. Dextroverse [[index::AK-1.17]] lacks the punctuated suffixes, but has {{c||S2|d}} and apparently a (different) ligature.<br />
For a detailed itemisation see the table on the right. The inscriptions [[index::ST-4]] and [[index::ST-8]] do not fit in smoothly with either group. The testimonies from Unterammergau are hard to compare with the Achental-subcorpus: Of the two utilisable inscriptions, both dextroverse, [[index::UG-1.1]] is unusually short and features {{c||S2|d}}; [[index::UG-1.2]] has standard {{c||S}} and is equally opaque.<br />
<br />
The inscriptions of the first group are written in the Magrè alphabet, with the typically Raetic orientation of Sigma, but "traditional" North Italic Alpha with the bar slanting down in writing direction. As concerns the second group, the form {{c||L4|d}} of Lambda occurs in the votive inscriptions of the Venetic sanctuaries of Auronzo and Calalzo (Làgole) di Cadore in the upper Piave/Ansiei valley, but this is the only similarity with that subcorpus. Punctuation of suffixes rather than syllabic punctuation is not known from Venetic, but see the comments on punctuation in Raetic below. The ligatures stand isolated as well. None of the Raetic petrographs show any particular affinity to the only rock inscriptions in the Venetic corpus, those from Würmlach in the Gail valley (Gt 13–23).<br />
<br />
Apart from the somewhat doubtful and epigraphically Camunic [[index::AV-1]], the rock inscriptions are the only testimonies of Raetic from beyond the Inn valley. Any propositions concerning the ultimate function of these inscriptions and the identity and purpose of the writers must at this point remain speculative.<br />
<br />
''Stone slabs''<br />
<br />
''Ciottoloni''<br><br />
Two oval stones, both from alphabetical Magrè context and bearing somewhat similar marks on one of the more level surfaces. The objects themselves, however, are less similar: While [[index::IT-6 stone|the object from the Inn valley]] is smaller and perforated, [[index::SR-11 stone|the one from Serso]] is too large to be carried about, and features a cross on the other side. Their function and the nature of the characters is unknown. Cp. ciottoloni from Venetic context, which are inscribed with funerary texts ({{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}}: Es ???).<br />
<br />
''Helmets''<br />
<br />
''Loom weights''<br><br />
Two stone loom weights were found near [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] in the Puster valley, but in different find spots and of different type: While [[index::PU-2 loom weight]] is conical (Zettelstrecker), [[index::PU-3 loom weight]] is circular. The characters inscribed are also quite different. The circular object is the most relevant find epigraphically, bearing numerous [[index::PU-3|characters]] in different sizes, applied with different instruments; the manner of inscription is more reminiscent of certain bowls (see above). The conical weight, on the other hand, is inscribed (or more likely decorated) with [[index::PU-2|sequences]] of alternate {{c||I}} and {{c||Θ}}, and thereby more similar to another conical object which might qualify as a loom weight: a [[index::MA-24 ingot|leaden ingot]] from Magrè inscribed with a zig-zag line.<br />
<br />
''Sequences of {{c||I}}, {{c||Θ}} and {{c||U2}}''<br><br />
*The {{w||uθiiθi}}-group. The sequence recurs on three scythe rings ([[index::SZ-44.1]], [[index::SZ-45.1]], [[index::SZ-46.1]]), always accompanied by {{w||la}} in the reverse side, and also appears on a [[index::SZ-50|chisel]] and a [[index::SZ-51|knife]]. This suggests a factory mark; however, a fourth scythe ring is inscribed with a [[index::SZ-47|different combination]] of {{c||I}}, {{c||Θ}} and {{c||U2}}. This objects differs from the others in size, so numerical notation (size, weight, price?) comes into consideration. (A fifth scythe ring appears to have yet another [[index::SZ-72|sequence]], maybe featuring additional characters.) {{w||la}}, interestingly, is also associated with bowls (see above).<br />
*{{c||U2}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}. The sequence occurring on the abovementioned fourth scythe ring is also found, curiously, [[index::SZ-48|on a worked piece of bone]] – the latter has been interpreted as being connected to lot throwing (cp. the bone points of the [[index::Ganglegg]]), which would lead one to expect an inscription in some way connected to the numinous sphere, or names as on the Ganglegg. Then again, knowing as little as we do about the actual practice of Raetic sortes, we cannot exclude numerical writing (or indeed, anything).<br />
*Another presumably votive object is the horse statuette with {{c||I}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}. See above on the question of whether votive bronzes feature indications of price.<br />
*{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||U2}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}. Occurring only once, [[index::HU-1|on a bronze axe]] only likely to be from Sanzeno, but suspiciously similar to {{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||U2}}.<br />
*On diverse iron implements. SZ-81, BZ-19<br />
*On bronze vessels. SZ-82, BZ-8.2<br />
*On pottery. BZ-20, (BZ-21), (BZ-22), (BZ-23)<br />
*Ornament. {{c||I}} and {{c||Θ}} being age-old elements of decoration, sequences serving purely aesthetic purposes may find their way into the corpus. They can sometimes be identfied by the symmetry of arrangement and/or position: {{c||I}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||I}} [[index::SZ-49|on the tip of a tusk]], {{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}} [[index::PU-2|on a loom weight]]. Another such case, introduced by Mancini in the {{bib|LIR}} (SA-96; EX-1), is an obviously ornamental band along the back of a knife, and has not been included in the TIR. Also suspicious is [[index::SZ-80]] with its curious spacing ({{c||I}}{{c||I}} {{c||Θ}} {{c||I}}{{c||I}} {{c||I}}{{c||I}}).<br />
(IT-9), (SZ-36), VN-4, VN-5.1, VN-6, VN-7.2, VR-8, WE-5.1.2, WE-8.2<br />
kolie-tu zu den codae?<br />
{{bibliography}}<br />
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Raetic_epigraphy&diff=16882Raetic epigraphy2016-11-19T06:35:34Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Inscription overview by find place */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Inscription overview by find place ==<br />
<br />
For some clarifications concerning the geography of the Raetic area and terminology see [[index::Property:sigla group|here]].<br />
<br />
Starting in the South-East of the Raetic area, two isolated finds come from areas closer to the Venetic sphere.<br />
<br />
*<u>[[index::Castelcies]]</u>: Built into a church wall at the foot of the Alps by the Piave valley, the [[index::TV-1 slab|stone opistograph]] appears to be of local manufacture. The [[index::TV-1.1|North Italic inscription]] is filed as written in the Magrè alphabet, with Raetic Mu and Alpha, but {{c||S|d}}→. Linguistically, not indubitably Raetic.<br />
<br />
*<u>[[index::Padova]]</u>: The [[index::PA-1|inscription]] on the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]] is lengthy and definitely linguistically Raetic. It does, however, display some unusual features which may be ascribed to the high dating of the object or the Venetic context of its manufacturing.<br />
<br />
The southernmost area of agglomeration of Raetic inscriptions is [[index::Verona]] and its environs east of the river Adige / Etsch. Note that no linguistically Raetic testimonies come from the area right of the river, just as no definably Lepontic material is known from the left side.<br />
<br />
*<u>East of Verona</u>: From [[index::Montorio Veronese|Montorio]], two small bones, [[index::VR-7|one]] with maybe an individual name, [[index::VR-8|one]] with marks. Also, an antler grip plate with an epigraphically peculiar [[index::VR-6|inscription]] (containing {{c||Þ3}} in combination with Venetoid letter forms). All the pieces are vaguely Raetoid (support, characters, content), though none can be definitely connected to the Raetic sphere. An inscribed potsherd may belong in a Roman context, cp. the two potsherds with a Latin inscription from the same find spot. Two unusually shaped (and unusually large) antler pieces come from [[index::San Briccio]]. [[index::VR-1]] is conspicuous for the occurrence of Raetic {{c||T4}}, while [[index::VR-2]] may contain the word {{w||þinaχe}}, noticeably spelled with Zeta (see below).<br />
<br />
*<u>North of Verona</u>: A substantial inscription find in a building in [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]] yields documents whose epigraphical status is somewhat dubious. While [[index::VR-12]] (on a bone) could be classified as epigraphically Raetic (with Venetoid = Magrè-style Lambda and Pi, and Raetic {{c||A|d}}), [[index::VR-17]] (on a bone point) has Mu with four bars, unknown in Raetic. [[index::VR-12]] is also the only inscription with "standard" Alpha, all the others having {{c||A15}} (with the bar not touching the hastae). [[index::VR-13]] and [[index::VR-14]] (on bones) both have {{c||L}}, which is read Lambda in the TIR, but might qualify as Lepontic Pi (esp. in combination with {{c||L2}} in [[index::VR-14]], though this is highly doubtful). Both the slightly longer inscriptions on bronze fittings (?) contain Venetic/Magrè {{c||U}} and can be determined to have linguistically Raetic content. But while the dental affricate is written with Tau in [[index::VR-10]] – an expectable compromise spelling in the absence of a special character – [[index::VR-11]] has Zeta, which points towards Lepontic or even Etruscan influence. The (to varying extent) shortened form {{w||þinaχe}} connects the two bronze pieces with the [[index::VR-4|inscription]] on a bone from [[index::Castelrotto]], and possibly also with the abovementioned antler piece from [[index::San Briccio]], both of which – provided that the interpretation is correct – also have Zeta for the dental affricate. Syllabic punctuation is employed in two, possibly three of the inscriptions on bone, and also, in a rather curious fashion, on the bronze objects and in Castelrotto. In all cases but one, the puncts take the form of a short vertical at the bottom of the line. It may be observed that San appears comparatively frequently, while Sigma is notably absent – maybe a North Etruscan feature?<br />
<br />
*<u>[[index::Trissino]]</u>: From the only find place in the Agno valley, 36 bones, among them four with inscriptions. Two of these ([[index::TR-1.1]], [[index::TR-3]]) lend themselves to some extent to interpretation as Raetic words (names?); the other two ([[index::TR-2]], [[index::TR-4]]) display similarities in the characters used (including punctuation marks) and are obscure. All four are filed as being written in the Magrè alphabet ({{c||U5}}, {{c||A15}}, {{c||P}} (?)). Unlike the [[index::Ganglegg]] bones, those from [[index::Trissino]] are not perforated; only [[index::TR-1.2|one]] bears an additional mark on the back.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Magrè]]</u>: 21 pieces of antler found together on (probably) a site of burnt offerings; all of them bear linguistically usable inscriptions. Individual testimonies share a number of characteristics with others: Almost all antlers have marks on the back; they all have (or may have had) drilled holes at one end. Five pieces are only partly cut in half, with the entire tip of the antler preserved. Only one is decorated with ornamental lines at both ends. Dextroverse writing is comparatively frequent (8 dextroverse vs 10 sinistroverse), and in at least two inscriptions the writing direction appears to have changed during the application when the writer turned the object in their hand. Maybe connected with this lax attitude towards direction, the letters Alpha and Epsilon (once even Upsilon) are frequently inverted. The Magrè special character {{c||Þ}} appears in six inscriptions, writing either {{w||þinaχe}} or {{m||-þu}} (and once {{w||piθie|piþie}} by mistake). The obscure ending (?) {{m||-þu}}, exclusive to Magrè, occurs thrice. {{w||þinaχe}} occurs in four inscriptions, always with a (clear or potential) name and three times with a third, opaque element. Five inscriptions contain clear unmarked name formulae. Some inscriptions seem to be associated with each other, e.g. the recurrence of the names {{w||piθie}} and {{w||piθam(n)e}}, and of the (name?) elements {{w||esθua|esθua(-)}} and {{w||valθikinu|val-}}. However, no clear groups emerge; it is hard to determine how homogenic the Magrè corpus really is. At least, the alphabet – apart from inverted Upsilon in [[index::MA-6]] – is consistently that which is named after the site. [[index::MA-24]] is a non-inscription on a lead ingot. <br />
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*<u>[[index::Piovene Rocchette]]</u>: A single inscribed [[index::AS-14 potsherd|potsherd]] from the place where the Astico valley first opens into the Padan plain, some 10 km northwest of [[index::Magrè]]. The four-letter [[index::AS-14|inscription]] contains Phi and Khi, and cannot be securely ascribed to the Raetic corpus on either epigraphical or linguistical grounds.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Bostel]]</u>: The settlement near [[index::Rotzo]] in the western Altopiano di Asiago, above the Adige valley, has been yielding inscribed objects, mostly pottery, since the 1880ies. All but [[index::AS-3|one]] of the finds from before 1920 ([[index::AS-1]]–[[index::AS-13]]) are currently untraceable and probably destroyed, which makes an evaluation of the corpus difficult. However, the more recent finds ([[index::AS-15]]–[[index::AS-23]]) fit in well with the descriptions of the older material, and corroborate {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}'s decision to ascribe the latter to the Raetic corpus. Two repeatedly occurring sequences of characters on ceramic beakers ({{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}} and {{c||Ś3|d}}{{c||V|d}}) probably represent workmen's marks. They are usually inscribed on the narrow bottom of the vessel, with the tops of the letters pointing towards the foot, sometimes also on the foot or the wall, and usually written repeatedly on the same object. In [[index::AS-15]], [[index::AS-19]] and probably [[index::AS-2]], these marks appear in combination with language-encoding inscriptions. The well attested Raetic individual name {{w||piθam(n)e|piθamne}} occurs twice. A complex mark inscribed twice on [[index::AS-16 beaker]] seems to connect the writing on pottery with the two "bone needles" (maybe [[index::Ganglegg]]-style bone points?) [[index::AS-12 needle]] and [[index::AS-13 needle]] bearing one mark each. Half of the proper inscriptions and the mark {{c||Ś3|d}}{{c||V|d}} are written dextroverse. The alphabet used is Venetoid ({{c||P|d}}, {{c||U|d}}), but Lambda, occurring only [[index::AS-19.1|once]], has Sanzeno-shape (in combination with both Venetoid Pi and Upsilon). Alpha, Sigma and Mu appear in their typically Raetic shapes.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Montesei di Serso]]</u>: From the meeting point of Valsugana and Valle dei Mòcheni / Fersental; twelve pieces of antler. Found together in a house and bearing Raetic inscriptions at least partly similar in form and content, they can be compared to the Magrè finds, though the context does not suggest the presence of a sanctuary. The inscriptions are written in the Magrè alphabet; only [[index::SR-2]] has {{c||U2}}, not accompanied by Pi or Lambda, but ←{{c||A3}} and – apparently – syllabic punctuation. ←{{c||A3}} and ←{{c||A3|d}} both occur (4:7), though never in the same text; equally, Sigma is turned in both directions (in about equal distribution), once in the [[index::SR-4|same inscription]]. Both Magrè-Heta {{c||H3}} and Khi ({{c||Χ}}, {{c||Χ3}}) appear twice. {{c||Θ}} is the only letter for a dental employed in Serso; Tau, Zeta and the special character are absent. Pi {{c||P5}} occurs only [[index::SR-5|once]], accompanied by traditionally shaped Phi {{c||Φ2}}, which is also found in the deviant [[index::SR-2]] ({{c||Φ}}). Three of the other inscriptions contain the word {{w||perisna}} written with {{c||T4}} in the anlaut, on which see [[index::T]]. Seven of the twelve inscriptions feature some sort of punctuation, three of those have punctuated letters, which is singular in Raetic context (more on punctuation below). In addition to the antler pieces, three objects with non-inscriptions from the site are included in the TIR.<br />
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The valley of the Avisio river / Laifserbach, reaching the Adige valley at Trento from the Northeast, yields two unassociated inscriptions.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Caslir]]</u>: An old finding, the ''[[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]]'' with its five sequences of letters remains the only inscribed object from the Val di Cembra / Zimmerstal (the lower course of the river). While some of the sequences may belong together, they cannot all be regarded as part of only one inscription. The alphabet, however, is consistently that of Sanzeno (exclusively ←{{c||U2}}, ←{{c||L2}}, ←{{c||A|d}}, ←{{c||S|d}}), with the exception of Pi, which occurs only [[index::CE-1.3|once]], appearing as ←{{c||P2|d}}. See [[index::P]] for details.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Tesero]]</u>: From the Val di Fiemme / Fleimstal (the central part of the valley), an unusual [[index::FI-1|inscription]], which seems to contain a theonym of Celtic origin. The [[index:: FI-1 antler|antler handle]], however, is a typical support for Raetic inscriptions. Due to the many inverted and retrograde letters, an ascription to any specific alphabet is not possible.<br />
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The centre of Raetic writing, at least as far as the number of inscriptions is concerned, is situated between [[index::Trento]] and [[index::Meran / Merano]]. Inscription finds were made in the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non|Val di Non]], in the higher land between the Non and Adige valleys (Überetsch), as well as along the latter (Unterland, Burggrafenamt, and also further up the river in the Vinschgau).<br />
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*<u>[[index::Sanzeno]]</u>: The most notable find group, the fifteen zoomorphic bronzes, were found together in a sand pit in the settlement in the locality Casalini. There is no evidence for a sanctuary, e.g. a larger building or a site of burnt offerings, but the bronzes clearly testify to ritual practice. They are executed in half-plastic, i.e. cast in an open mould, and have holes drilled into them – apparently they were attached to a wall or similar vertical structure. The animals depicted are mostly horses, more or less abstraced, sometimes with riders, as well as fish and a couple of unidentifiable creatures. (The [[index::SZ-13 bronze|dolphin]] does not fit in with the others in both style and the fact that it does not seem to bear an inscription. The latter is also the case for three of the horse-shaped bronzes, but the overall execution is in line with the local style.) We do not know whether all the bronzes which have come down to us are from the same time, but they and also the inscriptions they bear are noticeably similar. It is highly likely that the bronzes are of local manufacture and were bought in situ by the dedicants, much like one can purchase pictures of saints at pilgrimage churches today. In fact, it is not impossible that the inscriptions were made upon request by local scribes rather than the dedicants themselves. The texts consist mainly in full names in the nominative; sometimes up to three persons are named on one object, and some of them can be demonstrated to be related – for example Remi, Visteχa's son, and his (presumably) wife Φrima in [[index::SZ-2.1]]. Not all of the inscriptions are transparent, though; quite a few contain elements which cannot at this point be analysed. Many objects feature additional marks of different complexity – workman's marks, or possibly even price tags? In addition to the half-plastic bronzes, definitely language-encoding sequences are inscribed on the [[index::SZ-16 statuette|statuette]] of a warrior, on two bronze rods ([[index::SZ-87]], [[index::SZ-96]]), a [[index::SZ-31 simpulum|simpulum]] and a [[index::SZ-18 key|key]]. Of greatest importance is the fragmentary votive inscription on the [[index::SZ-30 situla|Sanzeno situla]]. The remainder of the inscribed bronze objects (vessels, simpula, a bronze, a statuette) bears mostly 3–4 character inscriptions, some of which might be linguistically relevant (names?). Equally, on organic material, only one linguistically usable [[index::SZ-22.1|inscription]] on a grip plate, and again various obscure shortish sequences on antler objects, two bones and one tusk. A fair amount of the iron implements found in Sanzeno is inscribed, with a few inscriptions occurring repeatedly, suggesting factory marks (see {{w||upi}}, {{w||sχsi}}, {{w||þine}}, {{w||la}}, {{w||iai}}, {{w||uθiiθi}}). Also, possibly a [[index::SZ-68|Latin inscription]] on an iron knife, and two inscriptions which may have been more substantial on a [[index::SZ-73|helmet]]. Finally, some pottery bearing more or less well legible scratchings – more workman's marks?<br />
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*<u>Val di Non (other sites)</u>: Most of the other find places of inscriptions in the basin come from the northern part around the Lago di Santa Giustina. The only outlier is the more southerly [[index::Dercolo]], from whence come an inscribed [[index::NO-11 bronze|horse bronze]] (part of a ritual deposit) and two unassociated bowls with non-inscriptions. From [[index::Mechel / Meclo]] we have the miniature shield bearing an [[index::NO-3|exemplary dedication formula]], as well as a (fragmentary?) [[index::NO-19|inscription]] on the fragment of another votive plaque. Of two rims of bronze vessels, [[index::NO-6 fragment|one]] bears an inscription, the [[index::NO-8|other one]] only a mark. In addition, two antler pieces (one with a usable, one with a doubtful inscription), as well as a [[index::NO-5|potsherd]], and a [[index::NO-9|fibula]] with what are probably ornamental marks. Five linguistically usable inscriptions, on bronze objects and one bone point, come from [[index::Cles]]; [[index::NO-2|one of them]] repeats part of the [[index::SZ-16|inscription]] on the Warrior of Sanzeno. From [[index::Revò]], a single [[index::NO-13 bone|astragalos]] with an [[index::NO-13|inscription]] which appears to be associated with the [[index::Montesei di Serso|Serso]] corpus. From [[index::Tavòn]], a [[index::NO-10 slab|stone slab]] with obscure [[index::NO-10|inscription]]. Also from somewhere in the Val di Non comes a [[index::NO-14 potsherd|potsherd]] with an inscription or mark resembling finds from the [[index::Piperbühel]] and [[index::Mellaun / Meluno]].<br />
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*<u>[[index::Bozen / Bolzano]] area</u>: The Etsch valley between Salurn / Salorno and [[index::Meran / Merano]] and the immediately adjoining mountainous areas yield a fair number of inscribed objects. Apart from the alphabet used, which is exclusively that of Sanzeno (where identifiable), the object and inscription types are highly varied. While many finds come from well researched archaeological contexts (e.g. the settlement and grave field of [[index::Pfatten / Vadena]]/[[index::Stadlhof]]), no homogenous group finds of inscriptions have so far been made in the area. The only arguable exception is the '''helmet hoard''' found on the [[index::Kosman-Gut|Kosman property]] in the highlands north of the Bozen basin (inscriptions [[index::BZ-26]] to [[index::BZ-29]] on fragments of helmets). Of five inscriptions from [[index::Eppan / Appiano|Überetsch]], i.e. the highlands west of the Etsch, two ([[index::BZ-14]], [[index::BZ-24]]) are linguistically relevant. The latter is the only Raetic inscription containing the letter Omicron, and our only testimony indicating a process of latinisation. The site of [[index::Kaltern / Caldaro]], representing the South of Überetsch, is not actually relevant, as the [[index::BZ-17|only find]] is dated to the Hallstatt era and is not associated with Raetic writing or even para-writing. The Unterland ([[index::Pfatten / Vadena]]) yields four minor inscriptions and the stela [[index::BZ-10 slab]]. Four inscriptions on bronze vessels come from [[index::Moritzing / San Maurizio]] in the Bozen basin. Two of them are merely marks, but one is the substantial [[index::BZ-4]]. Following the Etsch upwards (the Burggrafenamt is, roughly speaking, the Etsch valley between [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]] and [[index::Meran / Merano]]), a number of highly varied inscriptions on different kinds of objects. From the area of [[index::Siebeneich / Settequerce]], one [[index::BZ-5|dubious inscription]], as well as another [[index::BZ-6 slab|inscribed slab]] and [[index::BZ-3]] on a [[index::BZ-3 simpulum|simpulum]]. The only proper inscription from further north is [[index::BZ-2]] on a [[index::BZ-2 axe|bronze axe]] from [[index::St. Christoph]]. Besides that, only four objects with marks from the settlement of [[index::St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]], as well as two dubious inscriptions on potsherds from the [[index::Hochbühel]] near [[index::Meran / Merano]].<br />
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*<u>Vinschgau</u>: A considerable number of bone objects has been found on the [[index::Ganglegg]] settlement site, some of them inscribed with marks of varying complexity. Eighteen of them – perforated bones, bone points and handles (?) – are included in the TIR; of these, about twelve bear characters which may be considered letters. The legible inscriptions contain Raetic individual names, some of them recurring, often systematically combined with additional characters of unclear function. Some of the non- and dubious inscriptions also resemble each other. All in all, the small corpus is quite homogenous, but the function of objects and inscriptions is obscure. Where identifiable, the alphabet is consistently that of Sanzeno ({{c||L2}}, {{c||U2}}, ←{{c||S|d}}, ←{{c||A|d}}), but note ←{{c||P2|d}} on [[index::VN-2]]/[[index::VN-3]]. A single find comes from the older settlement on the [[index::Tartscher Bühel]]. The [[index::VN-1|inscription]] on an antler grip plate is linguistically Raetic and, like the Ganglegg finds, written in the Sanzeno alphabet.<br />
From [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]], where the Eisack valley opens into the Adige valley, a trail of inscription finds leads north to the Brenner pass and over it to the Inn valley. <br />
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*<u>[[index::Piperbühel]]</u>: From the site near [[index::Klobenstein / Collalbo]], not too far from Bozen, come three inscriptions on completely different objects, which do not appear to have anything in common beyond the find place. For the [[index::RN-1|inscription on a slab]] see below (sub "Inscriptions on stones"); the [[index::RN-2|lengthy text on a wooden rod]] is utterly mysterious. Both are written in the Sanzeno alphabet. The third is an inscriptoid on pottery which can be compared with finds from the Eisack and Non valleys (see the [[index::RN-3|inscription page]]). <br />
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*<u>[[index::Rungger Egg]]</u>: Of the numerous potsherds with incised marks found on the site, only two bear characters which may be referred to as letters. The similarity might, however, well be fortuitious. No certain script material is known from the area.<br />
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*<u>Eisack valley, [[index::Mellaun / Meluno]]</u>: Four potsherds with marks, at least two – possibly all four – from the [[index::Reiferfelder]]. [[index::WE-6]] and [[index::WE-7]] can be compared with marks on ceramic fragments from elsewhere in the Raetic area. No secure testimonies of script from the site.<br />
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*<u>Eisack valley, [[index::Stufels]]</u>: Two objects with lengthy inscriptions. [[index::WE-3]] on an isolated piece of antler (apparently originally an actual handle) is written in the Sanzeno alphabet. [[index::WE-4]] is written in the Magrè alphabet; the support – a Roman-style ''olla'' – may be imported from the South.<br />
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*<u>Puster valley</u>: The eleven inscribed objects from the Puster valley, despite them all coming from the context of the Raetic settlement predating ancient Sebatum, are inhomogenic. The most important document by far is the [[index::PU-1 girdle plate|Lothen girdle plate]] bearing a lengthy but obscure inscription with some epigraphical peculiarities. Three bones (currently untraceable) and three potsherds from the [[index::Steger]] hill bear short and obscure inscriptions. More interesting support-wise are two small inscribed stone objects, [[index::PU-4|one]] with maybe a name. Additionally, two loom weights with dubious marks. Where it can be determined, the inscriptions are written in the Magrè alphabet.<br />
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*<u>Wipp valley, [[index::Kronbühel / Custozza]]</u>: Only a single inscribed [[index::WE-2 potsherd|potsherd]] from the upper Eisack valley. The characters of the fragmentary [[index::WE-2|inscription]] may represent script, but cannot be ascribed to a specific alphabet.<br />
*<u>Wipp valley, [[index::Matrei am Brenner]]</u>: The only find from the valley of the river Sill between the Brenner pass and the Inn valley, already fairly close to [[index::Innsbruck]], where the Sill meets the Inn. An exemplary inscription written in the Magrè alphabet (/{{p||l}}/ = {{c||L}}).<br />
