Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum - User contributions [en]

Barrierefreiheit

2025-09-16T20:08:22Z

Martin Braun:

Die [https://www.univie.ac.at/ Universität Wien] ist bemüht, ihre Websites und digitalen Anwendungen im Einklang mit dem [https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20010727 Web-Zugänglichkeits-Gesetz (WZG)] in der geltenden Fassung zur Umsetzung der [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L2102 Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102] des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 26. Oktober 2016 über den barrierefreien Zugang zu den Websites und mobilen Anwendungen öffentlicher Stellen (Amtsblatt L 327 vom 2.12.2016, S. 1) barrierefrei zugänglich zu machen.

Diese Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit gilt für die Website Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum (TIR) <[https://tir.univie.ac.at/ https://tir.univie.ac.at/]>.

== Stand der Vereinbarkeit mit den Anforderungen ==
Diese Website verwendet [https://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki] als ''Content Management System'' und ist daher als grundsätzlich vereinbar mit der Konformitätsstufe AA der Richtlinien für barrierefreie Webinhalte Web ([https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/ WCAG 2.1]) beziehungsweise mit dem geltenden Europäischen Standard EN 301 549 V3.2.1 anzusehen.

== Nicht barrierefreie Inhalte ==
Für Details zur Barrierefreiheit des MediaWiki-Systems siehe deren [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Accessibility ''Accessibility''-Seite].

=== a) Unvereinbarkeit mit den Barrierefreiheitsbestimmungen ===
[bisher keine bekannt]

=== b) Ausnahmen wegen unverhältnismäßiger Belastung ===
[bisher keine bekannt]

=== c) Die Inhalte fallen nicht in den Anwendungsbereich der anwendbaren Rechtsvorschriften ===
Ältere (vor September 2018 publizierte), nicht verwaltungsrelevante Dokumente sind von der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 noch ausgenommen.

Inhalte von Dritten, die nicht im Einflussbereich der Universität Wien liegen, sind von der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 ausgenommen. Dazu zählen:
* das gesamte [https://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki]-System
* Texte, Bilder und andere Inhalte von Autoren, die nicht Projektmitarbeiter sind

== Erstellung dieser Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit ==
Diese Erklärung wurde am 07.09.2024 erstellt und zuletzt am {{REVISIONDAY2}}.{{REVISIONMONTH}}.{{REVISIONYEAR}} aktualisiert.

Eine spezifische Bewertung der Vereinbarkeit der Website mit dem WZG zur Umsetzung der Anforderungen der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 wurde noch nicht durchgeführt.

== Feedback und Kontaktangaben ==
Die Angebote und Services auf dieser Website werden laufend verbessert, ausgetauscht und ausgebaut. Einzelne Seiteninhalte werden von der Web-Redaktion bei Veröffentlichung neuer Inhalte regelmäßig geprüft.

Wenn Ihnen Barrieren auffallen, die Sie an der Benutzung unserer Website behindern – Probleme, die in dieser Erklärung nicht beschrieben sind, oder schwerer wiegende Mängel in Bezug auf die Einhaltung der Barrierefreiheitsanforderungen –, so bitten wir Sie, uns diese per E-Mail mitzuteilen. Wir werden Ihre Anfrage prüfen und Sie ehestmöglich kontaktieren.

Bitte senden Sie sämtliche Mitteilungen und Anregungen an [mailto:wzg@univie.ac.at?subject=TIR%20|%20Barrierefreiheit&cc=martin.braun@univie.ac.at wzg@univie.ac.at]. Beschreiben Sie das Problem und führen Sie bitte die URL(s) der betroffenen Webseite oder des Dokuments an.

Studierende oder Mitarbeiter*innen der Universität Wien können sich auch über ein Formular im Servicedesk im Bereich DSGVO und WZG an uns wenden.

=== Kontakt ===
Universität Wien 
Universitätsring 1, 1010 Wien 
[mailto:wzg@univie.ac.at?subject=TIR%20|%20Barrierefreiheit&cc=martin.braun@univie.ac.at wzg@univie.ac.at] 
Tel: +43-1-4277-11010

== Durchsetzungsverfahren ==
Bei nicht zufriedenstellenden Antworten aus oben genannter Kontaktmöglichkeit können Sie sich mittels Beschwerde an die Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (FFG) wenden. Die FFG nimmt über das Kontaktformular Beschwerden auf elektronischem Weg entgegen.

[https://www.digitalbarrierefrei.at/de/beschwerdestelle/kontaktformular-beschwerdestelle Kontaktformular der Beschwerdestelle]

Die Beschwerden werden von der FFG dahingehend geprüft, ob sie sich auf Verstöße gegen die Vorgaben des Web-Zugänglichkeits-Gesetzes, insbesondere Mängel bei der Einhaltung der Barrierefreiheitsanforderungen, durch den Bund oder einer ihm zuordenbaren Einrichtung beziehen.

Sofern die Beschwerde berechtigt ist, hat die FFG dem Bund oder den betroffenen Rechtsträgern Handlungsempfehlungen auszusprechen und Maßnahmen vorzuschlagen, die der Beseitigung der vorliegenden Mängel dienen.

[https://www.digitalbarrierefrei.at/de/beschwerde-einreichen/beschwerdestellen-in-oesterreich/bund Beschwerdestelle des Bundes]


__NOTOC__
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit}}

MediaWiki:Privacypage

2024-09-07T18:09:49Z

Martin Braun:

Project:Terms of Use

MediaWiki:Privacy

2024-09-07T18:09:27Z

Martin Braun:

MediaWiki:Privacy

2024-09-07T18:09:15Z

Martin Braun:

Project:Terms of Use

MediaWiki:Accessibilitylabel

2024-09-07T18:04:59Z

Martin Braun:

Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit

MediaWiki:Accessibilitypage

2024-09-07T18:04:09Z

Martin Braun:

Barrierefreiheit

2024-09-07T18:03:17Z

Martin Braun:

Die [https://www.univie.ac.at/ Universität Wien] ist bemüht, ihre Websites und digitalen Anwendungen im Einklang mit dem [https://www.ris.bka.gv.at/GeltendeFassung.wxe?Abfrage=Bundesnormen&Gesetzesnummer=20010727 Web-Zugänglichkeits-Gesetz (WZG)] in der geltenden Fassung zur Umsetzung der [https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/DE/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32016L2102 Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102] des Europäischen Parlaments und des Rates vom 26. Oktober 2016 über den barrierefreien Zugang zu den Websites und mobilen Anwendungen öffentlicher Stellen (Amtsblatt L 327 vom 2.12.2016, S. 1) barrierefrei zugänglich zu machen.

Diese Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit gilt für die Website Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum (TIR) <[https://tir.univie.ac.at/ https://tir.univie.ac.at/]>.

== Stand der Vereinbarkeit mit den Anforderungen ==
Diese Website verwendet [https://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki] als ''Content Management System'' und ist daher als grundsätzlich vereinbar mit der Konformitätsstufe AA der Richtlinien für barrierefreie Webinhalte Web ([https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/ WCAG 2.1]) beziehungsweise mit dem geltenden Europäischen Standard EN 301 549 V3.2.1 anzusehen.

== Nicht barrierefreie Inhalte ==
Für Details zur Barrierefreiheit des MediaWiki-Systems siehe deren [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Accessibility ''Accessibility''-Seite].

=== a) Unvereinbarkeit mit den Barrierefreiheitsbestimmungen ===
[keine bekannt]

=== b) Ausnahmen wegen unverhältnismäßiger Belastung ===
[keine bekannt]

=== c) Die Inhalte fallen nicht in den Anwendungsbereich der anwendbaren Rechtsvorschriften ===
Ältere (vor September 2018 publizierte), nicht verwaltungsrelevante Dokumente sind von der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 noch ausgenommen.

Inhalte von Dritten, die nicht im Einflussbereich der Universität Wien liegen, sind von der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 ausgenommen. Dazu zählen:
* das gesamte [https://www.mediawiki.org/ MediaWiki]-System
* Texte, Bilder und andere Inhalte von Autoren, die nicht Projektmitarbeiter sind

== Erstellung dieser Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit ==
Diese Erklärung wurde am 07.09.2024 erstellt und zuletzt am {{REVISIONDAY2}}.{{REVISIONMONTH}}.{{REVISIONYEAR}} aktualisiert.

Eine spezifische Bewertung der Vereinbarkeit der Website mit dem WZG zur Umsetzung der Anforderungen der Richtlinie (EU) 2016/2102 wurde nicht durchgeführt.

== Feedback und Kontaktangaben ==
Die Angebote und Services auf dieser Website werden laufend verbessert, ausgetauscht und ausgebaut. Einzelne Seiteninhalte werden von der Web-Redaktion bei Veröffentlichung neuer Inhalte regelmäßig geprüft.

Wenn Ihnen Barrieren auffallen, die Sie an der Benutzung unserer Website behindern – Probleme, die in dieser Erklärung nicht beschrieben sind, oder schwerer wiegende Mängel in Bezug auf die Einhaltung der Barrierefreiheitsanforderungen –, so bitten wir Sie, uns diese per E-Mail mitzuteilen. Wir werden Ihre Anfrage prüfen und Sie ehestmöglich kontaktieren.

Bitte senden Sie sämtliche Mitteilungen und Anregungen an [mailto:wzg@univie.ac.at?subject=TIR%20|%20Barrierefreiheit&cc=martin.braun@univie.ac.at wzg@univie.ac.at]. Beschreiben Sie das Problem und führen Sie bitte die URL(s) der betroffenen Webseite oder des Dokuments an.

Studierende oder Mitarbeiter*innen der Universität Wien können sich auch über ein Formular im Servicedesk im Bereich DSGVO und WZG an uns wenden.

=== Kontakt ===
Universität Wien 
Universitätsring 1, 1010 Wien 
[mailto:wzg@univie.ac.at?subject=TIR%20|%20Barrierefreiheit&cc=martin.braun@univie.ac.at wzg@univie.ac.at] 
Tel: +43-1-4277-11010

== Durchsetzungsverfahren ==
Bei nicht zufriedenstellenden Antworten aus oben genannter Kontaktmöglichkeit können Sie sich mittels Beschwerde an die Österreichische Forschungsförderungsgesellschaft mit beschränkter Haftung (FFG) wenden. Die FFG nimmt über das Kontaktformular Beschwerden auf elektronischem Weg entgegen.

[https://www.digitalbarrierefrei.at/de/beschwerdestelle/kontaktformular-beschwerdestelle Kontaktformular der Beschwerdestelle]

Die Beschwerden werden von der FFG dahingehend geprüft, ob sie sich auf Verstöße gegen die Vorgaben des Web-Zugänglichkeits-Gesetzes, insbesondere Mängel bei der Einhaltung der Barrierefreiheitsanforderungen, durch den Bund oder einer ihm zuordenbaren Einrichtung beziehen.

Sofern die Beschwerde berechtigt ist, hat die FFG dem Bund oder den betroffenen Rechtsträgern Handlungsempfehlungen auszusprechen und Maßnahmen vorzuschlagen, die der Beseitigung der vorliegenden Mängel dienen.