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Along the Inn valley, inscriptions have been found on numerous sites in North Tyrol. Only one find comes from the Engadin.<br />
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*<u>Eastern Inn valley</u>: The easternmost find spot is [[index::Pirchboden]], from whence a [[index::IT-4 unidentifiable|singular object]] – probably a musical instrument – with a heavily damaged, but clearly Raetic [[index::IT-4|inscription]] written in the Magrè alphabet. Only a few kilometers along the valley, but south of the river, the [[index::Himmelreich]] yields a great number of potsherds bearing marks. Of the three objects in the TIR, [[index::IT-1|one]] belongs with this group, [[index::IT-3|one]] bears characters of doubtful status. The [[index::IT-2|third one]] is the only properly inscribed potsherd (of a ''Fritzener Schale'') in the entire corpus, bearing a Raetic individual name, probably written in the Magrè alphabet. From the [[index::Demlfeld]] a little further west comes the [[index::IT-5 plaque|only votive bronze plaque]] of the corpus; the substantial [[index::IT-5|inscription]] is the only one from beyond the Brenner pass which is written in the Sanzeno alphabet.<br />
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*<u>Western Inn valley</u>: From [[index::Hörtenberg]] a round [[index::IT-6 stone|stone]] with a [[index::IT-6|non-inscription]] which has parallels from elsewhere in the Raetic area, as well as a fragmentary [[index::IT-7|inscription]] on a [[index::IT-7 plaque|piece of iron fitting]]. The alphabet in the latter inscription is that of Magrè. In the very West, just beyond the confluence of Inn and Sanna, the [[index::Pillerhöhe]] yields – besides two bowls with non-inscriptions – an [[index::IT-8|inscription]] on a [[index::IT-8 potsherd|ceramic handle]], probably written in the Magrè alphabet. Note that [[index::IT-7]] (Hörtenberg) and [[index::IT-8]] (Pillerhöhe) both feature a noticeably small St. Andrew's cross (see [[index::Θ|Theta]]).<br />
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*<u>[[index::Ardez]]</u>: Only [[index::EN-1 potsherd|one piece of inscribed pottery]] from the upper Inn valley; the fragmentary [[index::EN-1|inscription]] cannot be ascribed to any specific alphabet or even securely to the Raetic corpus.<br />
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*<u>Northern Limestone Alps</u>: Petrographs from the Raetic area and displaying linguistically Raetic features have been found (so far) only in the very North, i.e. in the Northern Limestone Alps. The [[index::Schneidjoch]] (ST, one rock) and the site of the [[index::Achenkirch]] inscriptions (AK, min. two rocks) are located close to each other in the [[index::Steinberg]]/Achensee region (Tyrol); the [[index::Unterammergau]] inscriptions (UG, min. three rocks) are found in Southern Bavaria. For a typology of the inscriptions, see below.<br />
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*<u>[[index::Nußdorf]]</u>: The norhernmost find (potentially) belonging at least partly to the Raetic corpus is a silver ring inscribed with a text which has been read as Raetic written in a variety of the Camunic script by {{bib|Ziegaus & Rix 1998|Rix}} – see the [[index::AV-1|inscription page]] for details.<br />
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Finally, from far beyond the Raetic area, two eastern stray finds:<br />
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*<u>Slovenia</u>: Two independent helmet finds. The [[index::SL-1 helmet|Vače helmet]], an old finding of dubious circumstances, bears a single inscription which associates it with the area of [[index::Serso]] (Magrè alphabet). The [[index::SL-2 helmet|Negau helmet A]], from a substantial hoard near Ženjak, bears four apparently unrelated inscriptions, of which up to three are written on the Sanzeno alphabet; the fourth is generally interpreted as a Celtic name written in a Venetic alphabet. On the cultural-historical context of these and similar inscribed helmets, see below.<br />
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== Chronology ==<br />
When talking about the dating of Raetic inscriptions, the usual caveats apply: Archaeological dating via excavation context and typology is sometimes uncertain, time frames of different extent make it hard to establish a chronology even where datings are available. Particularly in the Raetic corpus, we have a great number of old findings which cannot be dated without their lost context. Moreover, the time of production or even use of an object does not necessarily determine the time when the inscription was applied. Dates for production or widespread use of objects give a terminus post quem; dates for graves and deposits give a terminus ante quem. (Cp. {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 246, {{bib|MLR}}: 10.) The following paragraphs give an overview of a chronology of Raetic inscriptions which is strictly based on the archaeological data as presented in the literature; for details and references please consult the object pages. The possibility of dating inscriptions based on palaeography will be examined in a second step.<br />
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The oldest object in the corpus is a bronze Hallstatt-age [[index::BZ-17 axe|axe]] from [[index::Kaltern / Caldaro]]. Like many of its kind, it bears signs, but these are not connected with Raetic writing. <br />
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The oldest objects bearing Raetic inscriptions appear to be three of the showier items in the Raetic corpus: the [[index::HU-7 situla|Situla in Providence]], dated to the third quarter of the 6<sup>th</sup> c. via typology, the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]], dated typologically to the 6<sup>th</sup>–5<sup>th</sup> c., and the [[index::VR-3 spit|Spada di Verona]] (dated by different scholars between the 6<sup>th</sup> and the 4<sup>th</sup> c.) The testimonies are similar insofar as the objects are atypical (the situla being by far the most elaborately decorated one in the Raetic corpus) and come from places to the South(-East) of the Raetic area proper (while the find spot of the situla is unknown, it is certainly of Southern, maybe Etruscan provenance) which have not yielded any other Raetic inscriptions. The inscriptions themselves are comparatively long and linguistically indubitably Raetic.<br />
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Some of the abovementioned characteristics are shared by the [[index::PU-1 belt plaque|Lothen belt plaque]], dated typologically to the 5<sup>th</sup> c. No other inscriptions are known from the [[index::Lothen / Campolino]] itself either, but a number of inscriptions and inscriptoids come from the immediate vicinity of [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]], i.e. from the context of the Raetic settlement predating ancient Sebatum. Of these, [[index::PU-4]], the only of the testimonies which definitely encodes language, is also dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> c. by archaeological context; none of the other inscriptoids is is younger than the 4<sup>th</sup> c.<br />
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A fifth peculiar and isolated object is the [[index::AV-1 ring|silver ring]] from Bavaria, bearing a Raetic inscription written in a Sondrio-style alphabet, which is very tentatively dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> c. via context.<br />
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The oldest document from the Raetic core area appears to be [[index::NO-13 bone]] ([[index::Monte Ozol]], dated via context to the middle of the 6<sup>th</sup>–middle of the 5<sup>th</sup> c. ({{bib|Perini 2002}}: 767). Also old is [[index::BZ-2 axe]] ([[index::Tisens / Tesimo]]), dated typologically to the 5<sup>th</sup> c.<br />
<br />
The oldest document from [[index::Sanzeno]] is [[index::SZ-16]] on the [[index::SZ-16 statuette|warrior statuette]], dated typologically to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup> c. (as is the [[index::SZ-71 statuette|other full-plastic statuette]], with a non-inscription). The alphabet in evidence appears to be the standard Sanzeno alphabet as it continued to be used in the Nonsberg and the Upper Adige valley. The material from [[index::Sanzeno]] is generally dated to the Late Iron Age, i.e. the 5<sup>th</sup>–1<sup>st</sup> c. In regard to the high dating of the warrior statuette, the half-plastic votive bronzes are likely to be from the same time or not much younger. {{bib|Gempeler 1976}} and {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}} argue for the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c. (specifically for the horse bronzes [[index::SZ-9 bronze]], [[index::SZ-14 bronze]], [[index::HU-5 bronze]] and [[index::HU-6 bronze]]) with regard to Venetic and Etruscan influences. Gleirscher via {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 247 gives the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., with reference to the fact that that the rider of [[index::SZ-14 bronze]] is wearing a Negau helmet (cp. {{bib|Egg 1986}}: 116f. for another depiction of a Negau helmet dated to around 400), and the similarity of [[index::SZ-3 bronze]] with [[index::NO-11 bronze]] (see below). Two situlae ([[index::SZ-30 situla]], and [[index::SZ-82 cist]] with a factory mark) can be dated typologically to the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., as are the situla handles [[index::SZ-17 handle]] and [[index::SZ-19 handle]]. [[index::SZ-38]] on an [[index::SZ-38 knife|iron knife]] dated to the Late Iron Age bears characters identical to [[index::SZ-17]] – if we are concerned with a factory mark, the piece is likely to be of about the same age as [[index::SZ-17 handle]]. [[index::SZ-73 helmet]] is datable to the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c. via typology. The bulk of the pottery (none of it bearing a linguistically relevant inscription) appears to be younger (Sanzeno bowls being dated to the 3<sup>rd</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c.), but see {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 13 ff. about the issues of bowl chronology.<br />
<br />
Two objects with linguistically relevant inscriptions from the Nonsberg can be dated to the 5<sup>th</sup> c.: [[index::NO-3 plaque]] (via typology, following {{bib|Tschurtschenthaler & Wein 1998}}: 243) and [[index::NO-11 bronze]] (late 5<sup>th</sup>: hoard/grave I from [[index::Dercolo]], deposited around 400). [[index::NO-8 fragment]], being a fragment of a situla, may be assumed to be no younger than the 4<sup>th</sup> c.; [[index::NO-19 plaque]] also belongs in that time frame. <br />
<br />
The arguably Celtic [[index::FI-1|inscription]] on an [[index::FI-1 antler|antler handle]] from a settlement near [[index::Tesero]] in the Val di Fiemme can be dated to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup>–beginning of the 4<sup>th</sup> c. via the archaeological context, though a lower dating (4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c.) has also been suggested.<br />
<br />
The archaeological site near [[index::San Briccio]] di Lavagno yielded two antler pieces datable by context to the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., while two documents from farther north than any before ([[index::WE-4]] from [[index::Stufels]] (typology and archaeological context) and [[index::WE-1]] from [[index::Matrei am Brenner]] (typology)) are dated to the same time frame.<br />
<br />
From the area of [[index::Siebeneich / Settequerce]] come a [[index::BZ-3 simpulum|simpulum]] and a [[index::BZ-5 handle|cist handle]] from the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., both dated via typology. The bronze objects from nearby [[index::Moritzing / San Maurizio]] are from a grave context dated to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup>–first half of the 4<sup>th</sup> c. – these are inscriptions [[index::BZ-4]] and [[index::BZ-9]], and the factory marks on [[index::BZ-8 situla]]. Note that it is not quite clear what type of vessel the fragmentary support of [[index::BZ-4]] made a part of; the object may be rather older (around 500). [[index::BZ-7 cist]], also from Moritzing, belongs in the same time frame, as do three potsherds from [[index::St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]] with non-inscriptions. All inscriptions are written in the standard Sanzeno alphabet.<br />
<br />
[[index::EN-1 potsherd]] is dated to the 5<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c. via context and typology. [[index::NO-14 potsherd]] also belongs in that time frame.<br />
<br />
The [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]], an isolated find from [[index::Caslir]] in the Val di Cembra, is dated typologically to the 4<sup>th</sup> c.<br />
<br />
The four inscriptions/inscriptoids from a settlement near [[index::Montorio Veronese]] can be dated by context to the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c.<br />
<br />
The settlement of [[index::Bostel]] di Rotzo, and with it the finds, is dated to the 4<sup>th</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c. [[index::AS-3 potsherd]] and the more recent finds [[index::AS-15 beaker]]–[[index::AS-23 beaker]] can be dated more specifically to the end of the 4<sup>th</sup>–3<sup>rd</sup> c.<br />
<br />
[[index::BZ-11 cist]] is dated to the 4<sup>th</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c. via context.<br />
<br />
Sanzeno bowls are dated to the 3<sup>rd</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c.; this includes the material from [[index::Sanzeno]] itself, as well as the inscriptoids from the [[index::Rungger Egg]] and [[index::WE-6 potsherd]] from [[index::Mellaun / Meluno]]. For the dating of the other three potsherds from the latter site cp. again {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 13 ff. [[index::BZ-13 potsherd]] from the [[index::Pfatten / Vadena]] settlement is also dated to that time frame, as are the bowls from [[index::Dercolo]].<br />
<br />
The finds from the Ganglegg come from the last phase of the settlement, i.e. the 3<sup>rd</sup>–1<sup>st</sup> c.<br />
<br />
The three potsherds from the [[index::Himmelreich]] are dated between the middle of the 3<sup>rd</sup>–1<sup>st</sup> c., probably tending towards the higher date given the presence of the [[index::IT-2 potsherd|fragment of a Fritzner Schale]].<br />
<br />
The bones from [[index::Colle di Castello]] ([[index::Trissino]]) are dated to the end of the 2<sup>nd</sup>–beginning of 1<sup>st</sup> c. via context, as are the finds from [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]].<br />
<br />
[[index::VR-4 bone]] from [[index::Castelrotto]] is dated to the 1<sup>st</sup> c. via context, as is [[index::IT-4 unidentifiable|the fragment of a musical instrument]] from [[index::Fritzens]]. Typologically from the 1<sup>st</sup> c. is [[index::NO-9 fibula]] (probably no inscription). [[index::NO-2 strainer]] from [[index::Cles]] is dated to the 1<sup>st</sup> c. BC–1<sup>st</sup> c. AD by Gleirscher via {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 248. [[index::BZ-24 slab]] can be dated to the Late Roman Republican Period by the decoration style (Stefan Demetz p.c.).<br />
<br />
The helmet finds from Slovenia and the [[index::Kosman-Gut]] can be typologically dated to the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup> c. ([[index::SL-1 helmet|Vače]]) and the second half of the 5<sup>th</sup>–beginning of the 4<sup>th</sup> c. ([[index::SL-2 helmet|Negau A]], fragments from the Kosman hoard) respectively. However, the depot in which Negau A was found was laid down at the end of the 2<sup>nd</sup> c. at the earliest, the Kosman hoard can be dated to the first half of the 1<sup>st</sup> c. This means that the inscriptions, esp. of Negau A with its mix of (Sanzeno) Raetic, Venetic and Celtic traces in language and writing, may have been inscribed at any time between these dates, and indeed must be expected to have been applied at different times. (As concerns relative chronology, [[index::SL-2.3|the Celtic-Venetic inscription]] can be argued to predate the Raetic [[index::SL-2.1]] and [[index::SL-2.2]].) It must be born in mind that the Vače helmet, whose inscription has {{c||T4}}, may have had a similarly long history and have been inscribed at a later date.<br />
<br />
''Remaining material, undated/undatable/dated to the Late Iron Age'':<br><br />
[[index::TV-1 slab]] ([[index::Castelcies]])<br><br />
[[index::VR-5 vessel]]<br><br />
The inscriptions from [[index::Magrè]] can only be dated to the Late Iron Age. The dating to the 3<sup>rd</sup>–2<sup>nd</sup> c. given by {{bib|Gambacurta 2002b}}: 122 requires substantiation.<br><br />
[[index::AS-14 potsherd]] ([[index::Piovene Rocchette]])<br><br />
The settlement near [[index::Montesei di Serso]] is only dated generally to the Late Iron Age. {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}}: 176, for reasons not evident, gives the 3<sup>rd</sup> c. for the antlers; Gleirscher via {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 247 favours an earlier date (5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., also without argumentation).<br><br />
[[index::NO-4 antler]], [[index::NO-5 potsherd]], [[index::NO-6 fragment]], [[index::NO-7 antler]] (different contexts near [[index::Mechel / Meclo]])<br><br />
[[index::NO-1 fragment]], [[index::NO-15 rod]], [[index::NO-16 bronze]], [[index::NO-17 bone point]] ([[index::Campi Neri]])<br><br />
[[index::NO-10 slab]] ([[index::Tavòn]])<br><br />
[[index::Sanzeno]] bronze objects<br><br />
[[index::Sanzeno]] iron objects (bearing mainly factory marks, according to [[index::Nothdurfter 1979]]: 97 best dated between the 5<sup>th</sup> and the end of the 2<sup>nd</sup> c.<br><br />
[[index::Sanzeno]] antler and bone objects <br><br />
[[index::HU-1 axe]] (best grouped with the bronze objects from [[index::Sanzeno]])<br><br />
[[index::HU-4 rod]]<br><br />
[[index::BZ-14 plaque]], [[index::BZ-15 antler]], [[index::BZ-16 chisel]] (different contexts near [[index::Eppan / Appiano]])<br><br />
[[index::BZ-19 sickle]] ([[index::St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]])<br><br />
[[index::BZ-6 slab]] ([[index::Siebeneich / Settequerce]])<br><br />
[[index::BZ-10 slab]], [[index::BZ-12 key]], [[index::BZ-25 fragment]] ([[index::Pfatten / Vadena]])<br><br />
[[index::RN-1 slab]], [[index::RN-2 rod]], [[index::RN-3 potsherd]] ([[index::Piperbühel]])<br><br />
[[index::VN-1]] ([[index::Tartscher Bühel]])<br><br />
[[index::WE-2 potsherd]] ([[index::Kronbühel / Custozza]])<br><br />
[[index::IT-5 plaque]] ([[index::Ampass]])<br><br />
[[index::IT-6 stone]], [[index::IT-7 plaque]] ([[index::Pfaffenhofen]])<br><br />
[[index::IT-8 potsherd]], [[index::IT-9 bowl]], [[index::IT-10 potsherd]] ([[index::Fliess]]) (5th c.?)<br><br />
[[index::Achenkirch|AK]], [[index::Steinberg|ST]], [[index::Unterammergau|UG]] (rock inscriptions)<br />
<br />
From the overview given above, a rough history of Raetic writing culture can be inferred. However, it has to be taken cum grano salis as long as substantial and important find groups such as the [[index::Magrè]] and [[index::Serso]] subcorpora cannot be included.<br />
<br />
It can be observed that the oldest testimonies of Raetic writing, as said above, are notable for both inscriptions and supports, though it should not be forgotten that the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]] and the [[index::VR-3 spit|Spada di Verona]] may be younger. Still, it appears that in a first phase of Raetic writing, only special objects were inscribed, sporadically and with much care. [[index::HU-7]], [[index::PA-1]] and [[index::VR-3]] are apparently of votive character, containing the word {{w||utiku}}. The alphabets used differ from each other, only those of [[index::HU-7]] and [[index::VR-3]] may be compared: They both feature Magrè-style inverted {{c||U}} and {{c||L}}, though in regard to their age and possible status as "proto-Raetic" testimonies, it may be preferable not to assign them to the Magrè alphabet. However, there are typically Raetic features in three-bar Mu {{c||M}} and [[index::HU-7]]'s →{{c||A3}}, and notably {{c||T4}} (in the absence of either Pi or Theta/(regular) Tau). [[index::PA-1]] shares the inverted letters, but otherwise appears to work with a restricted character set, spelling {{w||utiku}} with {{c||Θ}} and possible using a digraph <''kh''> for a marked velar. It employs punctuation for auslauting consonants (?). Phi, Tau and Chi are not employed in any of the three inscriptions. [[index::PU-1]] is epigraphically notably different: While Upsilon and Lambda (here together with angled Pi) are also inverted, the alphabet used has Phi and Chi, and appears to employ a curious variant of Zeta {{c||Z4}} for a marked dental stop (i.e. in place of Tau). Also in evidence are four-stroke Sigma {{c||S2}}, which occurs elsewhere only the more peculiar type of prevalently dextroverse Raetic rock inscriptions, and double-pennon San {{c||Ś2}}, isolated in the Raetic corpus.<br />
<br />
The oldest document from the central Raetic area, from the burnt-offerings site at the [[index::Monte Ozol]], is reminiscent in form ({{c||T4}}) and content ({{w||terisna}}) not of the Sanzeno-type material discussed in the next paragraph, but of the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions and [[index::SL-1]].<br />
<br />
In regard to the fact that all the datable material from the central Raetic area ([[index::Sanzeno]] and the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non]], [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]]), excepting the pottery, which only bears marks, comes from the 5<sup>th</sup>–4<sup>th</sup> c., it may tentatively be assumed that the writing culture emanating (allegedly) from the Sanzeno sanctuary flourished in these two centuries and constitutes a second phase of Raetic writing. Again, though, it has to be remembered that the bulk of the material is undated. If the use of the Sanzeno alphabet is indeed restricted to La Tène A and B, [[index::IT-5]] can be argued to be by far the earliest document from the Inn valley.<br />
<br />
At about the same time, [[index::San Briccio]] produces testimonies in the far South. Note that [[index::VR-1]], featuring {{c||T4}}, points back towards [[index::VR-3]], whereas [[index::VR-2]] shows similarities to the young inscription groups of [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]] and [[index::Castelrotto]], which can be argued to connect the area of Verona with Etruscan writing (see above). The [[index::Montorio Veronese]] inscriptions, chronologically and geographically in between, fail to constitute a link.<br />
<br />
The inscriptions on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]] in the 4<sup>th</sup> c., with their lack of the Sanzeno special character and solitary syllabic punctuation mark, constitute a smooth transition – at least on paper – to a conceivable third phase of Raetic writing, marked by discrete group finds mainly in the South: [[index::Bostel]], [[index::Trissino]], the abovementioned [[index::Montorio Veronese]] and [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]], as well as, a belated sign of life from the Sanzeno alphabet, the [[index::Ganglegg]]. It is understandable why the [[index::Serso]] and [[index::Magrè]] groups are generally preferred to be dated to this phase, though note that some of the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions have arguably archaic {{c||T4}}.<br />
<br />
The inscriptions from [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] as well as [[index::WE-4]] and [[index::WE-1]] from the Wipp- and Eisacktal, written in a Magrè-style alphabet similar to the oldest testimonies, show that a Venetoid writing tradition continued also in the North outside the Sanzeno catchment area during phase 2 which we have associated with the central Raetic area. The material from the Inn valley being mostly undated, it is hard to judge the progress of Raetic writing culture in the North. Note that [[index::IT-4]] is dated by context and may be considerably older than the 1<sup>st</sup> c. The alphabet used in some of the rock inscriptions (see below) can be compared to that used in [[index::PU-1]], indicating that the rock inscriptions themselves may be of considerable age.<br />
<br />
== Object and inscription groups ==<br />
<br />
''Rock inscriptions''<br />
<br />
{| class="table_lines" style="float:right; margin-top:5px; margin-left:30px; border:1px solid Seagreen;"<br />
! <br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | dir<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | pun<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | lig<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | {{c||S2|d}}<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | {{c||L4|d}}<br />
! style="text-align:center; width:16px;" | {{c||K3|d}}<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-3<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-4<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-5<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-6<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | ST-8<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.6<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.7<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.10<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.11<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | (x)<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.17<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | (x)<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-1.19<br />
| style="text-align:center" | ←<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-2.1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | (x)<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | AK-2.2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
| style="text-align:center" | &nbsp;<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | UG-1.1<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | x<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|-<br />
! style="text-align:right;" | UG-1.2<br />
| style="text-align:center" | →<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
| style="text-align:center" | -<br />
|}<br />
<br />
Petrographs from the Raetic area and displaying linguistically Raetic features have been found (so far) only in the very North, i.e. in the Northern Limestone Alps. The [[index::Schneidjoch]] (ST, one rock) and the site of the [[index::Achenkirch]] inscriptions (AK, min. two rocks) are located close to each other in the [[index::Steinberg]]/Achensee region (Tyrol); the [[index::Unterammergau]] inscriptions (UG, min. three rocks) are found in Southern Bavaria. Not all of the inscriptions registered in the TIR are epigraphically or linguistically utilisable – of some, only faint traces can be seen, many are doubtful, a few are most probably not Raetic or even script. Among the longer testimonies from Tyrol, two groups emerge under both alphabetical and linguistical aspects:<br />
*Sinistroverse inscriptions ending in {{w||)nuale|-nuale}}, containing straight-forward name formulae in the pertinentive case (where decipherable), featuring the expectable Venetoid {{c||L}} and other Magrè letter forms and being generally inconspicuous: [[index::ST-1]], [[index::ST-2]], [[index::ST-3]], [[index::AK-1.1]], [[index::AK-1.2]], [[index::AK-1.6]], [[index::AK-1.7]], [[index::AK-1.19]].<br />
*Dextroverse inscriptions of unclear linguistic content, showing certain special features (to varying extent): the punctuation of suffixes, ligatures, and the letter forms {{c||S2|d}} (angles opening in writing direction), {{c||L4|d}} and {{c||K3|d}}. Of these inscriptions, [[index::ST-5]] (the only sinistroverse one) and [[index::ST-6]] are particularly similar in structure; [[index::AK-1.11]] (as well as the fragmentary [[index::AK-1.10]], [[index::AK-2.1]] and [[index::AK-2.2]]) may be grouped alongside. Dextroverse [[index::AK-1.17]] lacks the punctuated suffixes, but has {{c||S2|d}} and apparently a (different) ligature.<br />
For a detailed itemisation see the table on the right. The inscriptions [[index::ST-4]] and [[index::ST-8]] do not fit in smoothly with either group. The testimonies from Unterammergau are hard to compare with the Achental-subcorpus: Of the two utilisable inscriptions, both dextroverse, [[index::UG-1.1]] is unusually short and features {{c||S2|d}}; [[index::UG-1.2]] has standard {{c||S}} and is equally opaque.<br />
<br />
The inscriptions of the first group are written in the Magrè alphabet, with the typically Raetic orientation of Sigma, but "traditional" North Italic Alpha with the bar slanting down in writing direction. As concerns the second group, the form {{c||L4|d}} of Lambda occurs in the votive inscriptions of the Venetic sanctuaries of Auronzo and Calalzo (Làgole) di Cadore in the upper Piave/Ansiei valley, but this is the only similarity with that subcorpus. Punctuation of suffixes rather than syllabic punctuation is not known from Venetic, but see the comments on punctuation in Raetic below. The ligatures stand isolated as well. None of the Raetic petrographs show any particular affinity to the only rock inscriptions in the Venetic corpus, those from Würmlach in the Gail valley (Gt 13–23).<br />
<br />
Apart from the somewhat doubtful and epigraphically Camunic [[index::AV-1]], the rock inscriptions are the only testimonies of Raetic from beyond the Inn valley. Any propositions concerning the ultimate function of these inscriptions and the identity and purpose of the writers must at this point remain speculative.<br />
<br />
''Stone slabs''<br />
<br />
''Ciottoloni''<br><br />
Two oval stones, both from alphabetical Magrè context and bearing somewhat similar marks on one of the more level surfaces. The objects themselves, however, are less similar: While [[index::IT-6 stone|the object from the Inn valley]] is smaller and perforated, [[index::SR-11 stone|the one from Serso]] is too large to be carried about, and features a cross on the other side. Their function and the nature of the characters is unknown. Cp. ciottoloni from Venetic context, which are inscribed with funerary texts ({{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}}: Es ???).<br />
<br />
''Helmets''<br />
<br />
''Loom weights''<br><br />
Two stone loom weights were found near [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] in the Puster valley, but in different find spots and of different type: While [[index::PU-2 loom weight]] is conical (Zettelstrecker), [[index::PU-3 loom weight]] is circular. The characters inscribed are also quite different. The circular object is the most relevant find epigraphically, bearing numerous [[index::PU-3|characters]] in different sizes, applied with different instruments; the manner of inscription is more reminiscent of certain bowls (see above). The conical weight, on the other hand, is inscribed (or more likely decorated) with [[index::PU-2|sequences]] of alternate {{c||I}} and {{c||Θ}}, and thereby more similar to another conical object which might qualify as a loom weight: a [[index::MA-24 ingot|leaden ingot]] from Magrè inscribed with a zig-zag line.<br />
<br />
''Sequences of {{c||I}}, {{c||Θ}} and {{c||U2}}''<br><br />
*The {{w||uθiiθi}}-group. The sequence recurs on three scythe rings ([[index::SZ-44.1]], [[index::SZ-45.1]], [[index::SZ-46.1]]), always accompanied by {{w||la}} in the reverse side, and also appears on a [[index::SZ-50|chisel]] and a [[index::SZ-51|knife]]. This suggests a factory mark; however, a fourth scythe ring is inscribed with a [[index::SZ-47|different combination]] of {{c||I}}, {{c||Θ}} and {{c||U2}}. This objects differs from the others in size, so numerical notation (size, weight, price?) comes into consideration. (A fifth scythe ring appears to have yet another [[index::SZ-72|sequence]], maybe featuring additional characters.) {{w||la}}, interestingly, is also associated with bowls (see above).<br />
*{{c||U2}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}. The sequence occurring on the abovementioned fourth scythe ring is also found, curiously, [[index::SZ-48|on a worked piece of bone]] – the latter has been interpreted as being connected to lot throwing (cp. the bone points of the [[index::Ganglegg]]), which would lead one to expect an inscription in some way connected to the numinous sphere, or names as on the Ganglegg. Then again, knowing as little as we do about the actual practice of Raetic sortes, we cannot exclude numerical writing (or indeed, anything).<br />
*Another presumably votive object is the horse statuette with {{c||I}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}. See above on the question of whether votive bronzes feature indications of price.<br />
*{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||U2}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}. Occurring only once, [[index::HU-1|on a bronze axe]] only likely to be from Sanzeno, but suspiciously similar to {{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||U2}}.<br />
*On diverse iron implements. SZ-81, BZ-19<br />
*On bronze vessels. SZ-82, BZ-8.2<br />
*On pottery. BZ-20, (BZ-21), (BZ-22), (BZ-23)<br />
*Ornament. {{c||I}} and {{c||Θ}} being age-old elements of decoration, sequences serving purely aesthetic purposes may find their way into the corpus. They can sometimes be identfied by the symmetry of arrangement and/or position: {{c||I}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||I}} [[index::SZ-49|on the tip of a tusk]], {{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}}{{c||Θ}}{{c||I}} [[index::PU-2|on a loom weight]]. Another such case, introduced by Mancini in the {{bib|LIR}} (SA-96; EX-1), is an obviously ornamental band along the back of a knife, and has not been included in the TIR. Also suspicious is [[index::SZ-80]] with its curious spacing ({{c||I}}{{c||I}} {{c||Θ}} {{c||I}}{{c||I}} {{c||I}}{{c||I}}).<br />
(IT-9), (SZ-36), VN-4, VN-5.1, VN-6, VN-7.2, VR-8, WE-5.1.2, WE-8.2<br />
kolie-tu zu den codae?<br />
{{bibliography}}<br />
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=PU-1&diff=16881PU-12016-11-19T06:32:51Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Commentary */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{inscription<br />
|reading=)unknown!χa? φelzuries unknown!kalahepruśiahil(?) / klu?θurus<br />
|reading_original={{c|Χ||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}?{{c|Φ||d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|Z|Z4|d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|R|R2|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|S|S2}}{{c|K||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}{{c|H|H3|d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|P||d}}{{c|R|R2|d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|Ś|Ś2|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}{{c|H|H3|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|L||d}}(?)<br><span style="margin-left:93px">{{c|K||d}}</span>{{c|L||d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}?{{c|Θ||d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|R||d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|S|S2|d}}<br />
|direction=dextroverse<br />
|letter_height_min=2<br />
|letter_height_max=3.7 cm<br />
|letter_number_min=36<br />
|line_number=2<br />
|script=North Italic script<br />
|alphabet=Magrè alphabet<br />
|language=Raetic<br />
|meaning=unknown<br />
|object=PU-1 girdle plate<br />
|position=back<br />
|orientation=180<br />
|craftsmanship=engraved<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|sigla_ir=99<br />
|sigla_mancini=SLO-1<br />
|sigla_mlr=22<br />
|source=Schumacher 2004: 186<br />
|checklevel=4<br />
|problem=Zeilenlänge (Pellegrini/Mancini), -śi vgl. AS-2, etr. Turus (Pell p. 15), ist dextrovers archaisch (Vetter)?<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
First published in {{bib|Pellegrini 1951b}}: 11–15. Autopsied by TIR in June 2015.<br />
<br />
Images in {{bib|Pellegrini 1951b}}: 11 (drawing), {{bib|Pellegrini 1952}}: 542 (drawing = {{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}: 194), {{bib|Mayr 1960g}} (drawing), {{bib|Lunz 1981}}: Taf. 86 (drawing) and {{bib|LIR}} (drawing), {{bib|MLR}} (photo and drawing).<br />
<br />
Written in two lines on the back of a girdle plate (upside-down when the plate is worn). The inscription is in very bad condition; according to {{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}: 194 the object had been polished since his original publication, which led to the characters being "quasi svanite" – while the situation is not quite that bad, a reading is difficult without the help of the drawings made before the cleaning, provided by Pellegrini. Note that his 1952 facsimile is truer than the original drawing by G.B. Frescura, which features some curiously angular letters; the overall best representation, however, is the one by Lunz. The letters are uniformly tall and slender, bars tending to be applied close to the top, with prolonged hastae towards the bottom. They are slightly inclined to the right, but tidily scratched. <br />
<br />
Line 1: Length about 26.5 cm. Written along the upper edge (which is the lower one going by the figural decorations on the front), with a distance of 0.5–1 cm from it. {{c||Χ|d}} is very faint, but clear; {{c||A13|d}} is rather broad and comparatively well visible. The following character is not as tall as the others, being written in the upper part of the line: a short hasta, two parallel lines slanting down, another two slanting upwards again, intercrossing with the first pair. Pellegrini originally read {{c||M|d}}, misinterpreting the upper one of the first pair of bars as a third bar. If anything, {{c||N|d}} is more likely, and no other letter suggests itself, but there is no reason for the shortened hasta, and lines crossing or being repeated do not occur anywhere else in the inscription. After a comparatively wide gap (0.8 cm) {{c||Φ|d}}{{c||E|d}}; {{c||L|d}} is all but vanished, but may be seen with the right light. The next letter can be confirmed to look as Pellegrini drew it ({{c||Z4d}}), but the identification as Sigma is not plausible: The central vertical is full-length and perfectly straight, the two bars – not meeting in the centre – reach neatly up to it. The letter looks too neat to be a ramshackle {{c||S}}, quite apart from the fact that Sigma appears in its four-stroke variant twice in the inscription. As already observed by {{bib|Schürr 2001}}: 214 (note 30), an identification of the letter as an otherwise unattested variant of Zeta is much more likely. {{c||U5|d}}{{c||R2|d}}{{c||I|d}}{{c||E|d}}{{c||S2}} is clear. Pellegrini saw a punctuation mark {{c||line d 01}} at the bottom of the line, parallel to the lowest bar of {{c||S2}}; it could not be certainly confirmed in autopsy. The distance between {{c||S2}} and {{c||K|d}} is not bigger than average. {{c||K|d}} is damaged by a vertical crack, but unambiguous, as are the following letters.<br />
<br />
From the first Heta on the letters get thinner and slightly shorter – the writer obviously got into difficulties with the remaining space. This begs the question of whether more letters might not be found after {{c||L|d}}: Pellegrini saw the trace of another hasta, opting to read Sigma ({{bib|Pellegrini 1952}}: 542 ff.); no opinions can be offered today, as the area appears to have been polished particularly scrupulously. In any case, the group of scratches right below the last letters of line 1 is not a continuation of the line (pace {{bib|Mayr 1960g}}: 495), but an independent character, probably non-script (cp. {{bib|Vetter 1954}}: 79). It has two almost identical counterparts, situated at the centre of the other short side and in the centre of the plaque, respectively. Pellegrini interprets them as the Etruscan numeral {{c||50}}{{c||1}} (inverted) '51' (or '53', due to the varying number of small scratches in the chevron: two in the central character, one in the left-side one, none in the right-side one), and compares the last group of strokes in [[index::SZ-15.2]]. {{bib|Ribezzo 1952–53b}}: 470, {{bib|Mayr 1960g}} and {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} read them as (various) letters.<br />
<br />
Line 2: Length about 9.5 cm, written along the lower edge. The letters start approximately at the centre of the line, right behind the latter of the abovementioned symbols (?) – possibly to avoid it, assuming that they preceded the application of the inscription. The lower bar of {{c||K|d}} is very faint. The third letter is definitely {{c||U5|d}}, not {{c||A14|d}} as originally read by Pellegrini – the bar, even if it could be detected, would have the wrong orientation. The following letter is another eccentric assembly of lines (see drawing). Pellegrini again read {{c||N|d}}, for the sake of obtaining a sequence {{w||klan}} to compare with Etruscan {{w||clan}} 'son', but as with the two instances mentioned above, the identification of the character is far from certain (unless one opts to assume that the writer just couldn't master the letter Nu). The rest of the line is unambiguous; {{c||S2|d}} is turned against writing direction in opposition to {{c||S2}} in line 1.<br />
<br />
The alphabet of PU-1 is that of Magrè with "inverted" Upsilon and Lambda and angled Pi. The peculiarities in ductus – the forms of Sigma, Heta and San – are assumed to be archaic by Pellegrini and {{bib|Vetter 1954}}: 78. Four-stroked {{c||S2}} occurs elsewhere only the more peculiar type of prevalently dextroverse Raetic rock inscriptions (see [[index::Script]]). It is very rare in Venetic, only occurring in the South, but less so in the Lugano alphabet; Pellegrini considers it an Etruscan feature. Heta {{c||H3|d}} with three bars is archaic only in Venetic terms; in Raetic context, without regard to its comparative rareness, it is the variety typical for the Magrè alphabet (in contrast to {{c||H2}} in the Sanzeno alphabet). Double-pennon San {{c||Ś2}}, on the other hand, is isolated in the Raetic corpus (the parallels from Magrè and Verona mentioned by Pellegrini are non-existent); it does, however, parallel the development of San in the Lugano alphabet (see {{bib|Lexicon Leponticum}}: [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/San Ś]). Pellegrini's assessment that the alphabet used was particularly close to the Etruscan cannot be confirmed, but the inscription does display some unusual features.<br />
<br />
This also pertains to the linguistic content, which is mostly obscure. (Pellegrini's complete, though tentative, interpretation of the text as an Etruscoid sepulchral inscription certainly goes too far.) Assuming that the separator in line 1 does exist, we have auslauting -{{p||s}} twice in the text, possibly marking genitives. {{w||klunθuru}} with auslauting -{{p||u}} might well be an individual name (cp. {{w||laθurusi|laθuru}}, {{w||χaisurus|χaisuru}}). The only sequence which can be readily compared to other Raetic material is {{w||φelzuries}} ('of/for Φelzurie'?), which cannot but belong with {{w||φelturiesi|φel(i)turie}}. The dental stop being written with rare Zeta is yet another peculiarity of this inscription – see [[index::Script]] for a discussion of the writing of dentals. The ending of line 1 might be compared to that of [[index::PA-1]] {{w||aχvil|akvil}}· – even if {{w||ahil}} is not the same word, the ending suggests a noun; {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} identifies the trace after {{c||L|d}} as a punctuation mark on the basis of this parallel. Pellegrini suggests etr. {{w||avil}} 'year' (going with his numerals).<br />
<br />
PU-1 is one of the few lengthy Raetic inscriptions not containing a pertinentive construction with {{m||-ku}}. On a girdle plate, a votive or sepulchral inscription is not primarily to be expected (a profane gift?), but cannot be excluded (secondary use).<br />
<br />
Further references: {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 230 f., {{bib|Mancini 1999}}: 302.<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Modern_research_on_Raetic&diff=16880Modern research on Raetic2016-11-19T06:31:04Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* New finds and findings in the 1950ies and 1960ies */</p>
<hr />
<div>=== Early finds and compilations in the 19<sup>th</sup> century ===<br />
<br />
Modern research on the Raeti and Raetic based on both the classical sources and archaeological data begins with the work of Conte Benedetto {{bib|Giovanelli 1825|Giovanelli}}, mayor of Trient, who published his book ''Trento. Città de’ rezj e colonia romana'' in 1825. {{bib|Giovanelli 1825|Giovanelli}} referred to the information given by the [[index::Historiography and testimonia about the Raeti|classical historiographers]] (p. 53, n. 43) and assumed kinship of Raeti and Etruscans, but argued a differing view considering the origin of the alpine Raeti: He held that it was the Etruscans who migrated to Central Italy from the North. ({{bib|Giovanelli 1844}}; see also {{bib|Niebuhr 1811–32}} I (sub "Die Tusker oder Etrusker") and {{bib|Mommsen 1854–85}} I (ch. 9).) He connected the historical Raeti with two inscriptions found to the north of the Etruscan realm: the [[index::CE-1|inscription]] on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla di Cembra]], also ''Situla Giovanelli'', bought by him in 1825 and published in [[index::Giovanelli 1834|1834]], and [[index::WE-1]], also on a situla, found in 1845 during excavations prompted by <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Giovanelli</span> himself, and published by him in [[index::Giovanelli 1845|1845]]. The [[index::Matrei am Brenner|Matrei]] situla would remain the most northerly Raetic inscription find for more than a century.<br />
<br />
As early as 1853, the ancient historian Theodor {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}} found occasion to lament "die über alle Begriffe elende Schrift" (p. 199) encountered in the inscriptions of Transpadania generally. He published a collection of all such inscriptions then known, including those on coins, which contained <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Giovanelli</span>’s finds, as well as the [[index::Ženjak|Negau]] helmets A and [[index::SL-2 helmet|B]] which had already been put into Raetic context by {{bib|Giovanelli 1845|Giovanelli}} himself, and the then lost [[index::VR-3|Spada di Verona]]. {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}}, who had been engaged in the Cispadanian Italic dialects, determined the alphabets to be closely related to the Etruscan script, and hence coined the term "Nordetruskische Alphabete". His work is distinguished by great methodological care and repeated caveats against drawing hasty conclusions from insufficient data. Considering this, it is even more baffling that in spite of his small database – 44 items in all – {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}} succeded in correctly discriminating between different alphabets, among them a "Swiss alphabet" in the West, an alphabet of Padua/Este, as well as a "Styrian alphabet" on the [[index::Ženjak|Negau]] helmets, an "alphabet of Verona" on [[index::VR-3|the spada]], and a "Tyrolian alphabet" on <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Giovanelli</span>’s finds. Concerning the latter, he agreed with <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Giovanelli</span>: "Es liegt nichts näher als dieselben in Verbindung zu bringen mit der bekannten Angabe des [[index::Historiography and testimonia about the Raeti|Livius]], dass die Räter Etrusker seien und ein verdorbenes Etruskisch noch in der augusteischen Zeit redeten; ich will dem nicht widersprechen, aber abgemacht ist die Frage durch die Auffindung einer dem tuskischen Alphabet verwandten rätischen Schrift noch keineswegs, so lange nicht die Identität der Idiome dargethan ist." (p. 230) For this identification of languages, {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}} considered the available data insufficient.<br />
<br />
Only two years later, Giuseppe Giorgio {{bib|Sulzer 1855|Sulzer}} published drawings of the inscriptions on [[index::SZ-16 statuette|the warrior statuette from Sanzeno]] and [[index::BZ-10 slab|the stela from Pfatten]], found in 1846 and 1854 respectively. In 1867, Ariodante {{bib|CII|Fabretti}} included all the North-Etruscan inscriptions in his ''Corpus Inscriptionum Italicarum'', adding, amongst a number belonging to other alphabet groups, Raetic [[index::BZ-4]] published by {{bib|Conestabile 1863|Conestabile}} in 1863. Wilhelm {{bib|Corssen 1874|Corssen}} discussed the North-Etruscan inscriptions in his ''Die Sprache der Etrusker'' (p. 919 ff.), interpreting the lot as documents of Etruscan, which in turn he took to be an Indo-European language. This view was echoed in Giovanni Amennone {{bib|Oberziner 1883b|Oberziner}}'s compendium ''I Reti in relazione cogli antichi abitatori d'Italia'', which strove to link the historical sources with recent archaeological findings and linguistic theories. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oberziner</span>, like <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Corssen</span>, counted {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}}'s Swiss/Western inscriptions and some new eastern alpine inscriptions among the Raetic, ruling that "etnograficamente parlando i Reti non sono un popolo a sè, che pe' suoi caratteri si distingua dagli altri che abitarono l'Italia nostra, ma sono il complesso di parecchie sovrapposizioni etniche che ricevettero il nome comune di Reti probabilmente solo nel tempo abbastanza tardo degli Etruschi, ci conviene rintracciare queste varie civiltà nei monumenti." (XI) Despite this differing application of the term "Raetic", <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Oberziner</span>'s further subdivision of the script turned out fairly similar to that of {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}}: He distinguished "retico centrale", "orientale", "occidentale" and "settentrionale" (the last group encompassing the abovementioned new inscriptions from the Gurina (Gt 13–23) and those on the [[index::Ženjak|Negau]] helmets) (p. 220, tab. 30). Linguistically, he held all the documented languages of Northern Italy to be related to Etruscan and the other languages of Italy.<br />
<br />
It was the philologist Carl {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} in his 1885 edition ''Die Inschriften des nordetruskischen Alphabets'', who, relying on a corpus increased by twofold, continued {{bib|Mommsen 1853|Mommsen}}'s groundwork and laid the foundation for detailed research. The largest and most important new group of documents at {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}}'s disposal were the alphabet tablets from Este; as concerns Raetic, the only addition was [[index::NO-11|the horse from Dercolo]]. (The inscription on the key from Dambel, included by {{bib|Corssen 1874|Corssen}}, {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} determined to be an imitation of [[index::CE-1]] on a mediaeval object (p. 37 ff.)). {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} distinguished four script provinces and assigned them new, un-interpretative names according to the main find places: the [[index::Script|alphabets of Este, Bozen, Sondrio and Lugano]] (p. 46–58). While in at least two cases the epicentres of the alphabet provinces have shifted, these terms are still used today, even though they were intended only as provisional (p. 58) – {{bib|AIF III|Pauli}} himself wanted to change "Bozen alphabet" into "Trient alphabet" a few years later ({{bib|AIF III}}: p. 189), but could not establish the new name. While he regarded the Bozen and Lugano alphabets as daughter alphabets of the Etruscan script, he believed the alphabets of Este and Sondrio to be derived from a Greek source on the Adriatic coast, and consequently distinguished between "North Etruscan" and "Adriatic" alphabets (p. 58–68; see also {{bib|AIF III}}: 231). Based on the increased data, {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} also attempted to identify the languages of the inscriptions and correctly perceived the Indo-European affiliation of those written in the Este and Lugano alphabets, coining the terms "Venetic" and "Lepontic". The languages of the Bozen and Sondrio alphabets he connected with Etruscan, and suggested – combining his findings with both conflicting theories concerning the origin of the Raeti – that while the latter was used by the population left behind by the Etruscan immigration into Padania, the first was the script of those Etruscan tribes dispersed to the North by the Gaulish invasion (p. 96–112; see also {{bib|AIF II,2}}: 181 ff.).<br />
<br />
=== A growing corpus and the PID ===<br />
<br />
The late 19<sup>th</sup> and early 20<sup>th</sup> century saw a number of new inscriptions found, which were only published seperately and sometimes rather obscurely. Luigi <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Campi</span> di Montesanto conducted excavations in and around the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non|Nonsberg]], which brought to light [[index::NO-1]], [[index::NO-3]], [[index::NO-4]], [[index::NO-5]], [[index::NO-6]] and [[index::NO-10]], published between 1887 and 1905. A propos of his comments on the [[index::Mechel / Meclo]] inscriptions, {{bib|Pauli 1888|Pauli}} mentioned [[index::VR-1]] and [[index::VR-2]], the former having been published by {{bib|Cipolla 1884|Cipolla}} in 1884. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Pauli</span> was also consulted by {{bib|Von Wieser 1891|von Wieser}} about marks on two cists from [[index::Moritzing / San Maurizio|Moritzing]] ([[index::BZ-7]], [[index::BZ-8]]). In 1889, {{bib|Von Wieser 1889|von Wieser}} reported the discovery of [[index::BZ-2]] and [[index::BZ-3]] at a meeting of the Anthropologische Gesellschaft in Vienna. Oswald {{bib|Menghin 1914|Menghin}} published [[index::RN-1]] in 1914. A particularly important find came from the South: the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]], found in January 1899 during the extension of a church and published by {{bib|Ghirardini 1901|Ghirardini}} two years later. In 1918, the archaeologist Giuseppe {{bib|Pellegrini 1918|Pellegrini}} published the considerable find of [[index::Magrè]]. He defined an "alphabet of Magrè", distinct from {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}}'s Bozen alphabet and with similarities to the Venetic alphabets, documented on the 21 pieces of antler, and also considered the southern inscriptions [[index::VR-3]], which {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} hadn't been able to place, and [[index::PA-1]] to belong in this group. He did, however, perceive the similarity of the linguistic forms recorded in the Magrè and Bozen alphabets, and tentatively suggested a difference between a northern and a southern "Raetic" population, where the former had mixed with the Gauls, whereas the latter, termed "Euganei", was heavily influenced by (but not necessarily related to) the Etruscans. <br />
<br />
Only in 1933 were the Transpadanian inscriptions again published together in the copious edition of the British philologist Robert Seymour {{bib|PID|Conway}} and his student Joshua {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}, ''The Pre-Italic Dialects of Italy'' (PID). {{bib|PID|Conway}}, who had been working on this project since 1907, limited himself to editing volume I containing the Venetic inscriptions, so that the others (vol. II) were effectively attended to by {{bib|PID|Whatmough}} alone, but drawing heavily on {{bib|PID|Conway}}'s notes. The {{bib|PID}} was a very ambitious project, both in scope and in method: The editors of the {{bib|PID}} attempted to have all the inscriptions autopsied by themselves or at least a trustworthy colleague. The sub-corpus presented as "Raetic" by {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}, in addition to the inscriptions already listed by {{bib|Pauli 1888|Pauli}} as written in the Bozen alphabet and the ones mentioned in the preceding paragraph, included [[index::RN-2]] (found in 1924) and thirteen inscriptions on various objects from [[index::Sanzeno]] preserved in the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Ferdinandeum]] ([[index::SZ-17]] to [[index::SZ-29]]). {{bib|PID|Whatmough}} also republished [[index::BZ-9]], which had already been published loco obscuro by {{bib|Orgler 1866|Orgler}} in 1866. Of inscriptions previously assigned to other groups, he included the inscriptions from the Val d'Astico [[index::AS-1]] to [[index::AS-14]], which had been published as belonging to the Venetic corpus, but which he associated with {{bib|Pellegrini 1918|Pellegrini}}'s Magrè alphabet, as well as [[index::VR-5]] (filed as Lepontic by {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}}). He also counted the inscriptions in the Sondrio alphabet as Raetic, but considered them both alphabetically and linguistically deviant. [[index::HU-1]] and [[index::BZ-17]] were mentioned in the appendix. {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}, who had basically finished his volume by 1925 and published a preliminary paper in [[index::Whatmough 1923|1923]], agreed with {{bib|Pellegrini 1918|Pellegrini}} that the language connected the Magrè with the Bozen group. In opposition to {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} he argued that this language was not Etruscan or Etruscoid, but "the remnants of the speech of some tribe, the chief constituent of whose population was Western Indo-European, probably of mixed Celtic-Illyrean stock, which had been at some period of its history affected by considerable Etruscan intermixture and influence" ({{bib|Whatmough 1923}}: 69). He assumed that the inscriptions were mainly votives, and accordingly read almost exclusively anthroponyms and theonyms, which he explained by comparing them to established names, mainly of Celtic or "Illyrian" origin. As concerns the alphabet, {{bib|PID|Whatmough}} also dissented from {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}} in that he saw all the Transpadanian alphabets as directly derived from the Etruscan, with the Magrè alphabet very similar to the Venetic alphabets, and the Bozen alphabet particularly close to the original Etruscan.<br />
<br />
=== The "Räterfrage" and Tyrolean toponymy ===<br />
<br />