[https://www.digitalbarrierefrei.at/de/beschwerde-einreichen/beschwerdestellen-in-oesterreich/bund Beschwerdestelle des Bundes]


__NOTOC__
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Erklärung zur Barrierefreiheit}}

Property:frame middle

2022-10-20T23:35:13Z

Martin Braun: /* Map */

{{property
|description=Specifies the layout of rules in the middle part of a frame around an inscription.
|type=Text
|allows value=top, top and bottom, bottom, between, all, none, unknown
}}
== Definition ==
Frame lines are any intentionally drawn lines which appear to be connected with an inscription, whether as guide lines, for separating it from another inscription, or for ornamental purposes. "Middle" frame lines are the ones which run along a line, above (''top'') and/or below (''bottom'') the letters; in inscriptions with more than one line potentially in ''between'' the lines. ''Unknown'' indicates that in case of a partly damaged inscription, part of a frame can be seen, while the presence of other parts of the frame may be inferred, but not verified. The absence of a part of the frame line is not noted, even when other parts are there – hence the absence of the value ''none'', which is the default value.

The map below displays the occurence of frame lines including [[index::Property:frame right]] and [[index::Property:frame left]].

== Map ==
{{#compound_query:
[[Category:Inscription]][[frame left::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame middle::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame right::+]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_DarkRed.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_C_DarkRed.png|baseline]] Inscriptions with any kind of frame lines ({{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[frame left::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame middle::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame right::+]]|format=count}})

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

Property:frame right

2022-10-20T20:53:08Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Specifies the design of the right-hand side of a frame around an inscription.
|type=Text
|allows value=straight, straight double, round, none, unknown
}}
== Definition ==
Design options for lateral (here: right-hand side) frame parts, here combined with straight left, top, and bottom frame lines:
{| class="table_lines"
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_straight.png|x24px|baseline|straight]]
| straight
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_straight double.png|x24px|baseline|straight double]]
| straight double
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_right_round.png|x24px|baseline|round]]
| round
|-
| [[Image:Frame_left_straight.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_left|straight]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]][[Image:Frame_middle_top and bottom.png|x24px|baseline|link=Property:frame_middle|top and bottom]]
| none
|}

See [[index::Property:frame middle]] for more information and a map.

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

Property:frame middle

2022-10-20T20:45:00Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Specifies the layout of rules in the middle part of a frame around an inscription.
|type=Text
|allows value=top, top and bottom, bottom, between, all, none, unknown
}}
== Definition ==
Frame lines are any intentionally drawn lines which appear to be connected with an inscription, whether as guide lines, for separating it from another inscription, or for ornamental purposes. "Middle" frame lines are the ones which run along a line, above (''top'') and/or below (''bottom'') the letters; in inscriptions with more than one line potentially in ''between'' the lines. ''Unknown'' indicates that in case of a partly damaged inscription, part of a frame can be seen, while the presence of other parts of the frame may be inferred, but not verified. The absence of a part of the frame line is not noted, even when other parts are there – hence the absence of the value ''none'', which is the default value.

The map below displays the occurence of frame lines including [[index::Property:frame right]] and [[index::Property:frame left]].

== Map ==
{{#compound_query:
[[Category:Inscription]][[frame left::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame middle::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame right::+]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_DarkRed.png;limit=1000
|format=googlemaps|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_C_DarkRed.png|baseline]] Inscriptions with any kind of frame lines ({{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[frame left::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame middle::+]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[frame right::+]]|format=count}})

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

Property:frame left

2022-10-20T20:43:55Z

Martin Braun: Undo revision 15361 by Corinna Salomon (talk)

{{property
|description=Specifies the design of the left-hand side of a frame around an inscription.
|type=Text
|allows value=none, straight, straight double, round, unknown
|note=See [[Property:frame_right]].
}}
== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

SZ-64 antler

2022-06-28T13:27:23Z

Martin Braun:

#REDIRECT [[SZ-23 antler]]

Concordance

2021-11-06T16:22:00Z

Martin Braun:

Concordance of TIR [[:Category:Inscription|inscription]] sigla with those used in the {{bib|PID|Pre-Italic Dialects of Italy (PID)}}, {{bib|IR|Iscrizioni retiche (IR)}}, {{bib|LIR|Le iscrizioni retiche (LIR)}} {{bib|MLR|Monumenta Linguae Reticae (MLR)}}, and {{bib|Trismegistos|Trismegistos (TM)}}. The TIR sigla are the same as in CIRCE ({{bib|Schumacher 1992}}/{{bib|Schumacher 2004|2004}}), with additions and occasional corrections.
For the reverse concordances, see the respective reference pages: {{#ask:[[Category:Concordance]][[Category:Reference]]|format=list}}.

{{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|mainlabel=TIR|sort=sortform|?sigla_pid=PID|?sigla_ir=IR|?sigla_mancini=LIR|?sigla_mlr=MLR|?sigla_tm=TM|format=table|limit=1000|searchlabel=|default=|class=table_lines}}

{{bibliography}}
{{navigation|Concordance}}
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}

SZ-85

2021-11-06T16:16:53Z

Martin Braun:

{{inscription
|reading=iu
|reading_original={{c|U|U2}}{{c|I|I}}
|direction=ambiguous
|letter_height_min=1.8 cm
|sign_number=2
|word_number=0
|line_number=1
|script=unknown
|language=unknown
|meaning=unknown
|object=SZ-85 bowl
|position=bottom
|craftsmanship=incised
|condition=complete
|sigla_mlr=221, 236
|checklevel=1
|problem=Verweis
}}
== Commentary ==
Unpublished. Autopsied by TIR in November 2013.

See [[index::Non-script notational systems|here]] for a discussion of possible interpretations of inscriptions with doubtful status.
{{bibliography}}

SZ-23

2021-11-06T16:16:29Z

Martin Braun:

{{inscription
|reading=unknown!]ilt[?
|reading_original=]{{c|T|T3}}{{c|L|L2}}{{c|I|I}}[
|direction=sinistroverse
|letter_number_min=3
|letter_number_max=6
|word_number=0
|line_number=1
|script=North Italic script
|alphabet=Sanzeno alphabet
|language=unknown
|meaning=unknown
|object=SZ-23 antler
|position=outside
|craftsmanship=engraved
|condition=fragmentary, damaged
|sigla_pid=204
|sigla_ir=63
|sigla_mancini=SA-38, SA-41
|sigla_mlr=215, 240
|source=Schumacher 2004: 137, 147
|checklevel=0
}}
== Commentary ==
First published in {{bib|PID}}. Republished in {{bib|IR}}. Autopsied by TIR in November 2013.

Images in {{bib|IR}} (photo Tav. L, fig. a and drawing) and {{bib|LIR}} (photo and drawing).

The inscription erroneously bears two sigla SZ-23 and SZ-64 due to having been published twice (see [[index::SZ-23 antler]]). {{bib|PID|Whatmough}}, following Conway, read {{w||ilpṣịị}}, with the last three letters "incomplete at the top", which suggests that more was left of the upper or lower part of the three scratches, traces of which can now be seen only on the smallest fragment, before the object came apart (see [[SZ-23 antler]]). {{bib|LIR|Mancini}} and, following him, {{bib|Schumacher 2004|Schumacher}} kept the fragments separate, and therefore failed to recognise the inscription. Our reading based on the alignment of the fragments by the project's illustrator endorses the reading of the first three letters; {{p||s}} is not verifiable, although the respective scratch is slightly aslant. Despite the comparatively large lacuna before {{c||I}}, the presence of more letters in the beginning cannot be excluded. Cp. [[index::NO-4]].

The inscription is classified as being written in the Sanzeno alphabet because of the apparent presence of Sanzeno {{c||T3}} and {{c||L2}}, although there is not enough of it left to be entirely sure of its status as script.

Further references: {{bib|NRIE}} 100, {{bib|Battisti 1944}}: 231.
{{bibliography}}

Trismegistos

2021-11-06T16:04:29Z

Martin Braun:

{{reference
|sourcetype=unknown
|author=Mark Depauw
|author_info=et al.
|title=Trismegistos
|subtitle=An interdisciplinary portal of the ancient world
|type_reference=unknown
|language=English
|description=URL: https://www.trismegistos.org/index.php
|year=2004–
|checklevel=0
}}
== Concordance ==
{{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[sigla_tm::+]]|mainlabel=-|?sigla_tm=TM|?=TIR|sort=sortform_tm|format=table|limit=1000|searchlabel= [full list]|default=none|class=table_lines}}
{{navigation|Concordance}}

Concordance

2021-11-06T16:01:58Z

Martin Braun:

Concordance of TIR [[:Category:Inscription|inscription]] sigla with those used in the {{bib|PID|Pre-Italic Dialects of Italy (PID)}}, the {{bib|IR|Iscrizioni retiche (IR)}}, {{bib|LIR|Le iscrizioni retiche (LIR)}} and {{bib|MLR|Monumenta Linguae Reticae (MLR)}}. The TIR sigla are the same as in CIRCE ({{bib|Schumacher 1992}}/{{bib|Schumacher 2004|2004}}), with additions and occasional corrections.
For the reverse concordances, see the respective reference pages: {{#ask:[[Category:Concordance]][[Category:Reference]]|format=list}}.

{{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|mainlabel=TIR|sort=sortform|?sigla_pid=PID|?sigla_ir=IR|?sigla_mancini=LIR|?sigla_mlr=MLR|?sigla_tm=TM|format=table|limit=1000|searchlabel=|default=|class=table_lines}}

{{bibliography}}
{{navigation|Concordance}}
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}

Property:sortform tm

2021-11-06T16:00:31Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Sigla given in Trismegistos in sorting form.
|type=Text
|note=Used as functional substitute for [[Property:sigla tm]].
}}

Template:inscription

2021-11-06T15:43:52Z

Martin Braun: Undo revision 17786 by Martin Braun (talk)

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''inscriptions'''.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:inscription]].

See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disamb |{{{disambiguation|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: disamb }}||{{#ifeq: {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|1}}|||{{#vardefine: disamb |{{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|0}} }} }} }}[[disambiguation::{{#var: disamb }}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}|.|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: number |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: subnumber |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|2}} }}[[sigla_group::{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: subnumber}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }} || {{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/inscription/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- |}}
! width="100" | [[Property:text_plain|Transliteration]]:
| {{#vardefine: text |{{{reading|}}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|space|_space! _}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|:|_punctuation!:_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|/|_newline!/_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: n | 1 }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{#vardefine: plain |}}{{#while:| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} > 0 | true }}| <nowiki/>{{#vardefine: word |{{#explode: {{#var: text}} |_| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#vardefine: link |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|0}} }}{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: linktext }}||{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#var: link }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|punctuation|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|newline|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifexist: {{#var: link }}|[[{{#var: link }}{{!}}{{#var: linktext }}]]|{{#var: linktext }}}}{{#vardefine: plain |{{#var: plain}}{{#var: linktext}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|||[[word::{{#var: link }}| ]][[index::{{#var: link }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#explode: {{#var: text}}|_|{{#var: i }} }}||{{#vardefine: ok |0}} }} }}{{#vardefine: plain | {{#replace: {{#var: plain }}| |<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}[[text_plain::{{#var: plain }}| ]]
|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original script]]:
| {{{reading_original|}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{reading_variant|}}} | ! Variant Reading:
{{!}} {{{reading_variant|}}}
{{!}}- |}}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[:Category:Object|Object]]:
| [[object::{{{object|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{object|}}}|unknown||({{#show: {{{object|}}} | ?material }}){{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}|||{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}[[coordinate::{{#var: n }} N, {{#var: e }} E| ]][[coordinate_n::{{#var: n }}| ]][[coordinate_e::{{#var: e }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: object | {{{object|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Inscriptions: {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=list|sort=sortform }}) }} }}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{position|}}}|,|x|[[position::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{orientation|}}} | ! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{orientation|}}}|,|x|[[orientation::x]]°}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{frame_middle|}}} | ! Frame:
{{!}} {{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_left_{{{frame_left|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_left|Frame left: {{{frame_left|}}}]] }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_middle|}}}|unknown| ?? ?? |[[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]][[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]] }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_right_{{{frame_right|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_right|Frame right: {{{frame_right|}}}]] }} }} }}   ([[frame_left::{{{frame_left|}}}]], [[frame_middle::{{{frame_middle|}}}]], [[frame_right::{{{frame_right|}}}]])
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:script|Script]]:
| [[script::{{{script|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{alphabet|}}}||| ([[alphabet::{{{alphabet|}}}]]) }}
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]:
| [[direction::{{{direction|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{letter_height_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_height_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_height_min|Letter height]]:
{{!}} [[letter_height_min::{{{letter_height_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_height_max|}}}|– [[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_max|}}}]]|[[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_min|}}}| ]]}}
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{letter_number_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_number_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_number_min|Number of letters]]:
{{!}} [[letter_number_min::{{{letter_number_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_number_max|}}}|– {{{letter_number_max|}}}| }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[letter_number_max::{{{letter_number_max|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{sign_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{sign_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:character_number_min|Number of characters]]:
{{!}} {{{sign_number|}}} {{#if:{{{sign_number_max|}}}|– {{{sign_number_max|}}} | }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[character_number_min::{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]][[character_number_max::{{{sign_number_max|{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{line_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{line_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]:
{{!}} [[line_number::{{{line_number|}}}]]
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{craftsmanship|}}}| ! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{craftsmanship|}}}|,|x|[[craftsmanship::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|- {{#vardefine: from_object |1}}{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{sortdate|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date_derivation|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: from_object}}|1|{{#vardefine: culture| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?culture_archaeological}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?sortdate}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date_derivation}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object| [from object] }}|{{#vardefine: culture| {{{culture_archaeological|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{{sortdate|}}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{{date_derivation|}}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object|}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}
{{#ifeq: {{#var: culture }}||| ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{#var: culture }}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}} {{#var: from_object }}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:date|Date of inscription]]:
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date }}|||[[date::{{#var: date }}]][[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate }}| ]] {{#var: from_object }} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation‎|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}}{{#ifeq: {{{date_derivation‎|}}}|| {{#arraymap:{{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}} {{#ifeq: {{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|||[from object]}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type_inscription|}}} ||| ! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type_inscription|}}}|,|x|[[type_inscription::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:language|Language]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{language|}}}|,|x|[[language::x]]}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning]]:
| [[meaning::{{{meaning|}}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Concordance|Alternative sigla]]:
| {{#vardefine: separator|}}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_pid|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|PID}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_pid::x]]}}{{#vardefine:separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_ir|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|IR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_ir::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mancini|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|LIR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mancini::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mlr|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|MLR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mlr::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_tm|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|Trismegistos|TM}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_tm|}}}|,|x|[https://www.trismegistos.org/tm/detail.php?tm=[[sigla_tm::x]] [[sigla_tm::x]]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var:separator}}||none}}{{#vardefine: pid |{{#explode:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid_a |{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid |{{padleft:{{#var: pid_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_pid::{{#var: pid}}| ]]{{#vardefine: ir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{#replace:{{#var: ir}}|.|<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}{{#vardefine: ir_a |{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{padleft:{{#var: ir_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_ir::{{#var: ir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: lir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|-|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|.|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_letters |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_number |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|1}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{padright:{{#var: lir_letters}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: lir_number}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|2}} }}[[sortform_mancini::{{#var: lir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#replace:{{#var: mlr}}|sub iudice nr.|sub}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_a |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_b |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: mlr_a}}|sub|{{#vardefine: mlr_b|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_b}}|3|0}}}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_a}}|3|0}}_{{#var: mlr_b}} }}[[sortform_mlr::{{#var: mlr}}| ]]{{#vardefine: tm |{{#explode:{{{sigla_tm|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: tm |{{padleft:{{#var: tm}}|7|0}} }}[[sortform_tm::{{#var: tm}}| ]]
{{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|||
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|[unpublished]|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Inscription|{{#var: sortform}}]]
</includeonly>

Template:inscription

2021-11-06T15:42:59Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''inscriptions'''.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:inscription]].

See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disamb |{{{disambiguation|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: disamb }}||{{#ifeq: {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|1}}|||{{#vardefine: disamb |{{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|0}} }} }} }}[[disambiguation::{{#var: disamb }}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}|.|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: number |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: subnumber |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|2}} }}[[sigla_group::{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: subnumber}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }} || {{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/inscription/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- |}}
! width="100" | [[Property:text_plain|Transliteration]]:
| {{#vardefine: text |{{{reading|}}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|space|_space! _}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|:|_punctuation!:_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|/|_newline!/_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: n | 1 }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{#vardefine: plain |}}{{#while:| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} > 0 | true }}| <nowiki/>{{#vardefine: word |{{#explode: {{#var: text}} |_| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#vardefine: link |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|0}} }}{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: linktext }}||{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#var: link }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|punctuation|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|newline|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifexist: {{#var: link }}|[[{{#var: link }}{{!}}{{#var: linktext }}]]|{{#var: linktext }}}}{{#vardefine: plain |{{#var: plain}}{{#var: linktext}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|||[[word::{{#var: link }}| ]][[index::{{#var: link }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#explode: {{#var: text}}|_|{{#var: i }} }}||{{#vardefine: ok |0}} }} }}{{#vardefine: plain | {{#replace: {{#var: plain }}| |<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}[[text_plain::{{#var: plain }}| ]]
|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original script]]:
| {{{reading_original|}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{reading_variant|}}} | ! Variant Reading:
{{!}} {{{reading_variant|}}}
{{!}}- |}}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[:Category:Object|Object]]:
| [[object::{{{object|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{object|}}}|unknown||({{#show: {{{object|}}} | ?material }}){{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}|||{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}[[coordinate::{{#var: n }} N, {{#var: e }} E| ]][[coordinate_n::{{#var: n }}| ]][[coordinate_e::{{#var: e }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: object | {{{object|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Inscriptions: {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=list|sort=sortform }}) }} }}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{position|}}}|,|x|[[position::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{orientation|}}} | ! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{orientation|}}}|,|x|[[orientation::x]]°}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{frame_middle|}}} | ! Frame:
{{!}} {{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_left_{{{frame_left|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_left|Frame left: {{{frame_left|}}}]] }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_middle|}}}|unknown| ?? ?? |[[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]][[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]] }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_right_{{{frame_right|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_right|Frame right: {{{frame_right|}}}]] }} }} }}   ([[frame_left::{{{frame_left|}}}]], [[frame_middle::{{{frame_middle|}}}]], [[frame_right::{{{frame_right|}}}]])
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:script|Script]]:
| [[script::{{{script|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{alphabet|}}}||| ([[alphabet::{{{alphabet|}}}]]) }}
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]:
| [[direction::{{{direction|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{letter_height_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_height_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_height_min|Letter height]]:
{{!}} [[letter_height_min::{{{letter_height_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_height_max|}}}|– [[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_max|}}}]]|[[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_min|}}}| ]]}}
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{letter_number_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_number_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_number_min|Number of letters]]:
{{!}} [[letter_number_min::{{{letter_number_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_number_max|}}}|– {{{letter_number_max|}}}| }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[letter_number_max::{{{letter_number_max|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{sign_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{sign_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:character_number_min|Number of characters]]:
{{!}} {{{sign_number|}}} {{#if:{{{sign_number_max|}}}|– {{{sign_number_max|}}} | }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[character_number_min::{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]][[character_number_max::{{{sign_number_max|{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{line_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{line_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]:
{{!}} [[line_number::{{{line_number|}}}]]
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{craftsmanship|}}}| ! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{craftsmanship|}}}|,|x|[[craftsmanship::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|- {{#vardefine: from_object |1}}{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{sortdate|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date_derivation|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: from_object}}|1|{{#vardefine: culture| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?culture_archaeological}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?sortdate}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date_derivation}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object| [from object] }}|{{#vardefine: culture| {{{culture_archaeological|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{{sortdate|}}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{{date_derivation|}}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object|}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}
{{#ifeq: {{#var: culture }}||| ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{#var: culture }}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}} {{#var: from_object }}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:date|Date of inscription]]:
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date }}|||[[date::{{#var: date }}]][[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate }}| ]] {{#var: from_object }} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation‎|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}}{{#ifeq: {{{date_derivation‎|}}}|| {{#arraymap:{{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}} {{#ifeq: {{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|||[from object]}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type_inscription|}}} ||| ! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type_inscription|}}}|,|x|[[type_inscription::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:language|Language]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{language|}}}|,|x|[[language::x]]}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning]]:
| [[meaning::{{{meaning|}}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Concordance|Alternative sigla]]:
| {{#vardefine: separator|}}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_pid|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|PID}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_pid::x]]}}{{#vardefine:separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_ir|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|IR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_ir::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mancini|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|LIR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mancini::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mlr|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|MLR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mlr::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_tm|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|Trismegistos|TM}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_tm|}}}|,|x|[https://www.trismegistos.org/text/[[sigla_tm::x]] [[sigla_tm::x]]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var:separator}}||none}}{{#vardefine: pid |{{#explode:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid_a |{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid |{{padleft:{{#var: pid_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_pid::{{#var: pid}}| ]]{{#vardefine: ir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{#replace:{{#var: ir}}|.|<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}{{#vardefine: ir_a |{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{padleft:{{#var: ir_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_ir::{{#var: ir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: lir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|-|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|.|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_letters |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_number |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|1}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{padright:{{#var: lir_letters}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: lir_number}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|2}} }}[[sortform_mancini::{{#var: lir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#replace:{{#var: mlr}}|sub iudice nr.|sub}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_a |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_b |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: mlr_a}}|sub|{{#vardefine: mlr_b|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_b}}|3|0}}}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_a}}|3|0}}_{{#var: mlr_b}} }}[[sortform_mlr::{{#var: mlr}}| ]]{{#vardefine: tm |{{#explode:{{{sigla_tm|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: tm |{{padleft:{{#var: tm}}|7|0}} }}[[sortform_tm::{{#var: tm}}| ]]
{{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|||
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|[unpublished]|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Inscription|{{#var: sortform}}]]
</includeonly>

Template:inscription

2021-11-06T15:40:38Z

Martin Braun:

SZ-1.1

2021-11-06T15:36:37Z

Martin Braun:

{{inscription
|reading=lasta space φrima!φirima þinaχe / unknown!χi space unknown!kaśiχanu
|reading_original={{c|E}}{{c|Χ}}{{c|A|A5}}{{c|N}}{{c|I}}{{c|Þ|Þ3}}{{c|A|A5}}{{c|M}}{{c|I}}{{c|R}}{{c|I}}{{c|Φ|Φ2}}{{c|space}}{{c|A|A5}}{{c|T|T3}}{{c|S||d}}{{c|A||d}}{{c|L|L2}} {{c||U4}}{{c||N}}{{c||A5}}{{c||Χ}}{{c||I}}{{c||Ś}}{{c||A5}}{{c||K}}{{c|space}}{{c||I}}{{c||Χ}}
|direction=sinistroverse
|letter_height_min=0.6
|letter_height_max=1.1 cm
|letter_number_min=27
|line_number=2
|script=North Italic script
|alphabet=Sanzeno alphabet
|language=Raetic
|meaning='Lasta (and) Φ(i)rima *Śiχanu X-ed ?'
|object=SZ-1 bronze
|position=front
|craftsmanship=embossed
|condition=complete
|sigla_ir=14
|sigla_mancini=SA-2 a
|sigla_mlr=147
|sigla_tm=218371
|source=Schumacher 2004: 131, 335
|checklevel=1
|problem=Morandi: Fotos im Tafelteil
|disambiguation=SZ-1
}}
== Commentary ==
First published in {{bib|Mayr 1950}}: 333 (no. I). Autopsied by TIR in October 2014.