The discussion of Raetic has long been impeded by nationalistic feeling on both the Austrian/German and the Italian side, because the question of Raetic identity and affiliation was regarded as relevant to the political, linguistical and ethnic situation of what used to be the Habsburg Kronland of Tyrol up to 1918. The debate has centered on the "Räterfrage" – the origin and composition of a hypothetical Raetic people. The profusion of usually fuzzy and sometimes contradictory propositions put forth on this topic lay rooted in the confusion or even equation of the classical name ''Raeti'', whose ancient purport was to be identified, and the epigraphical finds defined, inconsistently over time (see above), as linguistically or alphabetically Raetic. The Italian side has traditionally favored the Etruscan theory, proposing a Mediterranean drift into the Alps since pre-Roman times as suggested by the [[index::Historiography and testimonia about the Raeti|classical historiographers]], while the Austrian camp preferred to identify the Raeti with the omnipresent Illyrians: With regard to {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}}'s results concerning the Etruscan character of the inscriptions found in the [[index::Bozen]] area and as far north as [[index::Matrei am Brenner]], Friedrich {{bib|Stolz 1886|Stolz}} conceded that Etruscans dwelled "im südlichen Theile des Landes" ({{bib|Stolz 1892}}: p. 37) – that is, where an Italian-speaking population existed in his own time. (Literature on the ethnicity of the Raeti before Stolz in Anm. 14.) {{bib|Stolz 1886|Stolz}} regarded the name ''Raeti'' as a cover term, which allowed him to look for other ethnicities with which to identify the northern population. He introduced a comment made by Strabon (IV,206) into the discussion, which mentions the Inntal tribes of the Breuni and the Genauni as being Illyrians, thereby mitigating the controversy: The Illyrians were associated with neither Italy nor Central Europe, but the Balkan. {{bib|Stolz 1886|Stolz}} then channelled the problem into toponymy, with the pre-Roman toponyms of Tyrol being widely regarded as Illyrian in the first place. {{bib|Stolz 1886|Stolz}}' writings have influenced prehistoric research in Austria and Germany until the cessation of "Panillyrism" in the 1950ies, among others Oswald {{bib|Menghin 1911|Menghin}} and Ferdinand {{bib|Haug 1914|Haug}}. Even {{bib|AIF III|Pauli}}, who had identified the Venetic tribes with the Illyrians, acknowledged the relevance of Strabon and had his Illyro-Veneti settle in the greater part of north-western Tyrol, with the Etruscans only migrating along the valley of the river Etsch to [[index::Matrei am Brenner|Matrei]] (p. 242 f.). <br />
<br />
The 1920ies and 1930ies witnessed a linguistically based argument between the leading philologists in the field, conducted mainly in the journals ''Glotta'', ''Studi Etruschi'' (SE) and the nationalistic ''Archivio per l’Alto Adige'' (AAA). <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Whatmough</span>'s opinions (also {{bib|Whatmough 1934|1934}}) were accepted by Giuliano {{bib|Bonfante 1935|Bonfante}}, who took the Raeti for Illyrians. They were opposed by Rudolf {{bib|Thurneysen 1933|Thurneysen}}, who found the equation of Raetic {{w||þinaχe}} with Etruscan {{w||zinace}}, and {{bib|Cortsen 1935}}: 181. Paul {{bib|Kretschmer 1932|Kretschmer}} (also {{bib|Kretschmer 1932b}}, {{bib|Kretschmer 1940}} and {{bib|Kretschmer 1943|1943}}, {{bib|Kretschmer 1949}}), Vittore {{bib|Pisani 1935|Pisani}} and Francesco {{bib|Ribezzo 1934|Ribezzo}} (also {{bib|Ribezzo 1934b}}) also recognized similarities between Raetic and Etruscan, but argued a common ancestor: While the former two saw Raetic as an autochthonous pre-IE language related to Minor Asian Etruscan, which at the time of the inscriptions was already being Indo-Europeanized, {{bib|Ribezzo 1934b|Ribezzo}} preferred to have speakers of a pre-IE substratum including Raetic and Etruscan immigrate from Central Europe. Italian nationalism was represented by Carlo {{bib|Battisti 1927|Battisti}} (numerous papers, see [[index::Bibliography|bibliography]]), who stuck with [[index::Historiography and testimonia about the Raeti|the ancients]] by identifying the Raeti with Etruscan fugitives, and fit this theory into an overall picture of migration from the South (and East) into the Alps. On the other end of the scepticism scale, Emil <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Vetter</span>, who was responsible for the bibliographical reviews concerning Italic languages in ''Glotta'', joined the debate in {{bib|Vetter 1935|1935}} (p. 205) by remarking that he did not consider the Raetic–Etruscan equations compelling. He maintained his sceptical outlook in {{bib|Vetter 1943|1943}}, suggesting that the Sondrio inscriptions ought to be kept apart from the Raetic ones and that possibly even the Bozen and Magrè groups were not as close as generally assumed (70 f. and 77 resp.), but later reverted to <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Kretschmer</span>'s position based on the finds of the 1940ies and 1950ies.<br />
<br />
=== New finds and findings in the 1950ies and 1960ies ===<br />
<br />
After 1945, excavations conducted in South Tyrol and the Trentino brought important new finds to light. The bronzes of [[index::Sanzeno]] (inscriptions [[SZ-1]] to [[SZ-15]]), found in 1947, shifted the epicentre of {{bib|AIF I|Pauli}}’s Bozen alphabet to the right of the river Adige. They were published in 1950 by Giacomo {{bib|Roberti 1950|Roberti}}, and again in 1951 with a linguistical focus by Giovan Battista {{bib|Pellegrini 1951|Pellegrini}}, who also mentioned [[index::SZ-38]], [[index::SZ-39]], and the inscriptions on bronze handles [[index::SZ-40]] and [[index::SZ-53]]. [[index::SZ-31]] on a simpulum came to light two years later, and was also published by {{bib|Pellegrini 1954|Pellegrini}}, as well as two inscriptions from the Puster Valley: [[index::PU-1|the inscription on the girdle plate from Lothen]] in {{bib|Pellegrini 1951b|1951}}, and, together with Loredana {{bib|Calzavara Capuis & Pellegrini 1970|Calzavara Capuis}}, [[index::PU-4|one on an Etruscan-style stone amulet]]. Another find from the eastern border of the distribution area, [[index::TV-1|the inscription of Castelciés]], which had been known among archaeologists for two centuries, was edited and assigned to the Raetic corpus by Michel {{bib|Lejeune 1951|Lejeune}}. {{bib|Vetter 1943|Vetter}} discovered [[index::BZ-11]] on a cist published [[index::Ghislanzoni 1939|a few years earlier]]. Throughout the 1950ies and early 1960ies, Leonhard <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Franz</span> and Karl M. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mayr</span> of the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]] added a number of finds from the northern area to the corpus. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mayr</span> published separately [[index::PU-2|another inscription]] (though less relevant) from the Puster Valley, the [[index::VN-1|first inscription from the Vintschgau]] in the western North, and from [[index::Bozen]], besides [[index::BZ-6]] and [[index::BZ-14]], the [[index::BZ-24|first inscription possibly displaying a mixture of Raetic and Roman features]]. The [[index::Nonsberg|Non Valley]] corpus was augmented with [[index::NO-2]] and [[index::NO-7]]. <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Franz</span> as the museum's "Fachdirektor" made an effort to unearth all the relevant material preserved in his house, publishing not only the interesting [[index::SZ-68]], but also a fair number of objects bearing rather doubtful characters, mainly from [[index::Sanzeno]] (see {{bib|Franz 1957}} and {{bib|Franz 1959}}). <br />
<br />
In 1957, the discovery of inscriptions displaying Raetic affinity in both script and language in North Tyrol – the [[index::Steinberg|"petrographs of Steinberg"]] (in fact situated in the community Brandenberg), published by {{bib|Vetter 1957|Vetter}}, and two inscribed objects from the [[index::Himmelreich]], published by Alfons {{bib|Kasseroler 1957|Kasseroler}} – extended the domain of Raetic to the North of the Brenner. The [[index::Steinberg]] find especially made an impact, since it was the first petrograph found in the Raetic realm, and completely unlike the obvious comparanda, the petrographs in the Val Camonica. Also, both the [[index::Steinberg]] and the [[index::PU-1|Lothen]] inscriptions displayed yet more alphabet variants, apparently akin to the Venetic. The "stagshorns" from the [[index::Montesei di Serso]] on the other hand, found between 1962 and 1964 and published by {{bib|Pellegrini & Sebesta 1965|Pellegrini}} in 1965, represented a subcorpus very similar to that of [[index::Magrè]], and established the inscribed piece of antler as a typically "Raetic" artefact.<br />
<br />
While there was still some doubt as to the linguistic affiliation of Raetic (for example {{bib|Pulgram 1958}}: 209), some progress was made in detail: {{bib|Pellegrini 1951|Pellegrini}}, though he [[index::Pellegrini 1969|later]] (p. 47 f.) lost his faith in the Etruscan theory, restated and expanded {{bib|Thurneysen 1933|Thurneysen}}'s {{w||zinace}}-equation (p. 321), and observed that the lack of a character for {{p||o}} could be interpreted as an Etruscan feature ({{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}: 192). He also reintroduced the [[index::SL-1|inscription on the Vače helmet]], which had been put into Raetic context on graphematic grounds by {{bib|Marstrander 1927|Marstrander}} in the original publication, and had now a [[index::þerisna|parallel]] from the [[index::Montesei di Serso]]. {{bib|Vetter 1954|Vetter}} detected [[index::-nu|the patronymic suffix]]; his finding was supported by Jürgen {{bib|Untermann 1959|Untermann}} in the course of his careful reevaluation of the name material of Northern Italy. In 1968, Ernst {{bib|Risch 1970|Risch}}, who had been invited as the token linguist to speak at an archaeological symposium on the Raeti in Chur (see below), gave an overview of the current state of research. He addressed methodological problems such as the doubtful homogeneity of ethnicity and language in Alpine regions and apparent linguistic and epigraphic variants in the inscription, but tentatively presumed a genetic relationship of the surmised Raetic dialects with Etruscan. Furthermore, he definitively excluded the rock inscriptions of the Val Camonica and the other testimonies written in the [[index::Script|Sondrio alphabet]] from the Raetic corpus.<br />
<br />
=== Prosdocimi, Mancini and the ''Iscrizioni retiche'' ===<br />
<br />
{{bib|Risch 1970|Risch}}'s tackling of basic questions of method and definition was pursued by Aldo Luigi {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971|Prosdocimi}}, who adressed himself to methodological criticism, especially on the popular practice of interpreting inscriptions whose reading was not certain. He took an important step by explicitly defining the denotations and limitations of the term "Raetic":<br />
<br />
1. The term "Raetic" is defined by nothing but the script, in that it is applicable to those North Italic (North Etruscan) inscriptions that are written in neither the alphabet of Este nor in those of Lugano or Sondrio.<br><br />
2. There are overlaps with neighbouring script provinces, and also offshoots on the margins.<br><br />
3. The Raetic script shows variants.<br><br />
4. The Raetic script might accommodate different languages, possibly including those customarily written in neighbouring alphabets. Accordingly, a language or dialect associated with the Raetic script could occasionally be found in an inscription in a non-Raetic alphabet.<br><br />
5. The Etruscan features of the Raetic language could be due to a genetic relationship, to one being a younger stage of the other, to secondary influence of one on the other, or result simply from the constricted view of the Indo-Europeanists, to whom all non-IE languages look vaguely similar.<br />
<br />
In 1973, {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971|Prosdocimi}}'s student Alberto {{bib|Mancini 1973|Mancini}} produced a list of questions that he deemed most urgent, including problems of phoneme-grapheme-relation, forms of graphemes, and also the still doubtful role of the Sondrio alphabet. Two years later, he published [[index::IR|a lengthy article]] entitled ''Iscrizioni retiche'' (IR) in which he strove to update and amend the Raetic corpus as presented by {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}. {{bib|IR|Mancini}}’s is not a corpus as such, it merely serves as a supplement to the {{bib|PID}}. Where he considered the readings of {{bib|PID|Whatmough}} or earlier scholars to be wrong or in some way amendable, he gave alternative interpretations by himself or others according to the 1973 state of the art. He collected the new inscriptions, including, besides most of the finds mentioned in the preceding section, entirely new material which he found in museums, mainly the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Ferdinandeum]] and the [[index::Castello del Buonconsiglio]]. Apart from the [[index::SZ-30|considerable, but fragmented inscription]] on the [[index::SZ-30 situla|Sanzeno situla]], the linguistically important [[index::NO-13]] and a number of minor testimonies, he augmented the corpus with "sigle" similar to the marginal material in {{bib|Franz 1959}}, thereby being responsible for a good portion of the doubtful inscriptions and script-like scratchings which inflate especially the [[index::Sanzeno]] subcorpus (e.g. on Sanzeno bowls, scythe rings and various other iron implements). The work’s great virtue, especially compared to the unillustrated {{bib|PID}}, is the abundance of photographs and drawings, even if the quality of the latter is inferior.<br />
<br />
Professional modern researchers have largely heeded {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971|Prosdocimi}}’s advice, apart from Maria Grazia {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978|Tibiletti Bruno}}, who unfortunately was chosen to contribute on Raetic to an important and much read [[index::Prosdocimi 1978|compendium on the languages and dialects of ancient Italy]] in 1978. In the [[index::Räterproblem 1984|second edition of the proceedings of the Chur symposium]], {{bib|Risch 1970|Risch}}'s 1970 paper appeared in a [[index::Risch 1984|revised version]] in which the author back-pedalled on the matter of Raetic–Etruscan cognation.<br />
<br />
=== "Raetic" archaeology ===<br />
<br />
The above-mentioned symposium on Raetic held in 1968 in Chur, Switzerland, had an archaeological focus and was mainly concerned with the problem of establishing a methodologically sound connection between the historical Raeti, the inscriptions, and their potential archaeological context. Its results were published in 1970 as [[index::Räterforschung 1970|''Der heutige Stand der Räterforschung'']], and again in 1984 under the title [[index::Räterproblem 1984|''Das Räterproblem in geschichtlicher, sprachlicher und archäologischer Sicht'']]. It gave a fresh impetus to research and presented some innovative ideas on the "Räterfrage". In 1981, Reimo {{bib|Lunz 1981|Lunz}} (p. 198 ff.) asserted that, nebulous as the Raeti as a people remained, the domain of the inscriptions coincided with an archaeological group of the Tyrolean younger iron age, the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture.<br />
<br />
=== Fringe scholarship on Raetic ===<br />
<br />
Like all epigraphic riddles, the Raetic inscriptions have attracted the attention of numerous fringe scholars and laymen, who are responsible for some of the more curious theories and also a couple of "decipherments". They have been the cause for no little confusion and mystification about Raetic matters in fields that are only marginally concerned with the problem, and also in the public. Ferruccio {{bib|Bravi 1979}} in a book entitled ''La lingua dei Reti'' (1979–80) has made a brave attempt at a complete edition, including many very useable pictures, but his readings are bogus. The classical philologist Linus {{bib|Brunner & Toth 1987|Brunner}}, who published various papers throughout the 1980ies, believed the inscriptions to encode a Semitic language; the chemicist Herbert {{bib|Zebisch 1988|Zebisch}}, who also put forward decipherments of the Phaistos disc and Linear A, preferred to read Iberian. Nevertheless, there is also useful work done by non-specialists, most prominently Adolfo <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Zavaroni</span>, who is the host of [http://adolfozavaroni.tripod.com a preliminary online collection of North Italic sources].<br />
<br />
=== Recent finds and compilations ===<br />
<br />
After {{bib|IR|Mancini}}’s update, new finds were uncovered in South Tyrol, the Trentino, and the Veneto, where the [[index::VR-3 spit|spada di Verona]], which had gone missing 300 years ago, was recovered and republished by Anna {{bib|Marinetti 1987|Marinetti}} in 1987 – an important work, where for the first time a segmentation of the text on purely structural grounds was attempted. {{bib|Marinetti 1991|Marinetti}} also published a [[index::VR-4|new inscription from Castelrotto near to Verona]] in 1991; [[index::FI-1]] was published in 1981 by Carlo {{bib|Sebesta 1981|Sebesta}}. From the northern area, inscriptions from the [[index::WE-3|Eisack Valley]] and the [[index::PU-3|Puster Valley]] were published by {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}}; while the latter is illegible, more utilisable finds from that site ([[index::PU-5]]–[[index::PU-11]]) were published by {{bib|Marinetti 1992}}.<br />
<br />
In 1992, Stefan {{bib|Schumacher 1992|Schumacher}}’s ''Die rätischen Inschriften'', intended as a preliminary work to a proper corpus, sought to combine the data from the {{bib|PID}} and the {{bib|IR}} and contains a collection of all inscriptions then known, sorted by find spot following the example of {{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}} for the Venetic corpus. New material presented by {{bib|Schumacher 1992|Schumacher}} includes additional finds from the [[index::IT-3|Inn Valley]], the [[index::WE-2|Eisack Valley]] and the Vintschgau ([[index::VN-2]]–[[index::VN-4]]), minor inscriptions from the [[index::Nonsberg|Non Valley]] – the most interesting ones on [[index::SZ-73 helmet|a helmet]] –, a number of finds from [[index::Bozen]], and a [[index::EN-1 potsherd|ceramic fragment]] bearing characters from the Engadin to the West of the distribution area, mentioned in {{bib|Risch 1984}}, the attribution of which is debatable. {{bib|Schumacher 1992|Schumacher}}’s work made possible an overall view of the inscriptions and the language they encoded, and laid the basis for new insights, published mainly by {{bib|Schumacher 1999|Schumacher}} (also {{bib|Schumacher 1993|1993}} and {{bib|Schumacher 1998|1998}}) and Helmut {{bib|Rix 1998|Rix}}, who devoted a small monograph to these matters in 1998. Raetic was determined to be more homogenic than expected, and indeed related to Etruscan. Important contributions have been made in the 1990ies by {{bib|Schumacher 1994|Schumacher}} himself, who published more bone objects from the Vintschgau and two newfound bronzes ([[index::HU-5]] and [[index::HU-6]]; see also {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}), <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mancini</span> (see [[index::Bibliography]]), who republished four inscriptions from [[index::Trissino]] in {{bib|Mancini 1995|1995}}, {{bib|Schmeja 1996}}, {{bib|Morandi 1999}}, and the 1992 compendium [[index::Metzger & Gleirscher 1992|''Die Räter / I Reti'']].<br />
<br />
In 2004, {{bib|Schumacher 2004|Schumacher}} updated his collection for a second edition, augmenting it with a summarisation of the recent findings and a couple of newfound inscriptions. Apart from yet more bone objects with short inscriptions from the Vintschgau, he published the substantial [[index::IT-4]] on an elaborately carved [[index::IT-4 unidentifiable|piece of antler]], and included the [[index::BZ-24|latinoid inscription on a stone from Bozen]] published by <span style="font-variant:small-caps;">Mayr</span> (as BZ-I), and an [[index::AV-1|inscription on a silver ring]] from the very North of the distribution area, published by {{bib|Ziegaus & Rix 1998}}. He also decided to finally introduce the Slovenian helmets into the corpus. Also in 2004, {{bib|Marinetti 2004|Marinetti}} published a group of potentially Raetic inscriptions from [[index::Montorio Veronese|Montorio]] and [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]], both near to [[index::Verona]].<br />
<br />
In 2009/2010, {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} put forward a new edition, which presented no progress in the field of Raetic epigraphy. The focus of the work lies on "producing an edition of inscriptions rather than on language issues" (transl. p. VII) – accordingly, {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} included almost all the relevent testimonies (leaving out the new material in {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}, and failing to include {{bib|Marinetti 2004|Marinetti}}'s new material as well as [[index::HU-7|the inscription on the situla in Providence]], which had been conclusively shown to be Raetic by {{bib|Schürr 2003}}) with a complete list of literature and previous readings, but no further commentary. However, the work does not present the most recent state of research (e.g. in the presentation of the inscriptions of [[index::Steinberg]], which had been reread and conclusively interpreted by {{bib|Schumacher 2004}} – indeed, {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} appears not to have read the work). The photographs and drawings are the same as provided in the [[index::IR|''Iscrizioni retiche'']], but printed in considerably worse quality. No autopsies seem to have been conducted for this edition. For reasons unknown, {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} felt the necessity to provide the inscriptions with new sigla and rearrange them, but no table of concordance is provided for the convenience of the reader. The arrangement is not only pointless, but bound to irritate and confuse future readers: {{bib|LIR|Mancini}}'s sigla groups are based on largely the same rough regions as determined by {{bib|Schumacher 1992}}; in consequence some sigla are identical but refer to different inscriptions (e.g. in the BZ-group). Furthermore, {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} decided to enlarge the corpus even further, with the inclusion of such old museum finds of "sigle" as he had already excluded in [[index::IR|1975]]. (TIR has decided not to include the lot, see [[index::Raetica]].)<br />
<br />
As of 2014, the Raetic corpus can be augmented with a number of linguistically relevant finds: From the Inn Valley come [[index::IT-5|the considerable inscription on a bronze tablet]], published in detail in {{bib|De Simone & Marchesini 2013}}, as well as the shorter [[index::IT-6]], [[index::IT-7]] and [[index::IT-8]]. In two locations in the Inn Valley and the Ammergau in Bavaria did the [http://www.anisa.at/ ANISA – Association for rock art and settlement in the Alps] discover rocks bearing Raetic inscription comparable to the ones at [[index::Steinberg]]. Only this year, three very utilisable new inscriptions from the [[index::Nonsberg|Non Valley]] ([[index::NO-15]], [[index::NO-16]], [[index::NO-17]]) were published by Simona {{bib|Marchesini 2014|Marchesini}}.<br />
<br />
{{gallery}}<br />
{{bibliography}}<br />
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=File:PU-01_photo_2.jpg&diff=16879File:PU-01 photo 2.jpg2016-11-19T06:28:09Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
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<div>{{file<br />
|description=Object `PU-1 girdle plate´ with inscription `PU-1´ - rear side.<br />
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|type_image=photo<br />
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|author=Gudrun Bajc<br />
|copyright=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum<br />
|showonpage=PU-1 girdle plate, PU-1<br />
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}}<br />
{{copyright<br />
|type_copyright=Non-commercial or educational use<br />
}}<br />
With kind support from [[index::Museum Mansio Sebatum]] and [[index::Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano]].<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=File:PU-01_photo_1.jpg&diff=16878File:PU-01 photo 1.jpg2016-11-19T06:24:06Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
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<div>{{file<br />
|description=Object `PU-1 girdle plate´ - front side.<br />
|motif=PU-1 girdle plate<br />
|type_image=photo<br />
|format=landscape<br />
|author=Gudrun Bajc<br />
|copyright=Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum<br />
|showonpage=PU-1 girdle plate<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
{{copyright<br />
|type_copyright=Non-commercial or educational use<br />
}}<br />
With kind support from [[index::Museum Mansio Sebatum]] and [[index::Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano]].<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=PU-1&diff=16877PU-12016-11-19T06:20:33Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{inscription<br />
|reading=)unknown!χa? φelzuries unknown!kalahepruśiahil(?) / klu?θurus<br />
|reading_original={{c|Χ||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}?{{c|Φ||d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|Z|Z4|d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|R|R2|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|S|S2}}{{c|K||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}{{c|L||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}{{c|H|H3|d}}{{c|E||d}}{{c|P||d}}{{c|R|R2|d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|Ś|Ś2|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|A|A13|d}}{{c|H|H3|d}}{{c|I||d}}{{c|L||d}}(?)<br><span style="margin-left:93px">{{c|K||d}}</span>{{c|L||d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}?{{c|Θ||d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|R||d}}{{c|U|U5|d}}{{c|S|S2|d}}<br />
|direction=dextroverse<br />
|letter_height_min=2<br />
|letter_height_max=3.7 cm<br />
|letter_number_min=36<br />
|line_number=2<br />
|script=North Italic script<br />
|alphabet=Magrè alphabet<br />
|language=Raetic<br />
|meaning=unknown<br />
|object=PU-1 girdle plate<br />
|position=back<br />
|orientation=180<br />
|craftsmanship=engraved<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|sigla_ir=99<br />
|sigla_mancini=SLO-1<br />
|sigla_mlr=22<br />
|source=Schumacher 2004: 186<br />
|checklevel=4<br />
|problem=Zeilenlänge (Pellegrini/Mancini), -śi vgl. AS-2, etr. Turus (Pell p. 15), ist dextrovers archaisch (Vetter)?<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
First published in {{bib|Pellegrini 1951b}}: 11–15. Autopsied by TIR in June 2015.<br />
<br />
Images in {{bib|Pellegrini 1951b}}: 11 (drawing), {{bib|Pellegrini 1952}}: 542 (drawing = {{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}: 194), {{bib|Mayr 1960g}} (drawing), {{bib|Lunz 1981}}: Taf. 86 (drawing) and {{bib|LIR}} (drawing), {{bib|MLR}} (photo and drawing).<br />
<br />
Written in two lines on the back of a girdle plate (upside-down when the plate is worn). The inscription is in very bad condition; according to {{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}: 194 the object had been polished since his original publication, which led to the characters being "quasi svanite" – while the situation is not quite that bad, a reading is difficult without the help of the drawings made before the cleaning, provided by Pellegrini. Note that his 1952 facsimile is truer than the original drawing by G.B. Frescura, which features some curiously angular letters; the overall best representation, however, is the one by Lunz. The letters are uniformly tall and slender, bars tending to be applied close to the top, with prolonged hastae towards the bottom. They are slightly inclined to the right, but tidily scratched. <br />
<br />
Line 1: Length about 26.5 cm. Written along the upper edge (which is the lower one going by the figural decorations on the front), with a distance of 0.5–1 cm from it. {{c||Χ|d}} is very faint, but clear; {{c||A13|d}} is rather broad and comparatively well visible. The following character is not as tall as the others, being written in the upper part of the line: a short hasta, two parallel lines slanting down, another two slanting upwards again, intercrossing with the first pair. Pellegrini originally read {{c||M|d}}, misinterpreting the upper one of the first pair of bars as a third bar. If anything, {{c||N|d}} is more likely, and no other letter suggests itself, but there is no reason for the shortened hasta, and lines crossing or being repeated do not occur anywhere else in the inscription. After a comparatively wide gap (0.8 cm) {{c||Φ|d}}{{c||E|d}}; {{c||L|d}} is all but vanished, but may be seen with the right light. The next letter can be confirmed to look as Pellegrini drew it ({{c||Z4d}}), but the identification as Sigma is not plausible: The central vertical is full-length and perfectly straight, the two bars – not meeting in the centre – reach neatly up to it. The letter looks too neat to be a ramshackle {{c||S}}, quite apart from the fact that Sigma appears in its four-stroke variant twice in the inscription. As already observed by {{bib|Schürr 2001}}: 214 (note 30), an identification of the letter as an otherwise unattested variant of Zeta is much more likely. {{c||U5|d}}{{c||R2|d}}{{c||I|d}}{{c||E|d}}{{c||S2}} is clear. Pellegrini saw a punctuation mark {{c||line d 01}} at the bottom of the line, parallel to the lowest bar of {{c||S2}}; it could not be certainly confirmed in autopsy. The distance between {{c||S2}} and {{c||K|d}} is not bigger than average. {{c||K|d}} is damaged by a vertical crack, but unambiguous, as are the following letters.<br />
<br />
From the first Heta on the letters get thinner and slightly shorter – the writer obviously got into difficulties with the remaining space. This begs the question of whether more letters might not be found after {{c||L|d}}: Pellegrini saw the trace of another hasta, opting to read Sigma ({{bib|Pellegrini 1952}}: 542 ff.); no opinions can be offered today, as the area appears to have been polished particularly scrupulously. In any case, the group of scratches right below the last letters of line 1 is not a continuation of the line (pace {{bib|Mayr 1960g}}: 495), but an independent character, probably non-script (cp. {{bib|Vetter 1954}}: 79). It has two almost identical counterparts, situated at the centre of the other short side and in the centre of the plaque, respectively. Pellegrini interprets them as the Etruscan numeral {{c||50}}{{c||1}} (inverted) '51' (or '53', due to the varying number of small scratches in the chevron: two in the central character, one in the left-side one, none in the right-side one), and compares the last group of strokes in [[index::SZ-15.2]]. {{bib|Ribezzo 1952–53b}}: 470, {{bib|Mayr 1960g}} and {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} read them as (various) letters.<br />
<br />
Line 2: Length about 9.5 cm, written along the lower edge. The letters start approximately at the centre of the line, right behind the latter of the abovementioned symbols (?) – possibly to avoid it, assuming that they preceded the application of the inscription. The lower bar of {{c||K|d}} is very faint. The third letter is definitely {{c||U5|d}}, not {{c||A14|d}} as originally read by Pellegrini – the bar, even if it could be detected, would have the wrong orientation. The following letter is another eccentric assembly of lines (see drawing). Pellegrini again read {{c||N|d}}, for the sake of obtaining a sequence {{w||klan}} to compare with Etruscan {{w||clan}} 'son', but as with the two instances mentioned above, the identification of the character is far from certain (unless one opts to assume that the writer just couldn't master the letter Nu). The rest of the line is unambiguous; {{c||S2|d}} is turned against writing direction in opposition to {{c||S2}} in line 1.<br />
<br />
The alphabet of PU-1 is that of Magrè with "inverted" Upsilon and Lambda and angled Pi. The peculiarities in ductus – the forms of Sigma, Heta and San – are assumed to be archaic by Pellegrini and {{bib|Vetter 1954}}: 78. Four-stroked {{c||S2}} occurs elsewhere only the more peculiar type of prevalently dextroverse Raetic rock inscriptions (see [[index::Script]]). It is very rare in Venetic, only occurring in the South, but less so in the Lugano alphabet; Pellegrini considers it an Etruscan feature. Heta {{c||H3|d}} with three bars is archaic only in Venetic terms; in Raetic context, without regard to its comparative rareness, it is the variety typical for the Magrè alphabet (in contrast to {{c||H2}} in the Sanzeno alphabet). Double-pennon San {{c||Ś2}}, on the other hand, is isolated in the Raetic corpus (the parallels from Magrè and Verona mentioned by Pellegrini are non-existent); it does, however, parallel the development of San in the Lugano alphabet (see {{bib|Lexicon Leponticum}}: [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/San Ś]). Pellegrini's assessment that the alphabet used was particularly close to the Etruscan cannot be confirmed, but the inscription does display some unusual features.<br />
<br />
This also pertains to the linguistic content, which is mostly obscure. (Pellegrini's complete, though tentative, interpretation of the text as an Etruscoid sepulchral inscription certainly goes too far.) Assuming that the separator in line 1 does exist, we have auslauting -{{p||s}} twice in the text, possibly marking genitives. {{w||klunθuru}} with auslauting -{{p||u}} might well be an individual name (cp. {{w||laθurusi|laθuru}}, {{w||χaisurus|χaisuru}}). The only sequence which can be readily compared to other Raetic material is {{w||φelzuries}} ('of/for Φelzurie'?), which cannot but belong with {{w||φelturiesi|φel(i)turie}}. The dental stop being written with rare Zeta is yet another peculiarity of this inscription – see [[index::Script]] for a discussion of the writing of dentals. The ending of line 1 might be compared to that of [[index::PA-1]] {{w||aχvil|akvil}}· – even if {{w||ahil}} is not the same word, the ending suggests a noun; {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} identifies the trace after {{c||L|d}} as a punctuation mark on the basis of this parallel. Pellegrini suggests etr. {{w||avil}} 'year' (going with his numerals).<br />
<br />
PU-1 is one of the few lengthy Raetic inscriptions not containing a pertinentive construction with {{m||-ku}}. On a belt plaque, a votive or sepulchral inscription is not primarily to be expected (a profane gift?), but cannot be excluded (secondary use).<br />
<br />
Further references: {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 230 f., {{bib|Mancini 1999}}: 302.<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=PU-1_girdle_plate&diff=16876PU-1 girdle plate2016-11-19T06:16:10Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|name=Gürtelblech von Lothen<br />
|type_object=girdle plate<br />
|material=bronze<br />
|dimension=length: 37.3 cm, width: 10.4 cm, thickness: 0.2 mm<br />
|dimension_max=37.3 cm<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sortdate=-475<br />
|date=beginning of the 5th century BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Lothen / Campolino<br />
|field_name=Burgkofel<br />
|find_circumstances=construction works<br />
|sortdate_find=1940<br />
|location=Museum Mansio Sebatum<br />
|inventory_number=none<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Lunz 1981: 201, fig. 86; Dal Rì 1987: 177–178 (No. 730), fig. 304; Morandi 1999: 49-51 (No. 7); Steiner 2011b: 598–599<br />
|checklevel=3<br />
|problem=Objektbeschreibung<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Bronze girdle plate.<br>Complete, with figural decorations. The central scene composed by a figural depiction of two deers. The deer on the right end with large antlers looks downwards, probably browsing. Around the central scene a frame made of fine grooves.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. The indications given in the specialised literature differ partly: Cp. e.g. {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}}: 177 (''"Lungh. cm 35; largh. cm 12; spess. cm 0,07"''; in succession {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 49, ''"Misura in lunghezza cm 35."'') or {{bib|Steiner 2011b}}: 598 (''"Lungh. cm 32; largh. cm 10,4"'').<br>On the back side an [[index::PU-1|inscription]].<br>According to the information given by the official museum page the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate]] was found in 1940, during construction works, below the [[index::Burgkofel]]. Cp. also: {{bib|Lunz 1973b}}: 21; {{bib|Steiner 2011b}}: 598–599. In contrast to this indication Morandi notes 1948 as find year (cp. {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 49).<br>Due to the figural decoration working which is adapted to the typology of the situlae the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate from Lothen]] dates to the 5th century BC.<br>Schumacher indicates the [[index::Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano]] as depository (with inventory nr. 2168; cp. {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 186). However, the study and autopsy of the objects preserved in the [[index::Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano|museum]] by the team of the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' have shown that the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate]] is not kept there anymore. Probably the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate]] is now preserved in the [[index::Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano]]. However, since the opening of the museum [[index::Museum Mansio Sebatum]] the [[PU-1 girdle plate|girdle plate from Lothen]] is preserved and shown at the local permanent exhibition. See the [http://www.mansio-sebatum.it/2014/neu-im-museumgurtelblech-aus-bronze-und-munzschatz/ official page of the museum] (as at 30. October 2014).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in June 2015.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=PU-1_girdle_plate&diff=16875PU-1 girdle plate2016-11-19T06:10:27Z<p>Sindy Kluge: Sindy Kluge moved page PU-1 belt plaque to PU-1 girdle plate without leaving a redirect</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|name=Gürtelblech von Lothen<br />
|type_object=belt plaque<br />
|material=bronze<br />
|dimension=length: 37.3 cm, width: 10.4 cm, thickness: 0.2 mm<br />
|dimension_max=37.3 cm<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sortdate=-475<br />
|date=beginning of the 5th century BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Lothen / Campolino<br />
|field_name=Burgkofel<br />
|find_circumstances=construction works<br />
|sortdate_find=1940<br />
|location=Museum Mansio Sebatum<br />
|inventory_number=none<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Lunz 1981: 201, fig. 86; Dal Rì 1987: 177–178 (No. 730), fig. 304; Morandi 1999: 49-51 (No. 7); Steiner 2011b: 598–599<br />
|checklevel=3<br />
|problem=Objektbeschreibung<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Bronze belt plaque.<br>Complete, with figural decorations. The central scene composed by a figural depiction of two deers. The deer on the right end with large antlers looks downwards, probably browsing. Around the central scene a frame made of fine grooves.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. The indications given in the specialised literature differ partly: Cp. e.g. {{bib|Dal Rì 1987}}: 177 (''"Lungh. cm 35; largh. cm 12; spess. cm 0,07"''; in succession {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 49, ''"Misura in lunghezza cm 35."'') or {{bib|Steiner 2011b}}: 598 (''"Lungh. cm 32; largh. cm 10,4"'').<br>On the back side an [[index::PU-1|inscription]].<br>According to the information given by the official museum page the [[PU-1 belt plaque|belt plaque]] was found in 1940, during construction works, below the [[index::Burgkofel]]. Cp. also: {{bib|Lunz 1973b}}: 21; {{bib|Steiner 2011b}}: 598–599. In contrast to this indication Morandi notes 1948 as find year (cp. {{bib|Morandi 1999}}: 49).<br>Due to the figural decoration working which is adapted to the typology of the situlae the [[PU-1 belt plaque|belt plaque from Lothen]] dates to the 5th century BC.<br>Schumacher indicates the [[index::Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano]] as depository (with inventory nr. 2168; cp. {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 186). However, the study and autopsy of the objects preserved in the [[index::Stadtmuseum Bozen / Museo Civico di Bolzano|museum]] by the team of the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' have shown that the [[PU-1 belt plaque|belt plaque]] is not kept there anymore. Probably the [[PU-1 belt plaque|belt plaque]] is now preserved in the [[index::Amt für Bodendenkmäler Bozen / Ufficio Beni archeologici Bolzano]]. However, since the opening of the museum [[index::Museum Mansio Sebatum]] the [[PU-1 belt plaque|belt plaque from Lothen]] is preserved and shown at the local permanent exhibition. See the [http://www.mansio-sebatum.it/2014/neu-im-museumgurtelblech-aus-bronze-und-munzschatz/ official page of the museum] (as at 30. October 2014).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in June 2015.<br>''S.K.''<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Property:type_object&diff=16874Property:type object2016-11-19T06:09:19Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{property<br />
|description=Describes the broad class of objects to which the item belongs.<br />
|type=Text<br />
|allows value=rock, slab, stone, antler, tusk, bone, horn, fibula, ring, shield, helmet, ladle, vessel, cup, gouge, sword, knife, axe, hoe, chisel, rod, key, needle, loom weight, simpulum, spatula, strainer, plaque, belt plaque, fitting, mounting, ingot, bowl, pot, handle, cist, situla, statuette, scythe ring, scythe, sickle, unidentifiable, unknown, spit, appliqué, musical instrument, bronze, beaker, spear butt, votive offering, sortes, girdle plate<br />
}}<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
{{property_statistics|Object}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=User:Sindy_Kluge/maps&diff=16851User:Sindy Kluge/maps2016-11-12T14:26:46Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Map 1: Verteilung Alphabet von Sanzeno und Alphabet von Magrè */</p>
<hr />
<div>== Map 1: Verteilung Alphabet von Sanzeno und Alphabet von Magrè ==<br />
<br />
{{#compound_query: <br />
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_008000.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C0FF40.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps|autozoom=off|zoom=7<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Marker_008000.png|baseline]] Alphabet von Magrè ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C0FF40.png|baseline]] Alphabet von Sanzeno ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
== Karte 2: Überblick ==<br />
{{#compound_query: <br />
<br />
|[[Moritzing / San Maurizio]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_120.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_060.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_090.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Mellaun / Meluno]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_FFFF80.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Ganglegg]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_C0FF40.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Sanzeno]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_240.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Bostel]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_360.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps|<br />
width=100%|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|type=physical<br />
|limit=1000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
[[File:Marker_120.png|baseline]] Moritzing / San Maurizio (BZ)<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] St. Hippolyt / Sant'Ippolito (BZ)<br />
[[File:Marker_090.png|baseline]] St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato (BZ)<br />
[[File:Marker_FFFF80.png|baseline]] Mellaun / Meluno (BZ)<br />
[[File:Marker_C0FF40.png|baseline]] Ganglegg (BZ)<br />
[[File:Marker_240.png|baseline]] Sanzeno (TN)<br />
[[File:Marker_360.png|baseline]] Bostel di Rotzo (VI)</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=NO-11_bronze&diff=16844NO-11 bronze2016-11-07T16:43:09Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|name=Pferdchen von Dercolo<br />
|type_object=bronze<br />
|material=bronze<br />
|dimension=length: 11.8 cm, width: 4.7 cm, height: 5 mm<br />
|dimension_max=11.8 cm<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sortdate=-400<br />
|date=end of the 5th century BC–around 400 BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Dercolo<br />
|find_context=hoard<br />
|find_circumstances=by chance<br />
|coordinate_n=46.24870<br />
|coordinate_e=11.04523<br />
|date_find=March 1883<br />
|location=Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum<br />
|inventory_number=1.086<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Von Wieser 1883: 220–221; Walde-Psenner 1976: 211 (No. 74), fig. 74; Zemmer-Plank et al. 1985: 165 (cat. No. 35)<br />
|checklevel=5<br />
|problem=discussion about the date, find circumstances, interpretation, integration of EX-41<br />
}}<br />
==Commentary==<br />
Bronze in the shape of a horse.<br>The bronze is halfplastic worked at which the back side is not sculptured, the front side with a D-cross-section. Green smooth patina all-over.<br>The head is highly stylized, with no indication of an eye. In the head area a harness bridle. Also the mane is stylized, worked as one closed material with some indentations. The leading flank is formed in a smaller dimension and gives the idea of a jumping horse. The only less narrow end, which is considerably thinner as the body, is perforated. On the flat back side, in the area of the forehead, the chest, the back as well as the body a total of five tapered insections.<br>On the frontside, along the longish body of the horse an [[index::NO-11|inscription]].<br>The [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum Ferdinandeum]] also keeps a copy of the object (inv. No. 1.086K) which also could be observed in the permanent exhibition.<br>Further references: {{bib|Von Wieser 1883}}: 220–221, {{bib|Oberziner 1883}}: 190 et seq. Pictures in {{bib|Oberziner 1883}}: pl. II,9 (drawing) and {{bib|LIR}}: 165 (photo and drawing); Oberziner as well as Mancini also mention and give pictures of a similar find from the same hoard.<br />
<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in November 2013.<br>''S.K.''<br>'''Missing and/or not complete data''':<br>'''Discussion about the date''' ....<br><br />
'''Find circumstances''': In 1883 a bronze situla filled with different kinds of bronze objects like fibulae and pendants was found on a ridge west of Dercolo. Moreover the situla contained a set of magical sticks (''sortes'') and bronzes - sometimes also interpreted as appliqués - in the shape of a horse (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: '''??'''). According to Mancini the situla was found in march 1882 (see {{bib|LIR}}: 164). Roberti compares [[index::SZ-6 bronze|one of the Sanzeno bronzes]] with the bronze of [[index::Dercolo]] (cp. {{bib|Roberti 1950}}: 180).<br><br />
'''Interpretation''': The collection of the wealth deposit can be interpreted as a votive hoard.<br>'''References''': Schindler 1998, Lunz 1974<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Akeo_2002&diff=16739Akeo 20022016-05-24T07:43:54Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=library copy<br />
|author=Giovanna Gambacurta,Daniela Locatelli, Luigi Malnati, Patrizia Manessi, Anna Marinetti, Giovanna Luisa Ravagnan<br />
|author_info=(Eds)<br />
|title=Akeo. I tempi della scrittura<br />
|subtitle=Veneti antichi: alfabeti e documenti<br />
|type_reference=catalogue, collective volume<br />
|language=Italian<br />
|year=2002<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Catalogue of the exhibition '''AKEO. I Tempi della Scrittura''' by the Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia di Montebelluna and the Tipoteca Italiana Fondazione. The exhibition took place:<br><br />
'''Veneti antichi. Alfabeti e documenti'''<br>Montebelluna, Museo di Storia Naturale e Archeologia<br>3 Dicembre 2001–26 Maggio 2002<br>'''Alfabeti e caratteri. Dalla scrittura alla stampa'''<br><br />
Cornuda, Tipoteca Italiana<br>19 Gennaio–26 Maggio 2002.</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=VN-8_bone&diff=16719VN-8 bone2016-05-23T05:45:02Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 13.2 cm, width: 2.5 cm, height: 1.8 cm<br />
|dimension_max=13.2 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|culture_archaeological=La Tène C, La Tène D<br />
|sortdate=-150<br />
|date=3rd–1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Schluderns / Sluderno<br />
|field_name=Ganglegg<br />
|find_context=settlement<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation (Pohl and Wieser)<br />
|coordinate_n=46.67173<br />
|coordinate_e=10.5886<br />
|date_find=probably 1988 or 1993<br />
|location=Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta<br />
|inventory_number=88–212<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Gamper & Steiner 1999: 48–51, fig. 24.9; Schumacher 1994b: 296–297, fig. 1; Gamper 2006: 142–143, fig. 76.2<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Animal bone.<br>Metatarsus; classification: sheep (''Ovis orientalis aries'') or goat (''Capra aegagrus hircus'') (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 142). Complete; slight splinterings; light brown in colour, smoothed. Twice perforated. According to Gamper there are two variants of the perforated bones found on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]]: Type 1 presents one drilled through perforation near the spherical head of the bone and one not drilled through perforation near the bone socket whereas Type 2 has two drilled through perforations, one near the spherical head and one near the bone socket (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 142). The [[index::VN-8 bone|present bone]] belongs to the first variant.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''.<br>Sidewise, on the proximal articular surface near the not drilled through perforation an [[index::VN-8|inscription]] of which the first part presents the genitive of the Raetic individual name {{w||χari}}.<br>A comparable inscription can be seen on a fragmentary bone also found on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 156, fig. 85.12). The bone was part of the fill layer and the overlying humus layer of house H'. According the drawing by Gamper the fragmentary bone bears the inscription: ''χaris'' {{c|Þ|Þ3}}''u'' where the character {{c|Þ|Þ3}} seems to be incomplete. This bone was not traceable in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta]] therefore an incorporation in the ''{{SITENAME}}'' was to be refrained at times.<br>The [[VN-8 bone|bone]] was found in 1993 by Karl Pohl and Karl Wieser (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 296). Further detailed find circumstances are unknown resp. not given (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 297). Concerning the other finds from the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] the findspot of the [[VN-8 bone|bone]] must be connected with the Raetic settlement. In addition Gamper indicates that the perforated bones excavated by Pohl and Wieser come from the eastern hillside of the [[index::Ganglegg]] (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). Moreover the inventory number of the [[VN-8 bone|object]], 88–212, suggests the probable find year 1988. Further information was not available in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta|museum]].<br>Like all the findings on the [[index::Ganglegg]] hill the bone dates to 3rd–1st centuries BC (cp. {{bib|Gamper & Steiner 1999}}: 50–51).<br><br />
The function of these bones are not definitely certain. However, considering that inscribed and non-inscribed bones were also found in the fill layer of the abandoned houses on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] it can be supposed that the bones and their function can be connected with the ritual abandonment of houses as it is already been accepted concerning the bone points (cp. the bone points from the [[index::Ganglegg]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-9 bone point]], [[index::VN-11 bone point]], [[index::VN-12 bone point]], [[index::VN-16 bone point]] and [[index::VN-18 bone point]]) as well as a [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bone points with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain). However, it must be said that the dissemination of perforated bones does not correspond with this of the bone points. As Gamper points out, so far perforated bones are proved in the Upper Venosta Valley, in the Lower Engadine and in the Upper Inn Valley. The age determination of the perforated bones ranges from the Middle La Tène period to the Late La Tène period (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). The perforation also suggests the hanging of the bones as Schumacher assumes (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 297). Further bones from the [[index::Ganglegg]] in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-2 bone]]–[[index::VN-7 bone]], [[index::VN-10 bone]], [[index::VN-13 bone]]–[[index::VN-15 bone]], [[index::VN-17 bone]], [[index::VN-19 bone]] and moreover [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bones with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain.<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[VN-8 bone|object]] is listed with "MLR 249", an autopsy was not effected. Marchesini erroneously indicates the inventory number "WP1141" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 218 [MLR 249]). However on the [[VN-8 bone|bone]] the above-mentioned inventory number is indicated.<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in September 2014.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=VN-16_bone_point&diff=16718VN-16 bone point2016-05-23T05:28:40Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|type=bone point<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 9.5 cm, width: 1.3 cm, height: 6.5 mm<br />
|dimension_max=9.5 cm<br />
|condition=fragmentary<br />
|sortdate=-55<br />
|date=last decade of the 2nd–1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context, natural science<br />
|site=Schluderns / Sluderno<br />
|field_name=Ganglegg,<br />
|find_context=settlement, house G'<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation (Gamper and Steiner)<br />
|sortdate_find=2001<br />
|location=Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta<br />
|inventory_number=G 2001.211<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Gamper 2006: 125–129, fig. 63.13<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Bone point.<br>Animal bone, not further classified. Fragment of a bone point. The preserved fragment presents the lanceolate part with remains of a perforation. The elongated section is missing. From light to medium brown in colour; smoothed. On the front side, in particular near to the perforation, as well as on the back side calcined.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''.<br>From the perforation in direction to the top an [[index::VN-16|inscription]] from right to left where the reading of the first part is uncertain. In any case, the last four characters {{c|S||d}}{{c|I}}{{c|R|R2}}{{c|A|A5}} (-''aris'') are well legible.<br>The [[index::VN-16 bone point|fragmentary bone point]] was found in the corridor of the house G' during the excavation 2001 effected by Peter Gamper and Hubert Steiner. House G' is the second construction phase over house G which is located southwest of the entrance area of the the fortified wall (sector 4; cp. the map of the Raetic settlement on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] in {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: fig. 42; more detailed fig. 49). House G indicates like the houses D1', H, M and O a house type with high walls and angled entrance. This house type denotes the eldest house type of the late La Tène period on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]]. The entire house G', meaning the basement and the first floor, does not indicate destruction traces. On the contrary the wooden interior architecture was systematically removed and then the basement was filled with a two-meter high layer. Therefore the house was abandoned intentionally by a ritual act. In the area of the corridor were found on the ground and covered with the fill layer a black and yellow striped glass bead (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: fig. 63.6) and a bottom fragment of a bronze vessel probably a beaker type Idria (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: fig. 63.4). Moreover it was found a burial of a neonate infant. The grave was placed directly on the ground and covered with the fill layer. Consequently the burial occured as part of the ritual abandonment of the house. In the fill layer were found different metal fragments, pottery, the fragment of a glass bangle and bone objects. Among the latter two are inscribed: the [[index::VN-16 bone point|present fragmentary bone point]] and '''EX-17''':<br />
{| class="gallery"<br />
{{gallery_image||EX-17 photo.jpg}}<br />
|}<br />
The object '''EX-17 bone point''' is also kept in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta]] with inventory number G 2001.209 (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: fig. 63.12). <br />
<br>Like all the findings on the [[index::Ganglegg]] hill the [[index::VN-16 bone point|bone point]] dates to the period from the 3rd to the 1st centuries BC (cp. {{bib|Gamper & Steiner 1999}}: 50–51). Concerning the age determination of house G and G' it can be stated that the house type represents the eldest construction type of the late La Tène period. The detailed analysis of the features resulted an absolute-chronological dating to the last decade of the 2nd century BC concerning the beginning of the expansion of the settlement (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 114; "''(...) kann somit der Beginn des latènezeitlichen Ausbaus des Gangleggs zur befestigten Höhensiedlung um 109/104 v. Chr. gerechnet werden.''"). In the course of the 1st century BC the settlement on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] was systematically abandoned (cp. {{bib|Gamper & Steiner 1999}}: 53).<br> The [[index::VN-16 bone point|present bone point]] must be connected with the secondary function of bone points. In the area of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture bone points were deposited in the soil layer or in the fill layer on occasion of the ritual foundation or abandonment of houses. The ritual deposition of bone points during the abandonment of the house is well-attested on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]]. Related to several houses resp. rooms the ritual use of the bone points is proved here (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: fig. 45). This ritual function can be supposed for the late La Tène period in the entire region of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 145). Also during the excavations in [[index::Trissino]] examples for bone points used in this ritual context came to light (cp. [[index:: Colle di Castello]]; {{bib|Lora & Ruta Serafini 1992}}: 262). Furthermore the dissemination of bone points includes the areas along the Adige Valley (''Etschtal'' / ''Val d'Adige'') to the Valpolicella region (cp. map 29 in {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). Inscribed bone points appear in the settlements among others of [[index::Sanzeno]] and [[index::Montesei di Serso]]. These settlements date to middle and late La Tène period. However there are other bone points e.g. from [[index::Monte Ozol]] which date already to the late Hallstatt period. But these objects are neither inscribed nor decorated and the dimension of these is larger than of those which date to later periods. The function of these bone points are uncertain. It can be suggested that they were used in handcraft sector or that they were part of the attire. Related to this insecurity Gamper indicates these objects on one side as bone points (''Knochenspitze''), otherwise he uses also the term needle (''Nadel'') (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 145). Also in occasion of the ritual house foundation bones and bone points were dedicated (cp. [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]], [[index::Casaletti]]; [[index::Sanzeno]], [[index::Paternoster]]).<br>On the [[index::Ganglegg]] hill were discovered several inscribed bone points (cp. in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-9 bone point]], [[index::VN-11 bone point]], [[index::VN-12 bone point]] and [[index::VN-18 bone point]]) as well as a [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bone points with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain. Among these the bone point listed with '''EX-17''' which was found together with [[index::VN-16 bone point|present bone point]] in the fill layer. Probably these incisions present decorations, numbers or the like (cp. the main chapter about the [[index::Non-script notational systems]] in the ''{{SITENAME}}'':). Further examples of inscribed bone points derive from other find places (cp. in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::NO-17 bone point]] and [[index::VR-17 bone point]]). Marchesini indicates [[index::SZ-48 bone]] as fragment of a further bone point (cp. {{bib|Marchesini 2014}}: 138).<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[VN-16 bone point|object]] is not incorporated.<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in September 2014.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=BZ-2_axe&diff=15700BZ-2 axe2016-04-11T14:59:01Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=axe<br />