Images in {{bib|Roberti 1950}}: Tav. I,I (drawing) = {{bib|Mayr 1950}}: 335 (I), {{bib|Pellegrini 1951}}: no. 1a (photo) and 307 (1a) (drawing), {{bib|Morandi 1982}}: 203 (drawing), {{bib|LIR}} (photo and drawing = {{bib|IR}}).

Inscribed on the front of the bronze in two sinistroverse lines running along the edges, with the top of the letters toward the edge. Line 1, starting at the tail fin, turned out too long, the last two letters are added below the end of the line on the head (length 9 + 1.2 cm). Line 2, inverted in relation to line 1, starts at a small distance from these two letters, and runs back toward the tail fin (length 5.8 cm). The letters are fairly tidy and well legible, given the irregularity of the writing surface. Both spaces in our transliteration (between {{w||lasta}} and {{w||φirima}} in line 1, and {{w||χi}} and {{w||kaśiχanu}} in line 2) coincide with bulges conditioned by the back fins, and may not be real spaces, but only circumstantial gaps. In line 1, the fact that the gap does separate words may be coincidental; in line 2, the segmentation is debatable. Note, however, that there are four back fins, and in the two other cases there are letters entered right under them despite the bulge (cp. [[index::SZ-15.1]]). Of those, {{c||N}} in line 2 is merely a little awkwardly elongated, {{c||Þ3}} in line 1 appears to have been a challenge: In addition to the hasta, there are three bars; the one first inscribed ({{c||line d 10}} crossing the hasta) coincides with a bend in the fin, and was repeated on the left of the hasta. Another reading than {{c||Þ3}} is highly unlikely, but note that the identification of the special characters of Sanzeno {{c||Þ3}} and Magré {{c||Þ}} relies on this occurrence of {{c||Þ3}}. {{c||E}}{{c||Χ}} below and to the left of final {{c||A5}} do clearly belong with line 1, as they are oriented the same way, and the last word must be read {{w||þinaχe}}. The crossing of the lower bar of {{c||K}} with the hasta of the third {{c||A5}} in line 1 shows clearly that line 2 was inscribed after line 1.

Line 1 can be segmented into three words: two individual names ending in -{{p||a}} ({{w||lasta}}, {{w||φrima|φirima}}; both also documented elsewhere), and the verb {{w||þinaχe}}. Line 2 probably ends in the patronymic suffix {{m||-nu}}, but cannot be further segmented. {{bib|Rix 1998}}: 19, 41 interprets {{w||χika}} as a failed attempt at the first part of {{w||śiχanu}}, but this ad hoc assumption seems a bit farfetched. If, as assumed by {{bib|Rix 1998}}: 19 and {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 296, {{m||-nu}} is employed both for men and mixed couples, the inscription may be translated: 'Lasta (and) Φ(i)rima *Śiχanu X-ed [?]'. Cp. [[index::SZ-2]] with two individual names plus patronymic in {{m||-nu}}.

Further references: {{bib|Pellegrini 1951}}: 306 ff. (no. 1a) and 321 f., {{bib|Mayr 1952}}: 175 (1), {{bib|Vetter 1954}}: 70 (1a), {{bib|Mayr 1959b}}: 337, {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1978}}: 224, {{bib|Morandi 1982}}: 202 f.
{{bibliography}}

Property:sigla tm

2021-11-06T15:35:52Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Sigla given in Trismegistos.
|type=Text
|note=See {{bib|Trismegistos}}, [[index::Concordance]].
}}

Property:sigla tm

2021-11-06T15:35:26Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Sigla given in MLR.
|type=Text
|note=See {{bib|Trismegistos}}, [[index::Concordance]].
}}

Form:inscription

2021-11-06T15:33:10Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::With this form, pages that use the '''Template:inscription''' can be created or edited.]]
See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

{{#forminput:inscription}}
'''Note:''' Use the correct punctuation mark (e.g. the hyphen "<code>-</code>") for sigla and page names of inscriptions, e.g. "<code>MA-4</code>"

[[Category:Form]]
</noinclude><includeonly>
'''Note:'''
*{{var|square_brackets}}

{{{for template|inscription}}}
{| class="formtable"
! colspan=2 |
=== Inscription Description ===
|-
! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
| {{{field|name|size=80}}}
*Proper name or popular name of the inscription, e.g. "<code>Inscription of Prestino</code>" or "<code>Harigasti inscription</code>".
*Do not enter the name of the object here!
|-
! [[:Category:Word|Transliteration]]: *
| {{{field|reading|mandatory|size=80}}}
*Use " " (space) to separate [[:Category:Word|words]], even if there are no spaces in the original inscription. These spaces are only segmentation markers for the system and won't be displayed. Note that [[separator|separators]] and [[newline|new lines]] are also "words" in the above sense!
*Use "<code>!</code>" to separate linked and displayed forms of a word, e.g. "<code>linkform!displayform</code>".
*The linked form must be a [[:Category:Word|word page]]! These are normalised word forms; there are no word pages for writing variants! Note that word pages never contain brackets or uncertainty markers of any kind.
*To display spaces, ":", "/" or other functional characters in the display form (for whatever reason!), they have to be HTML-masked, e.g. "<code>linkform!display&#32;form</code>".
*Example: "<code>sφuras!sφura·s entus!entus&#x0323;</code>" will display "[[sφuras|sφura·s]][[entus|entuṣ]]". (Note the difference between the linked and the displayed forms.)
|-
| colspan=2 |

{| class="table_lines" style="margin:5px; border:1px solid blue; width=2000px;"
! Transliterationszeichen
! Beispiel
! Bedeutung/Anmerkung
! width=100 | vgl. {{bib|Schumacher 2004|CIRCE}}
! width=100 | vgl. {{bib|ET}}
|-
| Kleinbuchstaben, z.B. ‹a›, ‹p›, ‹χ›, ‹φ›, ‹ś›, ‹θ›, ‹þ›, ...
| ‹śiχanu›
| Kleinbuchstaben der entsprechenden [[:Category:Character|Schriftzeichen]] (d.h. der Archigrapheme, z.B. ‹[[A]]›, ‹[[P]]›, [[Χ]], [[Φ]], [[Ś]], [[Θ]], [[Þ]], ...)
*Vorsicht bei formgleichen lat./gr. Zeichen: ‹[[Χ]]› (Chi) → ‹χ›, aber ‹[[Z]]› (Tsett) → ‹z›!
| (ebenso od. Original-ähnlich) [16]
| (ebenso) [20–22, 37–39]
|-
| ‹t›
| ‹φutiχinu›
| {{c||T}} ("etruskisches T")
| ‹t1› [113]
|-
| ‹θ›
| ‹piθamne›
| {{c||Θ}} ("Andreaskreuz-T")
| ‹t2› [113]
| ‹s̽› wenn /s/ [38–39]
|-
| ‹z›
| ‹kaszri›
| {{c||Z}} ("Zeta von Steinberg")
| ‹t3› [113]
|-
| ‹þ›
| ‹þinake›
| {{c||Þ}} ("Dreieckszeichen", "segno seghettato", TIR: [[Þ|Thorn1–2]])
| ‹{{c||Þ}}› [16, 113], ‹¶› [304]
|-
| ‹þ›
| ‹vaþanu›
| {{c||Þ3}} ("Pfeilzeichen", "''t'' a freccia", TIR: [[Þ|Thorn3]])
| ‹↑› [16, 113]
|-
| ‹t›
| ‹[[terisna]]›
| {{c||T4}} (TIR: [[T|T4]])
| ‹ti› [307]
|-
| ‹ › (Leerzeichen)
| ‹sφuras entus›
| Wortgrenze
*Trennt [[:Category:Word|Wörter]] in der Transliteration voneinander, wird aber in der Ausgabe nicht dargestellt; z.B. "<code>sφuras entus</code>" ergibt "[[sφuras]][[entus]]".
| (keine Worttrennung)
| Spatium [41]
|-
| ‹space›
| ‹sφuras [[space]] entus›
| [[space|Zeichen-Abstand]], Leerzeichen, Spatium
|
| Spatium [41]
|-
| ‹:› (Doppelpunkt)
| ‹φeluriesi : φelvinuale›
| [[separator|Trennzeichen]], Worttrenner
*Achtung: "<code>:</code>" ist das Zeichen für alle Varianten des [[separator|Separators]], so wie "<code>a</code>" das Zeichen für alle Varianten von [[A]] ist!
| ‹{{c||punctuation3}}›, ‹{{c||punctuation6}}› [116]; "Interpunktion": ‹.› (Punkt) [116]
| ‹.›, ‹:›, ‹{{c||punctuation3}}› [41]
|-
| ‹·› (Hochpunkt)
| ‹va·l·θikinu›
| [[punctuation|Silbenpunktierung]]
*Wenn unklar ist, ob es sich um einen Worttrenner (s.o.) oder um Silbenpunktierung handelt, ist ebenfalls ‹·› zu notieren.
|
| ‹¨› (übergesetztes Trema) [23, 39]
|-
| ‹$› (Dollarzeichen)
| ‹$$› {{c||symbol3}}{{c||symbol4}}, ‹φausu$›
| [[symbol|Symbol]], Marke; Zeichen, das aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach eine (uns jedoch unklare) Bedeutung/Funktion trägt
*Sollte eine konkrete Bedeutung bekannt werden, so ist die Transliteration entsprechend zu ändern (z.B. bei eventuellen Zahlzeichen).
| ‹I›, ‹X›, ‹V›, ‹{{c||symbol}}› [115–116]
|-
| ‹§› (Paragraph)
| ‹§χosioiso›
| [[§|Zeichen-ähnliche Zierelemente]], Pseudoschrift, Dekoratives, Lückenfüller, Krixikraxi
*Nur dann zu notieren, wenn Teil einer Inschrift, in eindeutig zeichenartigem Bezug zu einer Inschrift oder zumindest theoretisch als Inschrift lesbar; ansonsten interessieren Zierelemente nicht in der Transliteration!
|-
| ‹?› (Fragezeichen)
| ‹[[eluku|elu?u]]›
| [[unknown|unklares/unbekanntes Zeichen]], nicht zuordenbares Zeichen; d.h. keines der oben genannten Zeichen oder zu unklar welches
| ‹x› (Iks) [114], ‹=› [319]
| ‹-› (Bindestrich) [40]
|-
| ‹ ̣› (untergesetzter Punkt)
| ‹[[eluku|eluḳu]]›
| Zeichen beschädigt, schwer und/oder nicht sicher lesbar
*HTML-Notation: "<code>&#x0323;</code>" nach betroffenem Buchstaben, z.B. "<code>k&#x0323;</code>" ergibt "ḳ".
| (ebenso) [114]
| (ebenso) [39]
|-
| ‹[]› (eckige Klammern)
| ‹[[eluku|]elu[k]u]]›
| Rekonstruktion: Textteil nicht erhalten; Zeichen auf der offenen Seite der Klammern sind rekonstruiert
*Achtung: Eckige Klammern in der Transliteration müssen immer HTML-maskiert notiert werden, z.B. "<code>&#91;k&#93;</code>" ergibt "[k]".
| ‹?]›, ‹[?›, ‹[ ]› u.dgl. [115]
| (ebenso) [40]
|-
| ‹()› (runde Klammern)
| ‹nakin(a) aθaris›
|
# Ergänzung: Textteil im Original nicht geschrieben aber für Lesung ergänzt
# Optionales: Textteil innerhalb der Klammer kann vorhanden sein oder nicht; z.B. bei zu unsicherer Lesung (?)
|
| Ergänzung [40]
|-
| ‹{}› (geschweifte Klammern) (?)
| ‹φanin{i}›
| Löschung: Textteil als unnötig geschrieben angesehen, im Original zu viel geschrieben
|
| (ebenso) [40]
|-
| ‹/›
| ‹]??eθin? / sφura·s entus›
| [[newline|Zeilenumbruch]]
|
| (hochgestellte Zeilennummer) [35–36]
|}
(?): fragwürdig, diskutabel, nicht beschlossen