|type=winged axe<br />
|material=bronze<br />
|dimension=length: 16.4 cm, width: 7.5 cm, height: 2.9 cm<br />
|dimension_max=16.4 cm<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|culture_archaeological=Hallstatt D, La Tène A<br />
|sortdate=-450<br />
|date=5th century BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Tisens / Tesimo<br />
|field_name=St. Christoph<br />
|sortdate_find=1889<br />
|location=Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum<br />
|inventory_number=1.684<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Campi 1901: 6 et seqq.; Mayr 1955: 42–43, pl. 1; Lunz 1974: 358, pl. 10; Zemmer-Plank et al. 1985: 165 [cat. No. 34]<br />
|checklevel=5<br />
|problem=object description; zweite Bronzeaxt mit Inschrift eneke/enekes in Rom (vgl. Battisti, Lattes, NRIE)<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Thurneysen_1933&diff=15677Thurneysen 19332016-04-11T12:38:33Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=scan<br />
|author=Rudolf Thurneysen<br />
|title=Italisches<br />
|subtitle=I. Die etruskischen Raeter<br />
|type_reference=linguistic study<br />
|language=German<br />
|journal=Glotta<br />
|issue=21<br />
|journal_year=1933<br />
|pages=1–7<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Thurneysen_1933&diff=15577Thurneysen 19332016-04-08T10:43:56Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=unknown<br />
|author=Rudolf Thurneysen<br />
|title=Italisches. Die etruskischen Räter<br />
|type_reference=linguistic study<br />
|language=German<br />
|journal=Glotta<br />
|issue=21<br />
|journal_year=1933<br />
|pages=1–8<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=%C3%BEina%CF%87e&diff=15576þinaχe2016-04-08T10:43:02Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{word<br />
|type_word=verb<br />
|number=singular, plural<br />
|tense=past<br />
|language=Raetic<br />
|analysis_morphemic=þina{{m|-ke|-χe}}<br />
|meaning="(hat/haben) geweiht" (Rix)<br />
|checklevel=4<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
* The equation of Etr. ''zinace'' (or ''zinake'') with Raetic [[þinaχe]] goes back to Thurneysen where in fact Etr. ''zinace'' means "made/produced". <br />
* {{bib|Thurneysen 1933}}: 1–8<br />
* {{bib|Rix 1998}}: 21, 41–42<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=viste%CF%87anu&diff=15574visteχanu2016-04-08T09:48:33Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{word<br />
|type_word=proper noun<br />
|number=singular<br />
|case=nominative<br />
|language=Raetic<br />
|lemma=visteχa-<br />
|analysis_morphemic=visteχa{{m|-nu}}<br />
|meaning='son of Visteχa'<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Patronymic in {{m||-nu}}; the underlying individual name is attested independently (cp. [[index::SZ-3]]).<br>Cp. {{bib|Rix 1998}}: 18.<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Property:date_find&diff=15567Property:date find2016-04-07T09:10:15Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{property<br />
|description=Specifies the point in time when the object was discovered.<br />
|type=Text<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Property:date_find&diff=15566Property:date find2016-04-07T09:09:31Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{property<br />
|description=Specifies the point in time when the object was discovered.<br />
|type=Text<br />
}}<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
=== Objects ===<br />
{{property_statistics|Object}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Giovanelli_1834&diff=15565Giovanelli 18342016-04-07T08:51:14Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=scan, public download<br />
|author=Benedetto Giovanelli<br />
|title=Ueber ein rhätisches Gefäß und über rhätische Paläographie<br />
|type_reference=archaeological study, palaeographical study<br />
|language=German<br />
|journal=Beiträge zur Geschichte, Statistik, Naturkunde und Kunst von Tirol und Vorarlberg<br />
|issue=8<br />
|journal_year=1834<br />
|pages=133–149<br />
|link_title=http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/VeroeffFerd_8_0133-0149.pdf<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Giovanelli_1825&diff=15564Giovanelli 18252016-04-07T08:09:28Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=scan, public download<br />
|author=Benedetto Giovanelli<br />
|title=Trento<br />
|subtitle=Città de' Rezj e colonia romana<br />
|type_reference=historical study<br />
|language=Italian<br />
|city=Trento<br />
|publisher=Monauni<br />
|year=1825<br />
|link_title=http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb10256833_00001.html<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Giovanelli_1825&diff=15563Giovanelli 18252016-04-07T08:05:51Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=public download<br />
|author=Benedetto Giovanelli<br />
|title=Trento<br />
|subtitle=Città de'Rezj e colonia romana<br />
|type_reference=historical study<br />
|language=Italian<br />
|city=Trento<br />
|publisher=Monauni<br />
|year=1825<br />
|link_title=http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/fs2/object/display/bsb10256833_00001.html<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Category:Site&diff=15559Category:Site2016-04-05T13:41:21Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Map of all sites */</p>
<hr />
<div>[[description::This category contains archaeological sites, i.e. communities or incorporated districts where inscription-bearing objects have been found as well as other to the context relevant locations, i. e. sites where museums with objects bearing inscriptions reside.]] For the difference between ''site'' (community) and ''field name'' (findspot) compare the [[Property:site]] and [[Property:field_name]].<br />
<br />
=== List of all sites ===<br />
{{#ask:[[Category:Site]]|format=broadtable|mainlabel=Site|?community=Fraction of|?province=Province/Kanton|?region=Region|?country=Country|limit=1000|searchlabel=&#91;full list&#93;|default=none|class=table_lines sortable|sort=sortform}}<br />
<br />
=== Map of all sites ===<br />
{{#compound_query:<br />
[[Achenkirch||Ampass||Ardez||Brandenberg||Ca' dei Cavri||Castelciés||Castelfondo||Castelrotto||Cembra||Cles||Dercolo||Eppan / Appiano||Fritzens||Kaltern / Caldaro||Klobenstein / Collalbo||Lothen / Campolino||Lover||Magrè||Mals / Malles Venosta||Matrei am Brenner]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_120.png<br />
|[[Mechel / Meclo||Mellaun / Meluno||Mezzolombardo||Montorio Veronese||Nußdorf||Pfaffenhofen||Pfalzen / Falzes||Pfatten / Vadena||Piovene Rocchette||Revò||Riffian / Rifiano||Rotzo||San Briccio||San Giorgio di Valpolicella||Seis am Schlern / Siusi allo Sciliar||Serso||Siebeneich / Settequerce||St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato||Sterzing / Vipiteno||Tavòn]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_120.png<br />
|[[Terlan / Terlano||Tesero||Tirol / Tirolo||Tisens / Tesimo||Trissino||Unterammergau||Unterinn / Auna di Sotto||Vače||Volders||Zambana||Ženjak]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_120.png<br />
|[[Berlin||Chur||Este||Fliess||Frangart / Frangarto||Innsbruck||München||Providence||Santorso||Trento||Verona||Vicenza||Wien]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_360.png<br />
|[[Bozen / Bolzano||Feltre||Meran / Merano||Padova||Sanzeno||Schluderns / Sluderno||Wattens]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_060.png<br />
|[[Brixen / Bressanone||Jenesien / San Genesio Atesino||Kurtatsch / Cortaccia||Lana / Lana||Ornavasso||Ritten / Renon||San Pietro in Cariano||Schio||Steinberg am Rofan||Zürich]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_000.png<br />
|format=googlemaps|width=100%|height={{var|image_height}}|type=physical|limit=1000}}<br />
<br />
<!-- (Martin:) Das Limit für ODER-Werte ist offenbar 20 pro Abfrage (d.h. max. 20 Sites pro Zeile). Für mehr als 20 müssen also entsprechend mehr Abfragen angelegt werden. (Sindy:) Wenn man bei der zweiten Abfragezeile mehr als 20 schreibt, meldet sich zwar das System nicht mit Warnschild (wie im Fall mehr als 20 bei der ersten Abfragezeile), aber die Ergebnisse werden dann nicht mit aufgelistet bzw. angezeigt. --><br />
<br />
[[File:Marker_120.png|baseline]] finding place (51);<br />
[[File:Marker_360.png|baseline]] repository<br />
({{#ask: [[Berlin||Chur||Este||Fliess||Frangart / Frangarto||Innsbruck||München||Providence||Santorso||Trento||Verona||Vicenza||Wien]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] finding place place and repository<br />
({{#ask: [[Bozen / Bolzano||Feltre||Meran / Merano||Padova||Sanzeno||Schluderns / Sluderno||Wattens]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_000.png|baseline]] other<br />
({{#ask: [[Brixen / Bressanone||Jenesien / San Genesio Atesino||Kurtatsch / Cortaccia||Lana / Lana||Ornavasso||Ritten / Renon||San Pietro in Cariano||Schio||Steinberg am Rofan||Zürich]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
<!--<br />
{{#ask:[[Category:Site]][[coordinate::+]]<br />
|?coordinate<br />
|?province=Province<br />
|?country=Country<br />
|format=googlemaps<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|autozoom=off<br />
|type=physical<br />
|limit=200<br />
}}<br />
--><br />
<br />
[[Category:Area]]</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=User:Sindy_Kluge/maps&diff=15558User:Sindy Kluge/maps2016-04-05T12:14:07Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>== Map 1: Verteilung Alphabet von Sanzeno und Alphabet von Magrè ==<br />
<br />
{{#compound_query: <br />
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_008000.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C0FF40.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps|autozoom=off|zoom=7<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Marker_008000.png|baseline]] Alphabet von Magrè ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C0FF40.png|baseline]] Alphabet von Sanzeno ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=User:Sindy_Kluge&diff=15557User:Sindy Kluge2016-04-05T11:58:33Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>[[File:Team member Sindy Kluge.JPG|200px|thumb|right|Sindy Kluge]]<br />
<div style="padding:10px; border:double black 3px; background-color:DarkGray"><br />
<br />
'''''Sindy Kluge'''''<br><br />
Magistra Artium (M.A.) in Ancient Studies (Classical Archaeology and Ancient History) and Italian Studies ([http://www.uni-halle.de/ Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Germany] as well as [http://www.unifi.it/ Università degli studi Firenze, Italy]).<br>From November 2005 to September 2011 student resp. research assistant in the DFG-funded project ''[http://www.indogerm.uni-halle.de/forschung/projekte/etruskische_texte/ "Neuedition der Etruskischen Texte"]'' (cp. the relevant publication released in 2014: [http://www.baar-verlag.com/en/Books/Etruskische-Texte.html Etruskische Texte]). <br>Since September 2013 research assistant in the FWF-funded project ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum''.<br>In this project primarily in charge of the [[:Category:Object|objects]] and further contexts related to the objects like [[:Category:Site|sites]] or [[:Category:Museum|repositories]] etc. as well as occupied with literature research. Also responsible for the project correspondence.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
*[[User:Sindy Kluge/CV|CV]]<br />
*[[Special:PrefixIndex/{{FULLPAGENAME}}/|Subpages]]<br />
*[[Special:Contributions/Sindy_Kluge|My contributions]]<br />
*[http://online.univie.ac.at/pers?lang=en&zuname=Kluge,%20Sindy&format=html Contact]<br />
<br />
[[description::Research and data entry| ]]<br />
[[name::S.K.| ]]<br />
[[Category:Team Member|Kluge, Sindy]]<br />
<br />
</div></div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=CE-1.2&diff=15556CE-1.22016-04-05T10:04:41Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{inscription<br />
|reading=velχanu<br />
|reading_original={{c|U|U2}}{{c|N}}{{c|A|A5}}{{c|Χ}}{{c|L|L2}}{{c|E}}{{c|V}}<br />
|direction=sinistroverse<br />
|letter_height_min=1 cm<br />
|letter_number_min=7<br />
|word_number=1<br />
|line_number=1<br />
|script=North Italic script<br />
|alphabet=Sanzeno alphabet<br />
|language=Raetic<br />
|meaning='son of Velχa*'<br />
|object=CE-1 situla<br />
|position=rim<br />
|craftsmanship=embossed<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sigla_pid=215 (b1)<br />
|sigla_ir=5 (b1)<br />
|sigla_mancini=CE-1 (3)<br />
|sigla_mlr=26 (b1)<br />
|source=Schumacher 2004: 155, 337<br />
|checklevel=4<br />
|disambiguation=CE-1<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
First published in {{bib|Giovanelli 1834}}. Autopsied by TIR in October 2014.<br />
<br />
Pictures in {{bib|Giovanelli 1834}}: drawing (= {{bib|Giovanelli 1844}}), {{bib|Inghirami 1828}}: Tav. XII (drawing), {{bib|Giovanelli 1845}}: tav. I, fig. 7 (drawing = {{bib|Giovanelli 1876}}: Taf. I, No. 7), {{bib|Mommsen 1853}}: Taf. I, 11 B (drawing), {{bib|Sulzer 1855}}: Tav. VII (drawing), '''{{bib|CII}}: tav. I''', '''{{bib|Corssen 1874}}: tav. XXIII''', '''{{bib|Oberziner 1883b}}: tav. XXIII''', {{bib|AIF I}}: tav. II, no. 37 (drawing), {{bib|IR}} (photo = {{bib|LIR}}), {{bib|Morandi 1982}}: 201 (drawing), {{bib|MLR}} (photo).<br />
<br />
Length about 4 cm; written on the rim of the situla, starting at about 2 cm from one of the eyes for the handle (the one closer to [[index::CE-1.1]]). Facing outward. Applied very neatly with thin strokes (<1 mm); only in final {{c||U2}} are they a bit askew. CE-1.2 and [[index::CE-1.3]] resemble each other in ductus (vertical hastae in Alpha and Upsilon, vertical second bar in Nu) and execution (fine tool, slender letters) and may well have been written in one go.<br />
<br />
The reading is unambiguous. The ending {{m||-nu}} indicates a patronymic; the associated individual name might be lavise in CE-1.1, but the latter appears to have been applied with a different tool. Also, why the spatial detachment? There would have been room aplenty for both sequences on both rim or handle.<br />
<br />
Further reference: {{bib|Inghirami 1828}}: 210–218 (= a letter from Giovanelli to Inghirami (1832), followed by Inghirami's reply (1833); the latter is also reprinted in the original publication), {{bib|Giovanelli 1844}}: 99–113, {{bib|Mommsen 1853}}: No. 11, {{bib|Sulzer 1855}}: 22, {{bib|Weber 1861}}: 31–32, {{bib|Schneller 1866}}: 185 ff., {{bib|CII}}: no. 12, Suppl. I: 5 f., 100, {{bib|Corssen 1874}}: 919 ff., {{bib|Deecke 1875–1884}}: Vol. III, 101, '''{{bib|Pichler 1880}}: no. 1''', '''{{bib|Oberziner 1883b}}: 182 ff.''', {{bib|AIF I}}: no. 37 (b), {{bib|Runes 1935}}, {{bib|Battisti 1944}}: 235 f., {{bib|Mayr 1959d}}, {{bib|Pisani 1964}}: 323 f., {{bib|Morandi 1982}}: no. 77, {{bib|Battisti 1936b}}: 596 f., {{bib|Kretschmer 1943}}: 170 ff., {{bib|Altheim 1951}}: 156, 228, 245, {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 233 f.<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Roberti_1913&diff=15523Roberti 19132016-04-03T14:11:36Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=scan, public download<br />
|author=Giacomo Roberti<br />
|title=Materiali archeologici dell'Alto Adige<br />
|type_reference=proceedings<br />
|language=Italian<br />
|journal=Archivio per l'Alto Adige<br />
|issue=VIII<br />
|journal_year=1913<br />
|pages=63–74<br />
|link_title=http://webaleph.bpi.claudiaugusta.it/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core.ShowItem&g2_itemId=162336&g2_GALLERYSID=c4be8ab2cd925ea9073e0bff094255a6<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Roberti_1918&diff=15522Roberti 19182016-04-03T14:10:43Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=scan, public download<br />
|author=Giacomo Roberti<br />
|title=Materiali archeologici dell'Alto Adige<br />
|subtitle=II. Oggetti provenienti dall'Alto Adige conservati nel Civico Museo di Trento<br />
|type_reference=proceedings<br />
|language=Italian<br />
|journal=Archivio per l'Alto Adige<br />
|issue=XIII<br />
|journal_year=1918<br />
|pages=152–163<br />
|link_title=http://webaleph.bpi.claudiaugusta.it/gallery2/main.php?g2_view=core.ShowItem&g2_itemId=166550&g2_GALLERYSID=b82f5aaf870839b7722cf459a5de4678<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Laviosa_Zambotti_1936&diff=15521Laviosa Zambotti 19362016-04-03T13:05:01Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{reference<br />
|sourcetype=scan, public download<br />
|author=Pia Laviosa Zambotti<br />
|title=Sull'origine mediterranea dei Reti<br />
|subtitle=Ricerche intorno alla ceramica Tridentina della prima e seconda età del Ferro<br />
|type_reference=archaeological study<br />
|language=Italian<br />
|journal=Studi Trentini di Scienze Storiche<br />
|issue=XIV<br />
|journal_year=1936<br />
|pages=153–180<br />
|link_title=http://pressviewpat.immanens.com/it/pvPageH5B.asp?puc=002017&nu=1936&pa=1#194<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Property:culture_archaeological&diff=15519Property:culture archaeological2016-03-31T18:20:04Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{property<br />
|description=Specifies the archaeological culture to which the object is ascribed.<br />
|type=Text<br />
|allows value=Iron Age, Early Iron Age, Late Iron Age, Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A), Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B), Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C), Hallstatt, Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B, Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D, La Tène, La Tène A, La Tène B, La Tène C, La Tène D, Este I, Este II, Este III, Este IV, Roman republican period, Roman imperial period, Augustan, Tiberian, unknown, none<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Map ==<br />
<br />
The following map visualises the distribution of [[:Category:Object|archaeological objects]] per [[Property:culture archaeological|archaeological cultures]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{#compound_query:<br />
[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Iron Age]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_360.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Early Iron Age]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF4040.png;limit=1000 <br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Late Iron Age]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_240.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A)]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_090.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B)]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_120.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C)]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_C0FF40.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_C000FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt A]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF00FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt B]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF80FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt C]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF8080.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt D]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FFC0C0.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_060.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène A]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_030.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène B]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_C08040.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène C]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FFFF00.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène D]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FFFF80.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este I]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_8000FF.png;limit=1000 <br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este II]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_8040C0.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este III]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_8080FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este VI]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_800040.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Roman republican period]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_008080.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Roman imperial period]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_00FFC0.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Augustan]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_00FF80.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Tiberian]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_40C080.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::unknown]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_000.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::none]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_808080.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|type=physical<br />
|limit=1000<br />
}}<br />
<br />
'''IRON AGE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_360.png|baseline]] objects Iron Age ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Iron Age]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''EARLY IRON AGE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_FF4040.png|baseline]] objects Early Iron Age ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Early Iron Age]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C000FF.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FF00FF.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt A ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt A]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FF80FF.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt B ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt B]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FF8080.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt C ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt C]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FFC0C0.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt D ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt D]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''LATE IRON AGE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_240.png|baseline]] objects Late Iron Age ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Late Iron Age]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] objects La Tène ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_030.png|baseline]] objects La Tène A ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène A]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C08040.png|baseline]] objects La Tène B ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène B]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FFFF00.png|baseline]] objects La Tène C ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène C]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FFFF80.png|baseline]] objects La Tène D ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène D]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''FRITZENS-SANZENO (RETICO)''':<br />
[[File:Marker_090.png|baseline]] objects Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A) ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A)]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_120.png|baseline]] objects Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B) ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B)]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C0FF40.png|baseline]] objects Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C) ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C)]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''ESTE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_8000FF.png |baseline]] objects Este I ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este I]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_8040C0.png|baseline]] objects Este II ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este II]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_8080FF.png|baseline]] objects Este III ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este III]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_800040.png|baseline]] objects Este IV ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este IV]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''ROMAN PERIOD''':<br />
[[File:Marker_008080.png|baseline]] objects Roman republican period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Roman republican period]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_00FFC0.png|baseline]] objects Roman imperial period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Roman imperial period]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_00FF80.png|baseline]] objects Augustan period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Augustan]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_40C080.png|baseline]] objects Tiberian period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Tiberian]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''UNKNOWN / NONE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_000.png|baseline]] unknown ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::unknown]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_808080.png|baseline]] none ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::none]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
=== Objects ===<br />
{{property_statistics|Object}}<br />
<br />
=== Inscriptions ===<br />
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}<br />
<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Property:culture_archaeological&diff=15518Property:culture archaeological2016-03-31T18:15:40Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{property<br />
|description=Specifies the archaeological culture to which the object is ascribed.<br />
|type=Text<br />
|allows value=Iron Age, Early Iron Age, Late Iron Age, Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A), Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B), Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C), Hallstatt, Hallstatt A, Hallstatt B, Hallstatt C, Hallstatt D, La Tène, La Tène A, La Tène B, La Tène C, La Tène D, Este I, Este II, Este III, Este IV, Roman republican period, Roman imperial period, Augustan, Tiberian, unknown, none<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== Map ==<br />
<br />
The following map visualises the distribution of [[:Category:Object|archaeological objects]] per [[Property:culture archaeological|archaeological cultures]].<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{#compound_query:<br />
[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Iron Age]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_360.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Early Iron Age]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF4040.png;limit=1000 <br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Late Iron Age]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_240.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A)]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_090.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B)]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_120.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C)]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_C0FF40.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_C000FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt A]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF00FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt B]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF80FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt C]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FF8080.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt D]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FFC0C0.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_060.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène A]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_030.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène B]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_C08040.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène C]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FFFF00.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::La Tène D]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_FFFF80.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este I]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_8000FF.png;limit=1000 <br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este II]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_8040C0.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este III]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_8080FF.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Este VI]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_800040.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Roman republican period]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_008080.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Roman imperial period]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_00FFC0.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Augustan]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_00FF80.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::Tiberian]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_40C080.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::unknown]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_000.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[culture archaeological::none]];?coordinate;?culture archaeological=;icon=Marker_808080.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|type=physical<br />