|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original letters]]: *
| {{{field|reading_original|mandatory|size=80}}}
*Use [[Template:c]] for each character, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c|A}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||A}}) or <code><nowiki>{{c|A|A2|d}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||A2|d}}). See there for more instructions.
*Remember that the first parameter in [[Template:c]] must be a [[:Category:Character|character pagename]], e.g. <code>Χ</code> (chi)<code>, Φ, Ś, Θ, Þ</code>!
*Use the unlinked form to display a sign that is not a character, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c||Θ}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||Θ}}) or <code><nowiki>{{c||U3|d}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||U3|d}}).
*The character sequence has to be entered as you want it to be displayed. Thus the last character of a sinistroverse inscription has to be entered as the leftmost one!
|-
! Variant reading:
| {{{field|reading_variant|size=80}}} Use [[Template:w]] and/or [[Template:c]], e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c|U}}{{c|Ś|Ś2}}{{c|E}}{{c|P}} {{w|peśu}}</nowiki></code>
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]: *
| {{{field|direction|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:letter_height_min|Min. letter height]]:
| {{{field|letter_height_min|size=10}}} Example: "<code>11.5 cm</code>"
|-
! [[Property:letter_height_max|Max. letter height]]:
| {{{field|letter_height_max|size=10}}} Example: "<code>12.2 cm</code>" To be filled only when the letter height varies in the inscription.
|-
! [[Property:letter_number_min|Min. number of letters]]:
| {{{field|letter_number_min|size=10}}}
|-
! [[Property:letter_number_max|Max. number of letters]]:
| {{{field|letter_number_max|size=10}}} To be filled only when the exact number of letters on the inscription is uncertain.
|-
! [[Property:character_number_min|Min. number of characters]]:
| {{{field|sign_number|size=10}}} (Including letters.)
|-
! [[Property:character_number_max|Max. number of characters]]:
| {{{field|sign_number_max|size=10}}} (Including letters.) To be filled only when the exact number of characters on the inscription is uncertain.
|-
! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]: *
| {{{field|line_number|mandatory|size=10}}} ("<code>0</code>" for ''unknown'' or ''none'')
|-
! [[Property:script|Script]]: *
| {{{field|script|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:alphabet‎|Alphabet]]:
| {{{field|alphabet}}}
|-
! [[Property:language|Language]]: *
| {{{field|language|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning (Translation)]]:
| {{{field|meaning|size=80}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Inscription Circumstances ===
|-
! [[Property:object|Object]]: *
| {{{field|object|values from category=Object|mandatory|size=20}}}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{{field|position}}}
|-
! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
| {{{field|orientation|size=10}}} ° in degrees, e.g. <code>0</code> (for ''horizontal normal''), <code>180</code> (for ''horizontal head-down''), <code>90</code> (for ''vertical, head to the left''). Leave blank if ''undefinable'', ''meaningless'', or ''unknown''.
|-
! [[Property:frame_left|Left frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_left}}}
|-
! [[Property:frame_middle|Middle frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_middle}}}
|-
! [[Property:frame_right|Right frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_right}}}
|-
! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
| {{{field|craftsmanship}}}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]: *
| {{{field|condition|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
| {{{field|type_inscription}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Inscription Date ===
'''Note''': Leave blank if not different from the object's date!
|-
! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological Culture]]:
| {{{field|culture_archaeological}}}
|-
! [[Property:sortdate|Date in Sortform]]:
| {{{field|sortdate|input type=text|size=10}}} decimal number in '''years''', negative for years BC; e.g. "<code>-300</code>" (for ''300 BC''), "<code>1888</code>" (for ''1888''), "<code>1997.0131</code>" (for ''31 Jan 1997''). Leave blank if unknown!
|-
! [[Property:date|Date in Display Format]]:
| {{{field|date|input type=text|size=10}}} e.g. "<code>3rd century BC</code>", "<code>early 3rd century BC</code>", "<code>3rd–2nd centuries BC</code>", or "<code>unknown</code>" (if ''unknown'') Note: If you enter a display form, you also have to enter a sorting value above!
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation‎|Date derived from]]:
| {{{field|date_derivation}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Alternative Inscription Sigla ===
* Multiple sigla in the same field must be separated by "<code>,</code>" (comma), e.g. "<code>101, 102</code>"
* There are different entry schemes for foreign sigla. Usually two positions can be distinguished within a siglum for sorting purposes. Mind the specific position separators (see examples): "<code> </code>" (space), "<code>.</code>" (dot), "<code>-</code>" (hyphen).
|-
! [[Property:sigla_pid|PID]]:
| {{{field|sigla_pid|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>190</code>", "<code>207 a</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_ir|IR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_ir|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>7</code>", "<code>17 a</code>", "<code>64.1</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_mancini|LIR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_mancini|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>SLO-10</code>", "<code>BZ-12 a</code>", "<code>BZ-26.1</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_mlr|MLR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_mlr|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>61</code>", "<code>289 a</code>", "<code>sub iudice nr. 20</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_tm|TM]]:
| {{{field|sigla_tm|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>218371</code>
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Sources ===
|-
! [[Property:index|Detailed source]]:
| {{{field|source|size=80}}}
*Use "<code>;</code>" to separate the entries, use "<code>:</code>" to separate the reference from pages, use "," to separate different pages.
*Example: "<code>Schumacher 2004: 156, 301; LIR: 210–214; Stöckli 1975: pl. 38</code>"
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Problems ===
|-
! [[Property:checklevel|Checklevel]]: *
| {{{field|checklevel|mandatory}}} {{var|checklevel_description}}
|-
! [[Property:problem|Problems]]:
| {{{field|problem|size=80}}} in keywords or as short phrases, separated by ";"
|-
! [[Property:disambiguation|Disambiguation page]]:
| {{{field|disambiguation|values from category=Disambiguation pages‏‎|size=10}}} Leave blank if only {{PAGENAME}} without subnumber.
{{{end template}}}
|-
| colspan=2 |
=== Free text ===
{{{standard input|free text|rows=20}}}
|-
! colspan=2 |
=== Save ===
|-
! Options:
| {{{standard input|minor edit}}} {{{standard input|watch}}}
|-
! Save:
| {{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|changes}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | {{{standard input|summary}}}
|}

{{{for template|bibliography}}}
{{{end template}}}

__NOEDITSECTION__
__NOTOC__
</includeonly>

Template:inscription

2021-11-06T15:31:36Z

Martin Braun: +Trismegistos

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''inscriptions'''.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:inscription]].

See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disamb |{{{disambiguation|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: disamb }}||{{#ifeq: {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|1}}|||{{#vardefine: disamb |{{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|0}} }} }} }}[[disambiguation::{{#var: disamb }}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}|.|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: number |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: subnumber |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|2}} }}[[sigla_group::{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: subnumber}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }} || {{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/inscription/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- |}}
! width="100" | [[Property:text_plain|Transliteration]]:
| {{#vardefine: text |{{{reading|}}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|space|_space! _}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|:|_punctuation!:_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|/|_newline!/_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: n | 1 }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{#vardefine: plain |}}{{#while:| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} > 0 | true }}| <nowiki/>{{#vardefine: word |{{#explode: {{#var: text}} |_| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#vardefine: link |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|0}} }}{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: linktext }}||{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#var: link }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|punctuation|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|newline|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifexist: {{#var: link }}|[[{{#var: link }}{{!}}{{#var: linktext }}]]|{{#var: linktext }}}}{{#vardefine: plain |{{#var: plain}}{{#var: linktext}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|||[[word::{{#var: link }}| ]][[index::{{#var: link }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#explode: {{#var: text}}|_|{{#var: i }} }}||{{#vardefine: ok |0}} }} }}{{#vardefine: plain | {{#replace: {{#var: plain }}| |<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}[[text_plain::{{#var: plain }}| ]]
|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original script]]:
| {{{reading_original|}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{reading_variant|}}} | ! Variant Reading:
{{!}} {{{reading_variant|}}}
{{!}}- |}}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[:Category:Object|Object]]:
| [[object::{{{object|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{object|}}}|unknown||({{#show: {{{object|}}} | ?material }}){{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}|||{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}[[coordinate::{{#var: n }} N, {{#var: e }} E| ]][[coordinate_n::{{#var: n }}| ]][[coordinate_e::{{#var: e }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: object | {{{object|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Inscriptions: {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=list|sort=sortform }}) }} }}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{position|}}}|,|x|[[position::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{orientation|}}} | ! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{orientation|}}}|,|x|[[orientation::x]]°}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{frame_middle|}}} | ! Frame:
{{!}} {{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_left_{{{frame_left|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_left|Frame left: {{{frame_left|}}}]] }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_middle|}}}|unknown| ?? ?? |[[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]][[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]] }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_right_{{{frame_right|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_right|Frame right: {{{frame_right|}}}]] }} }} }}   ([[frame_left::{{{frame_left|}}}]], [[frame_middle::{{{frame_middle|}}}]], [[frame_right::{{{frame_right|}}}]])
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:script|Script]]:
| [[script::{{{script|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{alphabet|}}}||| ([[alphabet::{{{alphabet|}}}]]) }}
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]:
| [[direction::{{{direction|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{letter_height_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_height_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_height_min|Letter height]]:
{{!}} [[letter_height_min::{{{letter_height_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_height_max|}}}|– [[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_max|}}}]]|[[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_min|}}}| ]]}}
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{letter_number_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_number_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_number_min|Number of letters]]:
{{!}} [[letter_number_min::{{{letter_number_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_number_max|}}}|– {{{letter_number_max|}}}| }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[letter_number_max::{{{letter_number_max|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{sign_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{sign_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:character_number_min|Number of characters]]:
{{!}} {{{sign_number|}}} {{#if:{{{sign_number_max|}}}|– {{{sign_number_max|}}} | }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[character_number_min::{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]][[character_number_max::{{{sign_number_max|{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{line_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{line_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]:
{{!}} [[line_number::{{{line_number|}}}]]
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{craftsmanship|}}}| ! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{craftsmanship|}}}|,|x|[[craftsmanship::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|- {{#vardefine: from_object |1}}{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{sortdate|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date_derivation|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: from_object}}|1|{{#vardefine: culture| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?culture_archaeological}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?sortdate}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date_derivation}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object| [from object] }}|{{#vardefine: culture| {{{culture_archaeological|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{{sortdate|}}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{{date_derivation|}}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object|}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}
{{#ifeq: {{#var: culture }}||| ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{#var: culture }}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}} {{#var: from_object }}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:date|Date of inscription]]:
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date }}|||[[date::{{#var: date }}]][[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate }}| ]] {{#var: from_object }} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation‎|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}}{{#ifeq: {{{date_derivation‎|}}}|| {{#arraymap:{{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}} {{#ifeq: {{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|||[from object]}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type_inscription|}}} ||| ! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type_inscription|}}}|,|x|[[type_inscription::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:language|Language]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{language|}}}|,|x|[[language::x]]}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning]]:
| [[meaning::{{{meaning|}}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Concordance|Alternative sigla]]:
| {{#vardefine: separator|}}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_pid|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|PID}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_pid::x]]}}{{#vardefine:separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_ir|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|IR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_ir::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mancini|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|LIR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mancini::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mlr|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|MLR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mlr::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_tm|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|Trismegistos|TM}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_tm|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_tm::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var:separator}}||none}}{{#vardefine: pid |{{#explode:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid_a |{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid |{{padleft:{{#var: pid_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_pid::{{#var: pid}}| ]]{{#vardefine: ir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{#replace:{{#var: ir}}|.|<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}{{#vardefine: ir_a |{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{padleft:{{#var: ir_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_ir::{{#var: ir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: lir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|-|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|.|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_letters |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_number |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|1}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{padright:{{#var: lir_letters}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: lir_number}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|2}} }}[[sortform_mancini::{{#var: lir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#replace:{{#var: mlr}}|sub iudice nr.|sub}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_a |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_b |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: mlr_a}}|sub|{{#vardefine: mlr_b|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_b}}|3|0}}}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_a}}|3|0}}_{{#var: mlr_b}} }}[[sortform_mlr::{{#var: mlr}}| ]]{{#vardefine: tm |{{#explode:{{{sigla_tm|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: tm |{{padleft:{{#var: tm}}|7|0}} }}[[sortform_tm::{{#var: tm}}| ]]
{{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|||
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|[unpublished]|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Inscription|{{#var: sortform}}]]
</includeonly>

Template:image12

2020-06-10T06:53:02Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>[[description::This template serves to display images with the height of text lines (i.e. 12px).]]

=== Parameters ===
#Image file name. The prefix (i.e. namespace) <code>File:</code> will be ignored.
#Value for the title attribute (optional).
#A page to be linked to (optional).

=== Examples ===
*<code><nowiki>{{image12|A.png}}</nowiki></code> will be displayed as {{image12|A.png}}.
*<code><nowiki>{{image12|File:A.png}}</nowiki></code> will be displayed as {{image12|File:A.png}}.
*<code><nowiki>{{image12|A.png|character A}}</nowiki></code> will be displayed as {{image12|A.png|character A}}.
*<code><nowiki>{{image12|A.png||A}}</nowiki></code> will be displayed as {{image12|A.png||A}}.
*<code><nowiki>{{image12|A.png|go to A|A}}</nowiki></code> will be displayed as {{image12|A.png|go to A|A}}.

When used as printout table of inline queries:
<pre>
{{#ask:
[[Category:File]]
[[alphabet::Venetic alphabet]]
|link=none
|?alphabet
|template=image12
|format=list
|limit=5
|searchlabel=
}}
</pre>

will be displayed as

{{#ask:[[Category:File]][[alphabet::Venetic alphabet]]|link=none|?alphabet|template=image12|format=list|limit=5|searchlabel=}}

[[Category:Text Module]]
</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: file|{{#replace: {{{1|}}}|File:|}} }}[[Image:{{#var: file}}|x12px|baseline|{{#var: file}}|{{{2|}}}|link={{{3|}}}]]</includeonly>

Property:script

2020-05-10T23:56:28Z

Martin Braun: /* Map */

{{property
|description=Defines the writing system of the inscription.
|type=Text
|allows value=Greek script, Etruscan script, Latin script, North Italic script, Camunic script, unknown, none
}}
== Definition ==
In the TIR, variants of epigraphic systems are distinguished on two levels: "scripts" and "alphabets". Note that the distinction and terminology are not necessarily grammatologically sound, but introduced here merely for convenience. The scripts are fairly straightforwardly discriminable variants, usually associated with different languages, i.e. the Greek script as used in mainland Greece and its Mediterranean colonies, the Etruscan script as used by the Etruscan-speaking people of Central Italy, the Latin script as it emerged in Latium and later spread over all of Italy, the North Italic script as used by various peoples north of the Po, and the graphically peculiar Camunic script as used by the ancient ''Camunni''. The fact that all these scripts are related to and derived from each other entails certain similarities and, consequently, difficulties in differentiation. This applies even more to the second level of distinction: The North Italic script, derived from Etruscan, appears in a number of varieties or "alphabets". These alphabets can to some extent be described, distinguished and even derived from each other, but are still so similar that the absence of certain schibboleth characters precludes the ascription of any single document of writing to a specific variety. This is so much the case that the inscriptions collected in the TIR, where they are not written in another script altogether, are considered to be written in the North Italic script; only where possible is the ascription to an alphabet added in brackets.

The list below details the grounds upon which inscriptions are ascribed to a script, including the schibboleth characters and additional factors (geographical, linguistical, chronological/archaeological) specially pertaining to the appraisal of the Raetic corpus. For the definitions of the different North Italic alphabets as distinguished in the TIR and corresponding data, see [[index::Property:alphabet]]. For further information see [[index::Script]].

=== Greek ===
Greek writing or its influence might be expected to be found in the catchment area of the early Greek settlements of Adria and Spina in the Po delta or in the very West of Transpadania through influx from the area of Marseille (from approx. the 3rd c. onwards). The Greek script was used to write Continental Celtic in France; one of the earliest Lepontic inscriptions can be argued to be written in Greek – linguistically Raetic (or Venetic) inscriptions written in Greek cannot be excluded. The main identifying epigraphical feature would be the presence of one or more characters for mediae. For a collection of Gallo-Greek letter forms see {{bib|RIG}} (vol. I) p. 428 ff.

=== Etruscan ===
None of the Etruscan settlements in the very North (Liguria, the Reggio Emilia and the area around Mantova, Adria and Spina) are situated near the Raetic area, but Etruscan writing is not unlikely to pop up anywhere in Transpadania. Indeed, seeing as, essentially, all of North Italic writing may be argued to be the Etruscan script applied to other languages, the identification of linguistically Etruscan elements in a document must remain a major reason for also defining its script as Etruscan. Epigraphically, the identifying features are prevalently negative, i.e. the absence of any North Italic characteristics. Consequently, uncertainness of ascription is an issue mainly in the scope of the Lugano alphabet, which deviates least from its Etruscan source.

=== Latin ===
The Latin script, eventually obliterating all earlier writing systems in Northern Italy, or Latinoid features must be anticipated in every part of Transpadania. The chronological factor substitutes the geographical one: The younger the document, the more likely the appearance of Latin forms. Equally, inscriptions with peregrine characteristics might tend to be found on imported objects (this also goes for Greek and Etruscan). It can be pointed out that, unlike Venetic, where the shift from North Italic to Latin script can be retraced by means of a great number of late Latinoid inscriptions, such clear testimonies are so far absent from Raetic context. Compellingly Latin epigraphical features are the presence of undubitably Latin letter forms, i.e. the characters for mediae {{c||addB2d}}, {{c||addD2d}}, {{c||addG5d}} in their Latin form, {{c||addR3d}} with a downstroke, and {{c||addM3}} with two hastae (if not San). Indicatory features are a full-size angle in {{c||addN1d}}, presence of {{c||addC3d}}, {{c||addO5}} and {{c||addQ3d}}, and a general ductus with straight bars rather than inclined ones (e.g. {{c||addE1d}}, {{c||addA2}}) and curves rather than angles (e.g. {{c||addS1d}}). The above applies to (influence of) monumental Latin; the Latin cursive has particular characteristics (most notably {{c||addE2}} /e/) which appear in Latinoid Venetic inscriptions and must be looked out for as well.

=== North Italic ===
No shared features can be said to distinguish the North Italic alphabets as a group from the scripts of Old Italy. See [[index::Property:alphabet]].

=== Camunic ===
Generally weird. Quite unmistakable, really.

=== Unknown ===
''Unknown'' is chosen when an inscription can't at all be ascribed to a certain script, though usually some commitment is made and qualified with a question mark in brackets. '''Unknown''' is also chosen – and this is the prevalent case – when it is not sure that the characters represent script in the linguistical sense at all, but are thought to transport some kind of meaning or information. For more information on these cases, see [[index::Non-script notational systems]]. '''None''' indicates that the marks in question are, with a high degree of probability, ornamental or unintentional.

== Map ==
Distribution of [[:Category:Inscription|inscriptions]] per script:

{{#compound_query:
[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Etruscan script]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_FF8080.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[script::North Italic script]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_80C000.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Camunic script]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_8080C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Latin script]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_800000.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Greek script]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_0000C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]]
[[script::none]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_FFFFFF.png;limit=1000
[[script::unknown]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C0C0C0.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_0000C0.png|baseline]] Greek script ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Greek script]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});[[File:Marker_FF8080.png|baseline]] Etruscan script ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Etruscan script]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_800000.png|baseline]] Latin script ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Latin script]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});[[File:Marker_80C000.png|baseline]] North Italic script ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::North Italic script]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_8080C0.png|baseline]] Camunic script ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::Camunic script]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_FFFFFF.png|baseline]] none ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::none]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C0C0C0.png|baseline]] unknown ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[script::unknown]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

{{property_statistics|File}}

like

2020-04-29T22:29:11Z

Martin Braun:

{{word
|type_word=verb
|tense=past
|language=Raetic
|analysis_morphemic={{m|li-|li}}{{m|-ke}}
|meaning=unknown
|checklevel=4
|problem=Belege von alice oder Verweis auf Rix
}}
== Commentary ==

The form can most probably be segmented into a verbal stem with the preterite ending {{m||-ke}}. More problematic is the identification of the verbal base. A stem {{m||li-}} is not so far attested elsewhere in the Raetic corpus. Should the form be {{w||ilike}} (see [[index::SZ-22.1]]), the stem would resemble that of the deverbal noun {{w||eluku}} (corresponding to Etruscan {{w||ilucu}} with anlauting {{p||i}}). Another possible comparandum is Etruscan {{w||alice}} 'presented', though no explanation could at present be given for the variation in the anlauting vowel.
{{bibliography}}

Template:morpheme

2020-04-29T22:14:28Z

Martin Braun: using #ask since #show appears to be broken

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''morphemes'''.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:morpheme]].