|limit=1000<br />
}}<br />
'''IRON AGE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_360.png|baseline]] objects Iron Age ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Iron Age]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''EARLY IRON AGE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_FF4040.png|baseline]] objects Early Iron Age ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Early Iron Age]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C000FF.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FF00FF.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt A ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt A]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FF80FF.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt B ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt B]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FF8080.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt C ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt C]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FFC0C0.png|baseline]] objects Hallstatt D ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Hallstatt D]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''LATE IRON AGE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_240.png|baseline]] objects Late Iron Age ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Late Iron Age]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] objects La Tène ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_030.png|baseline]] objects La Tène A ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène A]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C08040.png|baseline]] objects La Tène B ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène B]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FFFF00.png|baseline]] objects La Tène C ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène C]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_FFFF80.png|baseline]] objects La Tène D ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::La Tène D]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''FRITZENS-SANZENO (RETICO)''':<br />
[[File:Marker_090.png|baseline]] objects Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A) ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno A (Retico A)]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_120.png|baseline]] objects Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B) ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno B (Retico B)]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_C0FF40.png|baseline]] objects Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C) ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Fritzens-Sanzeno C (Retico C)]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''ESTE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_8000FF.png |baseline]] objects Este I ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este I]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_8040C0.png|baseline]] objects Este II ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este II]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_8080FF.png|baseline]] objects Este III ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este III]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_800040.png|baseline]] objects Este IV ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Este IV]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''ROMAN PERIOD''':<br />
[[File:Marker_008080.png|baseline]] objects Roman republican period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Roman republican period]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_00FFC0.png|baseline]] objects Roman imperial period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Roman imperial period]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_00FF80.png|baseline]] objects Augustan period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Augustan]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_40C080.png|baseline]] objects Tiberian period ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::Tiberian]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
'''UNKNOWN / NONE''':<br />
[[File:Marker_000.png|baseline]] unknown ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::unknown]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_808080.png|baseline]] none ({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[culture archaeological::none]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
=== Objects ===<br />
{{property_statistics|Object}}<br />
<br />
=== Inscriptions ===<br />
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}<br />
<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=Property:material&diff=15517Property:material2016-03-31T10:39:09Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{property<br />
|description=Describes the broad class of substances of which the object consists.<br />
|type=Text<br />
|allows value=stone, gneiss, schist, marble, limestone, sandstone, porphyry, bone, antler, horn, tooth, wood, pottery, gold, silver, bronze, copper, iron, lead, unidentifiable<br />
}}<br />
<br />
== General ==<br />
<br />
The [[Property:material|property MATERIAL]] indicates the substances of the inscribed objects incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}''. So far the following material indications are valid: stone, gneiss, schist, marble, limestone, sandstone, porphyry, bone, antler, horn, tooth, wood, pottery, gold, silver, bronze, copper, iron, lead, unidentifiable. For the frequency distribution see below the statistics.<br>The first group describes the stone objects where the substances stone, gneiss, schist, marble, limestone, sandstone, porphyry belong to. The second class contains all metal substances like gold, silver, bronze, copper, iron, lead. The third category reveals on the one hand the broad group of pottery, on the other hand the class of organic material objects like bone, antler, horn, tooth, wood. Furthermore the possibile value "unidentifiable" is incorporated in this third category.<br>The separation of bone and antler was retained because of the facilitation of discussion regarding some objects and their materials. <br />
<br />
== Maps ==<br />
<br />
The following maps visualise the distribution of [[:Category:Object|archaeological objects]] per [[Property:material|material]] where a presorting concerning "'''STONE OBJECTS'''" (Map 1), "'''METAL OBJECTS'''" (Map 2) and "'''POTTERY and OTHER MATERIALS'''" (Map 3) was already made.<br />
<br />
=== Stone objects (Map 1) ===<br />
{{#compound_query: <br />
[[Category:Object]][[material::gneiss]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_030.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::schist]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_090.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::marble]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_210.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::limestone]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_240.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::sandstone]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_060.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::porphyry]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_180.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::stone]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_000.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps|autozoom=off|zoom=7<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Marker_030.png|baseline]] gneiss ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::gneiss]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_090.png|baseline]] schist ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::schist]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_210.png|baseline]] marble ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::marble]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_240.png|baseline]] limestone ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::limestone]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_180.png|baseline]] porphyry ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::porphyry]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] sandstone ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::sandstone]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_000.png|baseline]] stone ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::stone]]|format=count}})<br />
<br />
=== Metal objects (Map 2) ===<br />
{{#compound_query: <br />
[[Category:Object]][[material::iron]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_360.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::gold]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_060.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::silver]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_210.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::lead]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_240.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::copper]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_150.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::bronze]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_090.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps|autozoom=off|zoom=7<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Marker_360.png|baseline]] iron ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::iron]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] gold ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::gold]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_210.png|baseline]] silver ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::silver]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_240.png|baseline]] lead ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::lead]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_150.png|baseline]] copper ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::copper]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_090.png|baseline]] bronze ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::bronze]]|format=count}});<br />
<br />
=== Pottery and objects made of other materials (Map 3) ===<br />
{{#compound_query: <br />
[[Category:Object]][[material::unidentifiable]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_000.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::pottery]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_360.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::bone]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_060.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::antler]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_240.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::tooth]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_150.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::horn]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_180.png;limit=1000<br />
|[[Category:Object]][[material::wood]];?coordinate;?type_object=Type;?material=Material;icon=Marker_090.png;limit=1000<br />
|format=googlemaps|autozoom=off|zoom=7<br />
|width=100%<br />
|height={{var|image_height}}<br />
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical<br />
}}<br />
[[File:Marker_360.png|baseline]] pottery ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::pottery]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_060.png|baseline]] bone ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::bone]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_240.png|baseline]] antler ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::antler]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_150.png|baseline]] tooth ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::tooth]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_180.png|baseline]] horn ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::horn]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_090.png|baseline]] wood ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::wood]]|format=count}});<br />
[[File:Marker_000.png|baseline]] unidentifiable ({{#ask:[[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::unidentifiable]]|format=count}})<br />
<br />
== Statistics ==<br />
{{property_statistics|Object}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=SZ-54&diff=15516SZ-542016-03-31T09:01:06Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{inscription<br />
|reading=iiiiii&#x0323;θ&#x0323;a<br />
|reading_original={{c|A}}{{c|symbol}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}<br />
|direction=ambiguous<br />
|letter_height_min=0.5<br />
|letter_height_max=1.8 cm<br />
|sign_number=7<br />
|word_number=0<br />
|line_number=1<br />
|script=unknown<br />
|language=unknown<br />
|meaning=unknown<br />
|object=SZ-54 bowl<br />
|position=outside<br />
|orientation=180<br />
|craftsmanship=incised<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sigla_ir=53<br />
|sigla_mancini=SA-79<br />
|sigla_mlr=208<br />
|source=Schumacher 2004: 144<br />
|checklevel=2<br />
|problem=before firing? what about the other scratchings (lengths 3.5 and 2.9 cm resp.)?<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
First published in {{bib|IR}}. Autopsied by TIR in November 2013.<br />
<br />
Pictures in {{bib|IR}} (photo tav. XLVII, fig. c and drawing = {{bib|LIR}}), {{bib|MLR}} (photo).<br />
<br />
Length 3 cm. The reading ignores three probably unintentional scratches, because a very similar row of characters can be found [[index::SZ-52|in the same place on another Sanzeno bowl]]. Again, the scratches transcribed as {{c||I}} are shorter than the two letters. The sixth stroke is inscribed into {{c||Θ}}, giving the symbol {{c||symbol}}.<br />
<br />
Illegible scratchings in three more places on the bottom of the bowl: pictures in {{bib|IR}} (photos tav. XLVII, fig. a, b and drawings = {{bib|LIR}}).<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=SZ-54_bowl&diff=15515SZ-54 bowl2016-03-31T08:59:39Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bowl<br />
|type=Sanzeno-Schale<br />
|material=pottery<br />
|dimension=height: 6.6 cm, rim diameter: 9.6 cm, maximum diameter: 9.7 cm, base diameter: 2.6 cm, thickness: 4 mm<br />
|dimension_max=9.7 cm<br />
|condition=complete, restored, damaged<br />
|sortdate=-200<br />
|date=3rd–2nd centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Sanzeno<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation<br />
|date_find=22.05.1901<br />
|location=Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum<br />
|inventory_number=11.949<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=IR: 277–278 [No. 53], pl. XLVII, fig. a, b, c<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Sanzeno bowl.<br>Fine clay, from brown to grey in colour; outside and inside at the bottom blackened by fire. Moderate tempered of fine grained sand and cast gold; reduction firing; burnished. High neck and the typical omphalos. In the neck area restored.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. Mancini indicates a "''Tazza di tipo Sanzeno, con omphalos, di mm. 61 x 98''" (cp. {{bib|IR}}: 277). Marchesini notes: "''Diam orlo 9,8 cm; alt 6,5 cm''" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 197).<br>Between neck and belly decoration in form of two parallel, circumferential ribbons. Below further decorations: at four positions a group of strokes at which the number of strokes is alternating between 11 and 20 strokes. Decorations before firing.<br>On the transition from the belly to the bottom as well as on the bottom, in total at four positions [[index::SZ-54|characters]] where the script-character is uncertain.<br>The find date, 22.05.1901, is given by Mancini (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: 130). This information reminds of the find date of other finds from [[index::Sanzeno]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::SZ-29 bowl]], [[index::SZ-52 bowl]], [[index::SZ-59 bowl]], [[index::SZ-60 bowl]], [[index::SZ-61 bowl]] as well as [[index::SZ-83 bowl]]. This indication is also given by Mancini (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: 141 [SA-101] resp. {{bib|LIR}}: 132 [SA-81], {{bib|LIR}}: 110 [SA-49], {{bib|LIR}}: 103 [SA-40], {{bib|LIR}}: 106 [SA-43], {{bib|LIR}}: 113 [SA-53] and {{bib|LIR}}: 141 [SA-100]). Only Mancini indicates the 22th may of 1901 as find date. Related to the findspot [[index::Sanzeno]] it is well-known that a two-day excavation directed by Franz von Wieser took place in the spring of this year in [[index::Sanzeno]] (cp. {{bib|Von Merhart 1926}}: 71–72). The objects found during this excavation were brought to the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]] (cp. {{bib|Von Merhart 1926}}: 72; moreover von Merhart states here that the major part of all the findings made in [[index::Sanzeno]] between 1898 and 1914 was acquired by von Wieser for the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]]). Connecting both information, in all probability the [[SZ-54 bowl|object]] comes from the excavation directed by von Wieser. However, further find circumstances like exact find place are unknown. Concerning the other finds from [[index::Sanzeno]] the findspot [[index::Casalini]] is equally probable.<br>In accord with the typology the [[SZ-54 bowl|Sanzeno bowl]] can be dated to the 3rd–2nd centuries BC.<br>Probably first published by Mancini in the {{bib|IR}}: 277–278 [No. 53]. In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[SZ-54 bowl|Sanzeno bowl]] is listed with "MLR 208" among the inscriptions from [[index::Sanzeno]]; an autopsy was effected (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 197 [MLR 208]).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in November 2013.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=SZ-52_bowl&diff=15514SZ-52 bowl2016-03-31T08:58:08Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Commentary */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bowl<br />
|type=Sanzeno-Schale<br />
|material=pottery<br />
|dimension=height: 6 cm, rim diameter: 8.4 cm, maximum diameter: 8.7 cm, base diameter: 2.4 cm, thickness: 3 mm<br />
|dimension_max=8.7 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|sortdate=-200<br />
|date=3rd–2nd centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Sanzeno<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation<br />
|date_find=22.05.1901<br />
|location=Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum<br />
|inventory_number=11.944<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=IR: 277 [No. 51], pl. XLVI, fig. b<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Sanzeno bowl.<br>Fine clay, from dark brown to blackish in colour; moderate tempered of fine grained sand and cast gold; reduction firing; burnished. High neck and the typical omphalos.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. Mancini indicates a "''Tazza di tipo Sanzeno con omphalos, di mm. 80 x 87''" (cp. {{bib|IR}}: 277). Marchesini notes: "''Alt 6,2 cm; diam orlo 8,5 cm''" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 196).<br>Between neck and belly decoration in form of two parallel, circumferential ribbons. Below further decorations: at four positions a group of strokes at which the number of strokes is alternating. Decorations before firing.<br>Outside at the transition from the belly to the bottom [[index::SZ-52|characters]] which were also incised before firing.<br>The find date, 22.05.1901, is given by Mancini (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: 110). This indication reminds of the find date of other finds from [[index::Sanzeno]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::SZ-29 bowl]], [[index::SZ-54 bowl]], [[index::SZ-59 bowl]], [[index::SZ-60 bowl]], [[index::SZ-61 bowl]] as well as [[index::SZ-83 bowl]]. This information is also given by Mancini (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: 141 [SA-101] resp. {{bib|LIR}}: 132 [SA-81], {{bib|LIR}}: 130 [SA-79], {{bib|LIR}}: 103 [SA-40], {{bib|LIR}}: 106 [SA-43], {{bib|LIR}}: 113 [SA-53] and {{bib|LIR}}: 141 [SA-100]). Only Mancini indicates the 22th may of 1901 as find date. Related to the findspot [[index::Sanzeno]] it is well-known that a two-day excavation directed by Franz von Wieser took place in the spring of this year in [[index::Sanzeno]] (cp. {{bib|Von Merhart 1926}}: 71–72). The objects found during this excavation were brought to the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]] (cp. {{bib|Von Merhart 1926}}: 72; moreover von Merhart states here that the major part of all the findings made in [[index::Sanzeno]] between 1898 and 1914 was acquired by von Wieser for the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]]). Connecting both information, in all probability the [[SZ-52 bowl|object]] comes from the excavation directed by von Wieser. However, further find circumstances like exact find place are unknown. Concerning the other finds from [[index::Sanzeno]] the findspot [[index::Casalini]] is equally probable.<br>In accord with the typology the [[SZ-52 bowl|bowl]] can be dated to the 3rd–2nd centuries BC.<br>Probably first published by Mancini in the {{bib|IR}}: 277 [No. 51]. In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[SZ-52 bowl|Sanzeno bowl]] is listed with "MLR 207" among the inscriptions from [[index::Sanzeno]]; an autopsy was effected (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 196 [MLR 207]).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in November 2013.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=SZ-52&diff=15513SZ-522016-03-31T07:55:30Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{inscription<br />
|reading=iiiiiiθa<br />
|reading_original={{c|A}}{{c|Θ}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}{{c|I|I2}}<br />
|direction=ambiguous<br />
|letter_height_min=0.4<br />
|letter_height_max=1.0 cm<br />
|sign_number=8<br />
|word_number=0<br />
|line_number=1<br />
|script=unknown<br />
|language=unknown<br />
|meaning=unknown<br />
|object=SZ-52 bowl<br />
|position=outside<br />
|orientation=0<br />
|craftsmanship=incised<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sigla_ir=51<br />
|sigla_mancini=SA-49<br />
|sigla_mlr=207<br />
|source=Schumacher 2004: 144<br />
|checklevel=1<br />
|problem=before firing?<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
First published in {{bib|IR}}. Autopsied by TIR in November 2013.<br />
<br />
Pictures in {{bib|IR}} (photo tav. XLVI, fig. b and drawing = {{bib|LIR}}), {{bib|MLR}} (photo).<br />
<br />
Length 3.6 cm. The scratches transcribed as {{c||I}} are shorter than the two letters. Compare a very similar row of characters [[index::SZ-54|in the same place on a Sanzeno bowl]], but rotated by 180°.<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=SZ-52_bowl&diff=15512SZ-52 bowl2016-03-31T07:51:16Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bowl<br />
|type=Sanzeno-Schale<br />
|material=pottery<br />
|dimension=height: 6 cm, rim diameter: 8.4 cm, maximum diameter: 8.7 cm, base diameter: 2.4 cm, thickness: 3 mm<br />
|dimension_max=8.7 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|sortdate=-200<br />
|date=3rd–2nd centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=typology<br />
|site=Sanzeno<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation<br />
|date_find=22.05.1901<br />
|location=Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum<br />
|inventory_number=11.944<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=IR: 277 [No. 51], pl. XLVI, fig. b<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Sanzeno bowl.<br>Fine clay, from dark brown to blackish in colour; moderate tempered of fine grained sand and cast gold; reduction firing; burnished. High neck and the typical omphalos.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. Mancini indicates a "''Tazza di tipo Sanzeno con omphalos, di mm. 80 x 87''" (cp. {{bib|IR}}: 277). Marchesini notes: "''Alt 6,2 cm; diam orlo 8,5 cm''" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 196).<br>Between neck and belly decoration in form of two parallel, circumferential ribbons. Below further decorations: at four positions a group of strokes at which the number of strokes is alternating. Decorations before firing.<br>Outside at the transition from the belly to the bottom [[index::SZ-52|characters]] which were also incised before firing.<br>The find date, 22.05.1901, is given by Mancini (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: 110). This indication reminds of the find date of other finds from [[index::Sanzeno]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::SZ-29 bowl]], [[index::SZ-54 bowl]], [[index::SZ-59 bowl]], [[index::SZ-60 bowl]], [[index::SZ-61 bowl]] as well as [[index::SZ-83 bowl]]. This information is also given by Mancini (cp. {{bib|LIR}}: 141 [SA-101] resp. {{bib|LIR}}: 132 [SA-81], {{bib|LIR}}: 130 [SA-79], {{bib|LIR}}: 103 [SA-40], {{bib|LIR}}: 106 [SA-43], {{bib|LIR}}: 113 [SA-53] and {{bib|LIR}}: 141 [SA-100]). Only Mancini indicates the 22th may of 1901 as find date. Related to the findspot [[index::Sanzeno]] it is well-known that a two-day excavation directed by Franz von Wieser took place in the spring of this year in [[index::Sanzeno]] (cp. {{bib|Von Merhart 1926}}: 71–72). The objects found during this excavation were brought to the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]] (cp. {{bib|Von Merhart 1926}}: 72; moreover von Merhart states here that the major part of all the findings made in [[index::Sanzeno]] between 1898 and 1914 was acquired by von Wieser for the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]]). Connecting both information, in all probability the [[SZ-29 bowl|object]] comes from the excavation directed by von Wieser. However, further find circumstances like exact find place are unknown. Concerning the other finds from [[index::Sanzeno]] the findspot [[index::Casalini]] is equally probable.<br>In accord with the typology the bowl can be dated to the 3rd–2nd centuries BC.<br>Probably first published by Mancini in the {{bib|IR}}: 277 [No. 51]. In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[SZ-52 bowl|Sanzeno bowl]] is listed with "MLR 207" among the inscriptions from [[index::Sanzeno]]; an autopsy was effected (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 196 [MLR 207]).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in November 2013.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=VN-8&diff=15511VN-82016-03-30T23:08:03Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{inscription<br />
|reading=unknown!χarisθu<br />
|reading_original={{c|U|U4}}{{c|Θ}}{{c|S}}{{c|I}}{{c|R}}{{c|A|A5}}{{c|Χ}}<br />
|reading_variant={{w|χaris}} θu<br>{{c||U4}}{{c||Θ}}{{c|space}}{{c||S}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A5}}{{c||Χ}}<br />
|direction=sinistroverse<br />
|letter_height_min=1.1 cm<br />
|letter_number_min=5<br />
|letter_number_max=7<br />
|sign_number=7<br />
|word_number=0<br />
|line_number=1<br />
|script=North Italic script<br />
|alphabet=Sanzeno alphabet<br />
|language=unknown<br />
|meaning=unknown<br />
|object=VN-8 bone<br />
|craftsmanship=engraved<br />
|condition=complete<br />
|sigla_mancini=BZ-29<br />
|sigla_mlr=249<br />
|source=Schumacher 2004: 322<br />
|checklevel=1<br />
|problem=χaris als Primärlesung?<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
First published in {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 296f.<br />
<br />
Image in {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: Abb. 1 (drawing = {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: Taf. 12,4 = {{bib|LIR}} = {{bib|MLR}}).<br />
<br />
Length 4.5 cm. Inscribed with care; the lines are scratched in two parts, each from the outer end inward. The reading of the letters is unambiguous. A slightly bigger gap separates {{c||S}} from {{c||Θ}}; {{c||U4}}{{c||Θ}} appear a little broader and more spaced out than the other letters. While this may be coincidence, a discrete sequence {{w||χaris}} could be analysed as a Raetic individual name {{w||χari}} in the genitive. Cp. [[index::VN-16]] with a similar sequence sans {{c||U4}}{{c||Θ}}, [[index::VN-17]] with a final {{c||U2}}{{c||Θ}} separated from the preceding sequence by a punctuation mark, and [[index::VN-10]] / [[index::VN-11]] with a group {{c|A|A5}}{{c|Χ}} at the end of the inscription, also separated. Cp. also [[index::SZ-2.2]] with possible {{w||χari}}.<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=VN-8_bone&diff=15510VN-8 bone2016-03-30T23:06:48Z<p>Sindy Kluge: /* Commentary */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 13.2 cm, width: 2.5 cm, height: 1.8 cm<br />