See [[:Category:Morpheme]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Morpheme]]|format=count}} morpheme pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disambiguation | {{#arraymap:{{{disambiguation|}}}|,|x|[[disambiguation::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }} || {{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}[[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: problem | {{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|,|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{lc:{{{sortform|}}} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sortform|}}}||{{#vardefine: sortform | {{lc:{{PAGENAME}} }} }} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category | {{#var: sortform}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|)|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|(|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|-|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|?|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|χ|ch}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|φ|ph}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|ś|s}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|θ|th1}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category }}|þ|th2}} }}{{#vardefine: n|0 }}{{#vardefine: len|{{#len: {{#var: sortform }} }} }}{{#vardefine: sortcode|}}{{#vardefine: sortcode_reverse|}}{{#vardefine: separator|}}{{#while:
| {{#ifexpr: {{#var: n }} < {{#var: len }} | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: c | {{#sub: {{#var: sortform }}|{{#var: n }}|1}} }}{{#vardefine: to|{{#ask: [[{{uc:{{#var: c}}}}]]|?sortform_cval=|mainlabel=-}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: to}}|||{{#vardefine: sortcode|{{#var: sortcode }}{{#var: separator}}{{#var: to}}}}{{#vardefine: sortcode_reverse|{{#var: to }}{{#var: separator}}{{#var: sortcode_reverse}}}}{{#vardefine: separator|-}} }}{{#vardefine: n | {{#expr: {{#var: n }} + 1 }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortcode }} || {{#vardefine: sortcode | incorrect, please delete!}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/morpheme/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Morpheme|Morpheme]]
|-
! width="100" | [[Property:language|Language]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{language|}}}|,|x|[[language::x]]}}
|-
! [[property:type_morpheme|Type]]:
| [[type_morpheme::{{{type_morpheme|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{meaning|}}} | ! [[Property:meaning|Meaning]]: | }}
| {{#arraymap:{{{meaning|}}}|,|x|[[meaning::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{function|}}} | ! [[Property:description|Function]]: | }}
| {{#arraymap:{{{function|}}}|,|x|[[description::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{analysis_phonemic|}}} | ! Phonemic analysis: | }}
| {{{analysis_phonemic|}}}
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! Attestation:
| {{#ask:[[Category:Word]][[morpheme::{{FULLPAGENAME}}]] OR [[Category:Morpheme]][[morpheme::{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]|format=list|sort=sortform_cval|default=none}}
{{#vardefine:n|{{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[word::{{PAGENAME}}]]|format=count}}}}
{{#ifeq:{{#var: n}}|0||(additionally as part of unknown words in: {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[word::{{PAGENAME}}]]}})}}
|}
[[Category:Morpheme|{{#var: sortform_category }}]][[sortform_cval::{{#var: sortcode }}| ]][[sortform_cval_reverse::{{#var: sortcode_reverse }}| ]]
</includeonly>

Template:word

2020-04-29T22:09:37Z

Martin Braun: using #ask since #show appears to be broken

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''words''' of any language.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:word]].

See the [[:Category:Word]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Word]]|format=count}} word pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disambiguation | {{#arraymap:{{{disambiguation|}}}|,|x|[[disambiguation::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel}} || {{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}[[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: problem | {{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{lc:{{{sortform|}}} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sortform|}}}||{{#vardefine: sortform | {{lc:{{PAGENAME}} }} }} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#var: sortform}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|)|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|(|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|?|}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|χ|ch}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|φ|ph}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|ś|s}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|θ|th1}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform_category |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform_category}}|þ|th2}} }}{{#vardefine: n|0 }}{{#vardefine: len|{{#len: {{#var: sortform}} }} }}
{{#vardefine: sortcode|}}{{#vardefine: sortcode_reverse|}}{{#vardefine: separator|}}{{#while:
| {{#ifexpr: {{#var: n}} < {{#var: len}} | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: c | {{#sub: {{#var: sortform}}|{{#var: n}}|1}} }}{{#vardefine: to|{{#ask: [[{{uc:{{#var: c}}}}]]|?sortform_cval=|mainlabel=-}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: to}}|||{{#vardefine: sortcode|{{#var: sortcode}}{{#var: separator}}{{#var: to}}}}{{#vardefine: sortcode_reverse|{{#var: to}}{{#var: separator}}{{#var: sortcode_reverse}}}}{{#vardefine: separator|-}}}}{{#vardefine: n | {{#expr: {{#var: n}} + 1 }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortcode}} || {{#vardefine: sortcode |99}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/word/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Word|Word]]
|-
! width="200" | [[Property:language|Language]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{language|}}}|,|x|[[language::x]]}}
|-
! [[Property:type_word|Word type]]:
| [[type_word::{{{type_word|}}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#if: {{{case|}}} |! [[Property:case|Case]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{case|}}}|,|x|[[case::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{person|}}} |! [[Property:person|Person]]:
{{!}} [[person::{{{person|}}}]]
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{number|}}} |! [[Property:number|Number]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{number|}}}|,|x|[[number::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{gender|}}} |! [[Property:gender|Gender]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{gender|}}}|,|x|[[gender::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{stem_class|}}} |! [[Property:stem_class|Stem class]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{stem_class|}}}|,|x|[[stem_class::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{tense|}}} |! [[Property:tense|Tense]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{tense|}}}|,|x|[[tense::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#if: {{{analysis_morphemic|}}} |! [[:Category:Morpheme|Morphemic analysis]]:
{{!}} {{{analysis_morphemic|}}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{analysis_phonemic|}}} |! [[:Category:Phoneme|Phonemic analysis]]:
{{!}} {{{analysis_phonemic|}}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning]]:
| [[meaning::{{{meaning|}}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|- {{#vardefine: lemma | {{PAGENAME}} }}{{#if: {{{lemma|}}} | {{#vardefine: lemma | {{{lemma|}}} }} }}[[lemma::{{#var: lemma}}| ]]{{#vardefine: paradigm_n | {{#ask: [[Category:Word]][[lemma::{{#var: lemma}}]]|sort=sortform_cval|format=count}} }}
{{#ifexpr: {{#var: paradigm_n }} >1|! Paradigm:
{{!}} {{#ask: [[Category:Word]][[lemma::{{#var: lemma}}]]|?case=|?tense=|?person=|?number=|?gender=|format=list|default=none|sort=sortform_cval}} ({{#var: paradigm_n }})
{{!}}- }}
! Attestation:
| {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[word::{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=list|default=none|sort=sortform}} ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[word::{{FULLPAGENAME}}]]|sort=sortform|format=count}})
|}
[[Category:Word|{{#var: sortform_category}}]][[sortform_cval::{{#var: sortcode}}| ]][[sortform_cval_reverse::{{#var: sortcode_reverse}}| ]]
</includeonly>

Script

2020-04-29T21:15:32Z

Martin Braun: /* Map */

== Transmission of the alphabet to and within Italy ==

=== To Italy ===

In the 8th century BC, the island of Pithekoussai (modern Ischia) off the coast of Campania was colonized by Greeks from Euboia. While it is not quite clear whether the settlement was a proper colony or just a trading post, it spawned the foundation of historically important Kyme around the middle of the 8th century on mainland Italy. Pithekoussai itself seems to have lost importance at the turn of the century. The alphabet used by the colonists was that of the Euboic mother-cities Chalkis and Eretria. – Indeed, one of the oldest testimonies of early Greek writing is from Pithekoussai: the so-called Cup of Nestor, dated to the last quarter of the 8th century. ({{bib|Jeffery 1990}}: 235) The Etruscans would have been in contact with the Greek settlers from the beginning, and the acquisition of their script was not a long time coming: The oldest document of written Etruscan, a kotyle from Tarquinia (Ta 3.1), is dated to about 700 ({{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 17).

As the oldest Etruscan abecedarium on an ivory tablet from Marsiliana d’Albegna ({{bib|ET}}: AV 9.1; about 650) shows, the Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet, in its Eastern Greek "red" variety as used in Euboia, without any changes with regard to the different phonemic systems of the two languages. (For details see {{bib|Jeffery 1990}}: 236 ff.) Only by and by do the documented abecedaria reflect a process of adaptation to writing practice. Etruscan had a plosive system consisting of two rows, written with the Greek characters for the unvoiced unaspirated (Pi, Tau, Kappa (/Gamma/Qoppa)) and unvoiced aspirated (Phi, Theta, Khi) rows. A phonetic realisation very much like the Greek is communis opinio among Etruscologists (see {{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 30 f.). In any case, the obsolete characters for the mediae dropped out – all except Gamma, which together with Kappa and Qoppa became part of a curious orthographic rule for writing allophones, and only later replaced both the other characters as the exclusive one for the velar stop. Due to the lack of /o/ in Etruscan, Omikron fell away. In the 6th century, an additional sign {{c||addF1}} was created for /f/, after a phase of writing the sound with a digraph <vh> or <hv>, and added to the end of the row. As concerns the writing of sibilants, a certain confusion on the part of the Greeks (see {{bib|Jeffery 1990}}: 25 ff., {{bib|Swiggers 1996}}: 266 f.) appears to have been propagated to the Etruscans: The Etruscan language seems to have had – apart from a dental affricate written with Zeta – two sibilants /s/ and probably /ʃ/ which were written with Sigma and San – in the South Sigma for /s/, San for /ʃ/, the other way round in the North. In the Southern cities Caere and Veii, where a number of divergences from general Etruscan writing practice can be observed over the course of time, a Sigma with more than three strokes appears instead of San. Finally in Cortona, a monophthongised, possibly long /e/ was consistently written with the character {{c||addE1}}. As is customary in archaic Greek inscriptions, Etruscan inscriptions are generally sinistroverse, apart from a short phase around 600 in Caere and Veii. Unlike Greek practice, boustrophedon writing is rare. While word separation is consistently executed on Nestor's Cup, the archaic Etruscan texts often dispense with it, until it establishes itself in neo-Etruscan time (after 470). (For details see {{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 17 ff.; a collection of Etruscan abecedaria in {{bib|Pandolfini & Prosdocimi 1990}}: 19–94.)

As things present themselves to us now, the Etruscan script has found its way to the peoples north of the river Po more than once, but not from the Etruscan settlements in Padania. Etruscan inscriptions in the very North (find places in pink on the map) are known from Liguria (Li), the Reggio Emilia and the area around Mantova (Pa), the environs of Bologna (ancient Felsina, Fe), and from Adria (Ad) and Spina (Sp). The oldest testimonies come from the Reno valley (Fe 2.1, Fe 3.1, Fe 6.1, Fe 2.2, Fe 2.3, from around 600) and from Rubiera (the stelae Pa 1.1 and 1.2, dated to the end of the 7th century). In both cases, the traditions only start again some hundred years later, i.e. at the end of the 6th century in Marzabotto, in the 5th century in the Reggio Emilia and Mantova. The great ports and commercial cities Adria and Spina only became relevant as Etruscan settlements around 500. A number of gravestones from Liguria, especially around the Magra river and its tributaries, are dated to the 2nd half of the 6th century; most of them are filed as being written in a North Italic alphabet in the {{bib|Lexicon Leponticum}} ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Inscriptions sigla MS and SP]). For the question of whether the inscription(s) of Feltre (Pa 4.1) are linguistically and/or epigraphically Etruscan, see [[index::The Feltre inscription stones|here]].

=== Venetic ===

The Veneti are speakers of an Indo-European language settling in the Veneto (find places in blue on the map). Their inscriptions are collected in {{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}}; for supplementation see {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988}} and numerous publications by Anna Marinetti, esp. {{bib|Marinetti 2004b}}. For the "traditional" view on the origin of the Venetic alphabet (from the Etruscan alphabets of Adria and Spina) see {{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}. According to the more recent theory of {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988|Prosdocimi}}, a first, archaic version of the Venetic script ("phase 1"), attested securely only in one inscription (*Es 120, dated to the beginning of the 6th c. at the latest) and arguably in two further inscriptions (Es 1, *Es 122), was based on a model from Northern Etruria, while a separate tradition lies at the basis of most of the younger locally diverse alphabets (Este, Padua, Cadore, etc., "phase 2"). The archaic Venetic alphabet seems to have featured a rare form of Theta, {{c||Θ2}}, which is found in a handful of inscriptions from 6th-century Chiusi and Volsinii (Cl 2.8, Cl 2.6, Cl 2.5, Vs 1.23 and Vs 1.14, see {{bib|Colonna 1972}}: 470), as seen in *Es 120. *Es 122 shows that the digraph <vh> was used to write /f/, rather than the new character {{c||addF1}}, which was introduced no sooner than the middle of the 6th century. The table shows the characters contained in the abovementioned inscriptions (disregarding minor variants). Pi is missing, but note that *Es 122 has {{c||L}}, read ''l'' by Prosdocimi; cp. Pi in the form {{c||L}} in Chiusi. Syllabic punctuation is absent.