|dimension_max=13.2 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|culture_archaeological=La Tène C, La Tène D<br />
|sortdate=-150<br />
|date=3rd–1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Schluderns / Sluderno<br />
|field_name=Ganglegg<br />
|find_context=settlement<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation (Pohl and Wieser)<br />
|coordinate_n=46.67173<br />
|coordinate_e=10.5886<br />
|date_find=probably 1988 or 1993<br />
|location=Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta<br />
|inventory_number=88–212<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Gamper & Steiner 1999: 48–51, fig. 24.9; Schumacher 1994b: 296–297, fig. 1; Gamper 2006: 142–143, fig. 76.2<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Animal bone.<br>Metatarsus; classification: sheep (''Ovis orientalis aries'') or goat (''Capra aegagrus hircus'') (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 142). Complete; slight splinterings; light brown in colour, smoothed. Twice perforated. According to Gamper there are two variants of the perforated bones found on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]]: Type 1 presents one drilled through perforation near the spherical head of the bone and one not drilled through perforation near the bone socket whereas Type 2 has two drilled through perforations, one near the spherical head and one near the bone socket (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 142). The [[index::VN-8 bone|present bone]] belongs to the first variant.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''.<br>Sidewise, on the proximal articular surface near the not drilled through perforation an [[index::VN-8|inscription]] of which the first part presents the genitive of the Raetic individual name {{w||χari}}. A comparable inscription can be seen on a fragmentary bone also found on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 156, fig. 85.12). The bone was part of the fill layer and the overlying humus layer of house H'. The fragmentary bone bears the inscription: {{c||U4}}{{c||Þ3}}{{c|space}}{{c|space}}{{c|space}}{{c||S}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A5}}{{c||Χ}} where the character {{c||Þ3}} seems to be incomplete. This bone was not traceable in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta]] therefore an incorporation in the ''{{SITENAME}}'' was to be refrained at times.<br>The [[VN-8 bone|bone]] was found in 1993 by Karl Pohl and Karl Wieser (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 296). Further detailed find circumstances are unknown resp. not given (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 297). Concerning the other finds from the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] the findspot of the [[VN-8 bone|bone]] must be connected with the Raetic settlement. In addition Gamper indicates that the perforated bones excavated by Pohl and Wieser come from the eastern hillside of the [[index::Ganglegg]] (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). Moreover the inventory number of the [[VN-8 bone|object]], 88–212, suggests the probable find year 1988. Further information was not available in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta|museum]].<br>Like all the findings on the [[index::Ganglegg]] hill the bone dates to 3rd–1st centuries BC (cp. {{bib|Gamper & Steiner 1999}}: 50–51).<br><br />
The function of these bones are not definitely certain. However, considering that inscribed and non-inscribed bones were also found in the fill layer of the abandoned houses on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] it can be supposed that the bones and their function can be connected with the ritual abandonment of houses as it is already been accepted concerning the bone points (cp. the bone points from the [[index::Ganglegg]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-9 bone point]], [[index::VN-11 bone point]], [[index::VN-12 bone point]], [[index::VN-16 bone point]] and [[index::VN-18 bone point]]) as well as a [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bone points with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain). However, it must be said that the dissemination of perforated bones does not correspond with this of the bone points. As Gamper points out, so far perforated bones are proved in the Upper Venosta Valley, in the Lower Engadine and in the Upper Inn Valley. The age determination of the perforated bones ranges from the Middle La Tène period to the Late La Tène period (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). The perforation also suggests the hanging of the bones as Schumacher assumes (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 297). Further bones from the [[index::Ganglegg]] in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-2 bone]]–[[index::VN-7 bone]], [[index::VN-10 bone]], [[index::VN-13 bone]]–[[index::VN-15 bone]], [[index::VN-17 bone]], [[index::VN-19 bone]] and moreover [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bones with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain.<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[VN-8 bone|object]] is listed with "MLR 249", an autopsy was not effected. Marchesini erroneously indicates the inventory number "WP1141" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 218 [MLR 249]). However on the [[VN-8 bone|bone]] the above-mentioned inventory number is indicated.<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in September 2014.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=VN-8_bone&diff=15509VN-8 bone2016-03-30T23:04:42Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 13.2 cm, width: 2.5 cm, height: 1.8 cm<br />
|dimension_max=13.2 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|culture_archaeological=La Tène C, La Tène D<br />
|sortdate=-150<br />
|date=3rd–1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Schluderns / Sluderno<br />
|field_name=Ganglegg<br />
|find_context=settlement<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation (Pohl and Wieser)<br />
|coordinate_n=46.67173<br />
|coordinate_e=10.5886<br />
|date_find=probably 1988 or 1993<br />
|location=Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta<br />
|inventory_number=88–212<br />
|accessibility=on exhibition<br />
|source=Gamper & Steiner 1999: 48–51, fig. 24.9; Schumacher 1994b: 296–297, fig. 1; Gamper 2006: 142–143, fig. 76.2<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Animal bone.<br><br />
Metatarsus; classification: sheep (''Ovis orientalis aries'') or goat (''Capra aegagrus hircus'') (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 142). Complete; slight splinterings; light brown in colour, smoothed. Twice perforated. According to Gamper there are two variants of the perforated bones found on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]]: Type 1 presents one drilled through perforation near the spherical head of the bone and one not drilled through perforation near the bone socket whereas Type 2 has two drilled through perforations, one near the spherical head and one near the bone socket (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 142). The [[index::VN-8 bone|present bone]] belongs to the first variant.<br><br />
The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''.<br><br />
Sidewise, on the proximal articular surface near the not drilled through perforation an [[index::VN-8|inscription]] of which the first part presents the genitive of the Raetic individual name {{w||χari}}. A comparable inscription can be seen on a fragmentary bone also found on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 156, fig. 85.12). The bone was part of the fill layer and the overlying humus layer of house H'. The fragmentary bone bears the inscription: {{c||U4}}{{c||Þ3}}{{c|space}}{{c|space}}{{c|space}}{{c||S}}{{c||I}}{{c||R}}{{c||A5}}{{c||Χ}} where the character {{c||Þ3}} seems to be incomplete. This bone was not traceable in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta]] therefore an incorporation in the ''{{SITENAME}}'' was to be refrained at times.<br><br />
The [[VN-8 bone|bone]] was found in 1993 by Karl Pohl and Karl Wieser (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 296). Further detailed find circumstances are unknown resp. not given (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 297). Concerning the other finds from the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] the findspot of the [[VN-8 bone|bone]] must be connected with the Raetic settlement. In addition Gamper indicates that the perforated bones excavated by Pohl and Wieser come from the eastern hillside of the [[index::Ganglegg]] (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). Moreover the inventory number of the [[VN-8 bone|object]], 88–212, suggests the probable find year 1988. Further information was not available in the [[index::Vintschger Museum / Museo della Val Venosta|museum]].<br><br />
Like all the findings on the [[index::Ganglegg]] hill the bone dates to 3rd–1st centuries BC (cp. {{bib|Gamper & Steiner 1999}}: 50–51).<br><br />
The function of these bones are not definitely certain. However, considering that inscribed and non-inscribed bones were also found in the fill layer of the abandoned houses on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]] it can be supposed that the bones and their function can be connected with the ritual abandonment of houses as it is already been accepted concerning the bone points (cp. the bone points from the [[index::Ganglegg]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-9 bone point]], [[index::VN-11 bone point]], [[index::VN-12 bone point]], [[index::VN-16 bone point]] and [[index::VN-18 bone point]]) as well as a [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bone points with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain). However, it must be said that the dissemination of perforated bones does not correspond with this of the bone points. As Gamper points out, so far perforated bones are proved in the Upper Venosta Valley, in the Lower Engadine and in the Upper Inn Valley. The age determination of the perforated bones ranges from the Middle La Tène period to the Late La Tène period (cp. {{bib|Gamper 2006}}: 143). The perforation also suggests the hanging of the bones as Schumacher assumes (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1994b}}: 297). <br />
Further bones from the [[index::Ganglegg]] in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::VN-2 bone]]–[[index::VN-7 bone]], [[index::VN-10 bone]], [[index::VN-13 bone]]–[[index::VN-15 bone]], [[index::VN-17 bone]], [[index::VN-19 bone]] and moreover [[index::Non-script notational systems|large number of bones with incised signs]] of which the interpretation is uncertain.<br />
<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[VN-8 bone|object]] is listed with "MLR 249", an autopsy was not effected. Marchesini erroneously indicates the inventory number "WP1141" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 218 [MLR 249]). However on the [[VN-8 bone|bone]] the above-mentioned inventory number is indicated.<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in September 2014.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=TR-4_bone&diff=15508TR-4 bone2016-03-30T20:17:28Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|type=sortes<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 7.3 cm, width: 1.2 cm, height: 2.3 cm<br />
|dimension_max=7.3 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|sortdate=-100<br />
|date=end of the 2nd–beginning of the 1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Trissino<br />
|field_name=Colle di Castello<br />
|find_context=settlement<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation<br />
|coordinate_n=45.56856<br />
|coordinate_e=11.36583<br />
|sortdate_find=1983<br />
|location=Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza<br />
|inventory_number=none<br />
|accessibility=repository<br />
|source=Museo Ritrovato 1986: 46 [A36] with photo; Mancini 1995: 148 [No. 3.4] with fig.<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Animal bone.<br>''Metacarpus'' of domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domestica'' or ''Sus domesticus''). One end, the head, is missing. Whitish; lightly smoothed.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. Mancini indicates an "''osso di maiale domestico lungo mm. 74, largo mm. 15–11''" (cp. {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 148). Marchesini notes: "''Lungh 7,4 cm; spess 1,5 cm''" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 249).<br>On the proximal articular surface, near the broken end [[index::TR-4|characters]].<br>The [[TR-4 bone|incised bone]] was found 1983 in [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]], in the area of the current cimitery. During the excavation of this year a large construction composed by three terraces of large stone blocks where the lower terrace leads to a large, rectangular room bordered by dry stone walls came to light. In the lowest carboniferous stratum of the large room was found a group of numerous bone i.a. the [[TR-4 bone|present bone]]. Moreover a fragment of a silver torque and a coin came to light. All bones are bones of domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domestica'' or ''Sus domesticus''). The bones belong to four adult and three subadult animals. Altogether can be discerned ten metacarpi, fourteen metatarsi, seven first phalanges and one second phalange (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46; the determination was executed by Alfonso Riedel). <br />
{| class="gallery"<br />
{{gallery_image||Bone findings Trissino.JPG}}<br />
|}<br />
The bones are preserved in the repository of the [[index::Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza]]. According Ruta Serafini the torque is also stored in the [[index::Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza]] with the inventory number I.G. 179118 (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35]). Related to the find context and the other findings cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35], 46 [A36]; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260.<br>The entire find context of [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] is dated from the end of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st centuries BC where the age determination is based on the dating of the torque and the coin (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35], 46 [A36]; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260.<br>The group of the 32 pig bones from [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] where four are inscribed (beside the [[TR-4 bone|present bone]] cp. in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::TR-1 bone]], [[index::TR-2 bone]], [[index::TR-3 bone]]) were interpreted as sortes (cp. Ruta Serafini in {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 146: "''che si tratta di un insieme di oggetti da connettere con pratiche oracolari, molto probabilmente quindi di sortes''"). Therefore the structure excavated in 1983 is considered as place for ritual acts. In the context of these the bones, i.e. sortes, were used for cleromancy. But it must be mentioned that the sortes were used for rituals not only in public life, but also in private life. For the interpretation as sortes and further explanations cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A36]; Ruta Serafini in {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 146; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260. Sortes were common in all over Pre-Roman and Roman Italy. Not only bones were used as sortes, there are also bronze sortes with ornamental decorations and decorations similar to characters. The three bronze fragments kept in the [[index::Castello del Buonconsiglio]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'' with [[index::HU-4 rod]] can be interpreted as fragments of such bronze sortes. Also the [[index::NO-15 rod|bronze rod]] found in [[index::Sanzeno]], now kept in the [[index::Museo Retico Sanzeno]], can be considered as sortes. Well preserved examples for bronze sortes, however not inscribed, come from [[index::Dercolo]], today preserved in the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]]. Cp. for the sortes in the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture: {{bib|Zemmer-Plank 2002}}. Sortes were found in settlements e.g. on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]], in cult places and as part of votive deposits.<br>In the references the [[TR-4 bone|present bone]] is indicated with the inventory number 197525. This indication cannot be verified these days. The entire bone group from [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] is indicated with the inventory numbers 197522–197527 (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A36]), however an assignment to the relative object is not possible anymore.<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[TR-4 bone|object]] is listed with "MLR 284", an autopsy was not effected (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 249 [MLR 284]).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in October 2015.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=TR-3_bone&diff=15507TR-3 bone2016-03-30T20:14:42Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|type=sortes<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 8.1 cm, width: 1.4 cm, height: 2.1 cm<br />
|dimension_max=8.1 cm<br />
|condition=fragmentary<br />
|sortdate=-100<br />
|date=end of the 2nd–beginning of the 1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Trissino<br />
|field_name=Colle di Castello<br />
|find_context=settlement<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation<br />
|coordinate_n=45.56856<br />
|coordinate_e=11.36583<br />
|sortdate_find=1983<br />
|location=Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza<br />
|inventory_number=none<br />
|accessibility=repository<br />
|source=Museo Ritrovato 1986: 46 [A36] with photo; Mancini 1995: 147–148 [No. 3.3] with fig.<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Animal bone.<br>''Metacarpus'' of domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domestica'' or ''Sus domesticus''). Partly damaged, here the spongiosa structure visible. Whitish; smoothed.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. Mancini indicates an "''osso di maiale domestico lungo mm. 83, largo mm. 15–12''" (cp. {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 147–148). Marchesini notes: "''Lungh 8,3 cm; spess 1,7 cm ca''" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 249).<br>On the proximal articular surface, median side an [[index::TR-3|inscription]].<br>The [[TR-3 bone|bone with characters]] was found 1983 in [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]], in the area of the current cimitery. During the excavation of this year a large construction composed by three terraces of large stone blocks where the lower terrace leads to a large, rectangular room bordered by dry stone walls came to light. In the lowest carboniferous stratum of the large room was found a group of numerous bone i.a. the [[TR-3 bone|present bone]]. Moreover a fragment of a silver torque and a coin came to light. All bones are bones of domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domestica'' or ''Sus domesticus''). The bones belong to four adult and three subadult animals. Altogether can be discerned ten metacarpi, fourteen metatarsi, seven first phalanges and one second phalange (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46; the determination was executed by Alfonso Riedel). <br />
{| class="gallery"<br />
{{gallery_image||Bone findings Trissino.JPG}}<br />
|}<br />
The bones are preserved in the repository of the [[index::Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza]]. According Ruta Serafini the torque is also stored in the [[index::Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza]] with the inventory number I.G. 179118 (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35]). Related to the find context and the other findings cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35], 46 [A36]; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260.<br>The entire find context of [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] is dated from the end of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st centuries BC where the age determination is based on the dating of the torque and the coin (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35], 46 [A36]; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260.<br>The group of the 32 pig bones from [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] where four are inscribed (beside the [[TR-3 bone|present bone]] cp. in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::TR-1 bone]], [[index::TR-2 bone]], [[index::TR-4 bone]]) were interpreted as sortes (cp. Ruta Serafini in {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 146: "''che si tratta di un insieme di oggetti da connettere con pratiche oracolari, molto probabilmente quindi di sortes''"). Therefore the structure excavated in 1983 is considered as place for ritual acts. In the context of these the bones, i.e. sortes, were used for cleromancy. But it must be mentioned that the sortes were used for rituals not only in public life, but also in private life. For the interpretation as sortes and further explanations cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A36]; Ruta Serafini in {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 146; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260. Sortes were common in all over Pre-Roman and Roman Italy. Not only bones were used as sortes, there are also bronze sortes with ornamental decorations and decorations similar to characters. The three bronze fragments kept in the [[index::Castello del Buonconsiglio]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'' with [[index::HU-4 rod]] can be interpreted as fragments of such bronze sortes. Also the [[index::NO-15 rod|bronze rod]] found in [[index::Sanzeno]], now kept in the [[index::Museo Retico Sanzeno]], can be considered as sortes. Well preserved examples for bronze sortes, however not inscribed, come from [[index::Dercolo]], today preserved in the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]]. Cp. for the sortes in the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture: {{bib|Zemmer-Plank 2002}}. Sortes were found in settlements e.g. on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]], in cult places and as part of votive deposits.<br>In the references the [[TR-3 bone|present bone]] is indicated with the inventory number 197524. This indication cannot be verified these days. The entire bone group from [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] is indicated with the inventory numbers 197522–197527 (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A36]), however an assignment to the relative object is not possible anymore.<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[TR-3 bone|inscribed bone]] is listed with "MLR 283", an autopsy was not effected (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 249 [MLR 283]).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in October 2015.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Klugehttps://tir.univie.ac.at/index.php?title=TR-2_bone&diff=15506TR-2 bone2016-03-30T20:13:05Z<p>Sindy Kluge: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{object<br />
|type_object=bone<br />
|type=sortes<br />
|material=bone<br />
|dimension=length: 7.3 cm, width: 1.5 cm, height: 1.6 cm<br />
|dimension_max=7.3 cm<br />
|condition=complete, damaged<br />
|sortdate=-100<br />
|date=end of the 2nd–beginning of the 1st centuries BC<br />
|date_derivation=archaeological context<br />
|site=Trissino<br />
|field_name=Colle di Castello<br />
|find_context=settlement<br />
|find_circumstances=excavation<br />
|coordinate_n=45.56856<br />
|coordinate_e=11.36583<br />
|sortdate_find=1983<br />
|location=Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza<br />
|inventory_number=none<br />
|accessibility=repository<br />
|source=Museo Ritrovato 1986: 46 [A36] with photo; Mancini 1995: 147 [No. 3.2] with fig.<br />
|checklevel=0<br />
}}<br />
== Commentary ==<br />
Animal bone.<br>''Metacarpus'' of domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domestica'' or ''Sus domesticus''). On one end lightly broken, here the spongiosa structure visible. Whitish; not smoothed.<br>The above-mentioned dimensions result of the autopsy by the ''{{SITENAME}}''. Mancini indicates an "''osso di maiale domestico lungo mm. 74, largo mm. 15–11''" (cp. {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 147). Marchesini notes: "''Lungh 7,4 cm; spess max 1,9 cm''" (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 248).<br>On the proximal articular surface, median side an [[index::TR-2|inscription]].<br>The [[TR-2 bone|inscribed bone]] was found 1983 in [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]], in the area of the current cimitery. During the excavation of this year a large construction composed by three terraces of large stone blocks where the lower terrace leads to a large, rectangular room bordered by dry stone walls came to light. In the lowest carboniferous stratum of the large room was found a group of numerous bone i.a. the [[TR-1 bone|present bone]]. Moreover a fragment of a silver torque and a coin came to light. All bones are bones of domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domestica'' or ''Sus domesticus''). The bones belong to four adult and three subadult animals. Altogether can be discerned ten metacarpi, fourteen metatarsi, seven first phalanges and one second phalange (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46; the determination was executed by Alfonso Riedel). <br />
{| class="gallery"<br />
{{gallery_image||Bone findings Trissino.JPG}}<br />
|}<br />
The bones are preserved in the repository of the [[index::Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza]]. According Ruta Serafini the torque is also stored in the [[index::Museo Naturalistico Archeologico di Vicenza]] with the inventory number I.G. 179118 (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35]). Related to the find context and the other findings cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35], 46 [A36]; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260.<br>The entire find context of [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] is dated from the end of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st centuries BC where the age determination is based on the dating of the torque and the coin (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A35], 46 [A36]; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260.<br>The group of the 32 pig bones from [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] where four are inscribed (beside the [[TR-2 bone|present bone]] cp. in the ''{{SITENAME}}'': [[index::TR-1 bone]], [[index::TR-3 bone]], [[index::TR-4 bone]]) were interpreted as sortes (cp. Ruta Serafini in {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 146: "''che si tratta di un insieme di oggetti da connettere con pratiche oracolari, molto probabilmente quindi di sortes''"). Therefore the structure excavated in 1983 is considered as place for ritual acts. In the context of these the bones, i.e. sortes, were used for cleromancy. But it must be mentioned that the sortes were used for rituals not only in public life, but also in private life. For the interpretation as sortes and further explanations cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A36]; Ruta Serafini in {{bib|Mancini 1995}}: 146; {{bib|Ruta Serafini 2002}}: 259–260. Sortes were common in all over Pre-Roman and Roman Italy. Not only bones were used as sortes, there are also bronze sortes with ornamental decorations and decorations similar to characters. The three bronze fragments kept in the [[index::Castello del Buonconsiglio]] incorporated in the ''{{SITENAME}}'' with [[index::HU-4 rod]] can be interpreted as fragments of such bronze sortes. Also the [[index::NO-15 rod|bronze rod]] found in [[index::Sanzeno]], now kept in the [[index::Museo Retico Sanzeno]], can be considered as sortes. Well preserved examples for bronze sortes, however not inscribed, come from [[index::Dercolo]], today preserved in the [[index::Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum|Tyrolean State Museum]]. Cp. for the sortes in the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture: {{bib|Zemmer-Plank 2002}}. Sortes were found in settlements e.g. on the [[index::Ganglegg|Ganglegg hill]], in cult places and as part of votive deposits.<br>In the references the [[TR-2 bone|present bone]] is indicated with the inventory number 197523. This indication cannot be verified these days. The entire bone group from [[index::Trissino]], [[index::Colle di Castello]] is indicated with the inventory numbers 197522–197527 (cp. {{bib|Museo Ritrovato 1986}}: 46 [A36]), however an assignment to the relative object is not possible anymore.<br>In the recently released study about the Raetic inscriptions by Marchesini the [[TR-2 bone|object]] is listed with "MLR 282", an autopsy was not effected (cp. {{bib|MLR}}: 248 [MLR 282]).<br>Autopsied by the ''Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum'' in October 2015.<br />
{{sig<br />
|user=Sindy Kluge<br />
}}<br />
{{bibliography}}</div>Sindy Kluge