The younger alphabet of Este is unusually well documented on a number of votive writing tablets from a sanctuary-cum-writing school and distinguished by syllabic punctuation, both of which phenomena, together with the actual content of the inscriptions, connect it with the 6th century writing tradition of the Portonaccio sanctuary in Veii in the South of Etruria. The background of syllabic punctuation is debated.

Syllabic punctuation became the key feature of Venetic script, even though alphabet variants from other parts of the Venetic realm deviate from the Este alphabet, most prominently in the writing of the dental stops. Prosdocimi argues that the younger phase 2 alphabets represent different solutions for reconciling the archaic Venetic alphabet with the younger Etruscan one and particularly the theoretical grid on which the writing instruction was based. Whether the Veneti still had access to the characters for mediae (as lettres mortes through Etruscan teaching) is hard to judge, but they did not use them to write their voiced stops (Prosdocimi's considerations on p. 331 ff.). Instead, they employed the superfluous letters for the Etruscan aspirated row. While in the case of labials and velars, this transition appears to have happened smoothly (Pi = /p/, Phi = /b/; Kappa = /k/, Khi = /g/), the characters for the dentals were shifted around. *Es 120 clearly demonstrates the use of Tau for /d/; the abovementioned Chiusi-style Theta {{c||Θ2}} ({{c||Θ}} in Es 1 and *Es 122) must be expected to stand for /t/. This distribution is also documented for phase 2 Vicenza on a stela (Vi 2). In the younger Este alphabet (and also in the sanctuaries of Làgole (Calalzo di Cadore) and Auronzo di Cadore), /t/ as in the archaic inscriptions is written as a (large) St. Andrew's cross, but Zeta is employed to write /d/. A third combination is used in Padua, where first Etruscan Tau, later St. Andrew's cross are in use for /d/, while /t/ is written with a more traditional framed form of Theta {{c||addΘ3}} (rounded or angular).

The origin of St. Andrew's cross is somewhat obscure: Prosdocimi (p. 332), regarding the archaic distribution, explains Tau for /d/ and Theta for /t/ by a developing homography of {{c||T}} and {{c||Θ2}} / {{c||Θ}}. The phonetic values were swapped before the characters were differentiated again, leading to {{c||Θ}} being used for /t/ henceforth. He points to the Lepontic alphabet and the Este alphabet tablets for evidence of a tendency of Tau to tend towards a cross-shape. To further avoid homography in this area, Tau was substituted by Zeta in Este; in Padua, the form of Theta was changed to {{c||addΘ3}}, which allowed Tau to turn into {{c||Θ}}. In other words, according to Prosdocimi, {{c||Θ}} has two separate origins. On the Este writing tablets, where the letters can be unambiguously identified by their position in the row, Tau appears – with Prosdocimi: is retained as a lettre morte – in the shape of a cross, similar to, but clearly distinct from, Theta: While the latter is a large {{c||Θ}}, Tau is smaller and sometimes lopsided (e.g. in Es 23, see table). The individual letters being written in rectangular fields formed by a grid, with the grid lines regularly being used as hastae, it might be argued that the entire frame around the St. Andrew's cross representing Theta, whose tips reach into the corners of the field, is supposed to be part of the letter, forming a large, but otherwise inconspicuous {{c||addΘ5}}. Theta would then have come to be reduced to only the cross through reinterpretation. This explanation, however, predating Prosdocimis distinction of older and younger Venetic alphabet, does not account for the early appearance of {{c||Θ}} and its apparent connection with Chiusi; note also that of six preserved tablets, a third (Es 24 and Vi 3) lack grid lines and yet feature Theta without a frame. On Es 25, where the grid lines are not used as parts of the letters, Theta is missing due to object damage, but the tablet serves to corroborate Prosdocimis theory by having Zeta in the place of Tau, probably due to a scribal error.

The Venetic script features Omikron, which in the younger Este alphabet is situated not in its ancestral place, but at the very end of the row, as evidenced by the votive tablet Es 23, the only one bearing a complete row (in addition to the usual consonant-only). While Omikron is usually assumed to have been acquired directly from the Greek alphabet, probably through contact with Greeks settling in and south of the Po delta, Prosdocimi (p. 329) favours the theory that it was taken as a lettre morte (through writing instruction) from the Etruscan alphabet before its ultimate reduction. The Venetic use of Sigma vs. San follows the South Etruscan use, Sigma being the character used for the default sibilant and San leading a marginal existence. This is also the case in the archaic inscriptions; for possible explanations see Prosdocimi on p. 330 f. Finally, one of the distinctive features of the Venetic script is the frequent inversion of Lambda and Upsilon.

=== Raetic ===

The Raeti (find places in green on the map) appear to have learned the art of writing from the Veneti rather than the Etruscans ({{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 312–316). While Raetic inscriptions are only known from the 5th century onward, at a time when Etruscan inscriptions have appeared in the very North (see above), some features of the Raetic script strongly suggest a Venetic source. 
1. Employment of Phi, Khi and Tau for mediae or phonemes interpreted as mediae by speakes of Indo-European languages: Tau can be argued to write ~{{p||d}} in [[index::MA-19|Magrè]] and [[index::ST-2|Steinberg]]. 
2. St. Andrew's cross for /t/. 
3. Non-employment of Zeta: Raetic, like Etruscan, had a dental affricate /{{p||z}}/ (or similar). While Etruscan used Zeta to write this phoneme, Raetic inscriptions feature two graphically distinct [[index::Þ|special characters]], which appear to have been newly created. The fact that Zeta was not used to write /ts/ in Venetic can explain this discontinuity. There is, however, at least one exception (see [[index::Z]]). 
4. Rudimentary syllabic punctuation in Magrè context. 
5. Orientation of Lambda and Upsilon in the Magrè alphabet. 

As in Venetic, different alphabet variants are used for writing the Raetic language. Some of the similarities with Venetic can only be demonstrated for the Magrè alphabet, which appears to be close to the Archaic Venetic alphabet, although the use of (somewhat idiosyncratic) syllabic punctuation indicates an acquaintance with a phase 2 Venetic source. It is not yet clear whether or inhowfar all Raetic alphabet variants are derived from the same model. It cannot be excluded that different Venetic varieties, and maybe to some extent also Etruscan or even Celtic writing practice, have influenced Raetic writing. For details see below sub "The Raetic Script" and [[index::Raetic epigraphy|here]]. One common feature of the Raetic alphabets, three-bar Mu {{c||M}}, is reminiscent of the Venetic Vicenza alphabet, unfortunately represented by only three documents: All three testimonies have Mu with three bars; the lengthy inscription Vi 2 demonstrates the archaic use of use of {{c||Θ}} and {{c||T}}.

=== Cisalpine Celtic ===

Inscriptions in a Cisalpine Celtic language begin to appear in Western Transpadania around 600. The Lepontic core area lies between the Lago di Como and the Lago Maggiore; on the Celtic presence south of the Alps and the distinction between Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish see {{bib|Uhlich 1999}} and {{bib|Uhlich 2007|2007}}. The inscriptions are collected in the {{bib|Lexicon Leponticum}}, including all testimonies which may contain Celtic language material, as well as all inscription finds from west of the Adige even if ascription is dubious: A considerable number of documents, mostly short/fragmentary inscriptions of a low date, cannot be shown to be linguistically Celtic, or even to be written in the so-called Lugano alphabet (find places in yellow on the map). The "Lepontic" corpus being accordingly large and varied, it is hard to determine how the usual schibboleth characters – those for stops and fricatives – are used. Pi, Kappa and St. Andrew's cross are the standard letters, and can be shown to be used for both tenues and mediae. While Phi does not occur at all, Khi is employed for /g/ in [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NO%C2%B71 one of the oldest inscriptions], as well as in three younger ones ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/TI%C2%B713 TI·13], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/PV%C2%B74 PV·4], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/VC%C2%B71.2 VC·1.2]) and in coin legends ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NM%C2%B76.1 NM·6.1], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NM%C2%B76.2 NM·6.1]). In the latter, Khi appears together with Theta {{c||addΘ2}} in the name ''Segetu'' or ''Segedu'', which is also attested on four ceramic bowls from Prestino – here with Kappa for /g/ and Zeta {{c||Z||d}} for the dental. Theta appears two more times, in the shape {{c||addΘ3}}, in archaic [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/VA%C2%B73 VA·3] (possibly Etruscan) and the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/CO%C2%B748 Inscription of Prestino]. The latter, a lengthy inscription on a stela, is the only Lepontic text in which a systematic use of the characters for dentals can be observed: St. Andrew's cross is absent, Theta appears to stand for /t/. Tau in the shape {{c||addT4}} demonstrably stands for /d/, while Zeta {{c||addZ4}} represents the affricate. Pi and Kappa are used for /p/ and /g/. Tau appears twice in later inscriptions ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/TI%C2%B736.3 TI·36], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NO%C2%B721.1 NO·21.1]), both times in the shape {{c||addT4}}, and both times together with St. Andrew's cross. While this strongly suggests that Lepontic St. Andrew's cross must, like its Venetic equivalent, be identified with Theta, the combined use of the two characters cannot be shown to be systematic (/t/ vs. /d/). Tau-, Zeta- and Khi-like shapes crop up a number of times in dubious and/or uninstructive contexts (see [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Category:Character LexLep]); another instance of lexical use of Zeta in [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NM%C2%B716 NM·16]. Beta, Delta and Gamma are absent until the appearance of Latin(oid) inscriptions from the Roman imperial time, but Omikron is present from the earliest inscriptions. On the use of San see [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/%C5%9A LexLep] and {{bib|Stifter 2010}}.

Pi and Lambda are distinguished systematically as {{c||L2}} vs. {{c||P2|d}}; Upsilon appears tip-down {{c||U2}}, though inverted forms {{c||U}} do occur. Alpha is closed ({{c||A14}} and similar) in the older inscriptions, later changing into {{c||V}}. All in all, the Lugano alphabet is decidedly more similar to its Etruscan source than the Venetic. It is hard to determine whether individual inscriptions displaying divergent features are influenced by the Venetic writing tradition. The fact that both the Celtic and the Venetic languages are Indo-European may be the cause of parallel independent developments. {{bib|Verger 1998}} argues for a transmission of the alphabet to Western Transpadania via the area of Genova and the Scrivia valley. Note that a number of inscriptions from the area of La Spezia / Massa-Carrara displayed as Etruscan on the map are filed as linguistically and/or epigraphically Celtic / North Italic in the LexLep (sigla MS and SP).

=== Camunic ===

The corpus of the so-called Sondrio alphabet ("Camunic script“), conspicuous for its obvious graphic peculiarities, comprises the rock inscriptions of the Valcamonica, and a handful of testimonies from other places whose characters bear resemblance to those of the rock inscriptions, though the alphabets cannot be said to be identical (find places in grey on the map). Indeed, different systems seem to have been employed in the Valcamonica itself. The sigla system is not standardised, but useful collections are provided by {{bib|Mancini 1980}} and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1990}}. The language written in the rock inscriptions, called "Camunic" after the demonym ''Camunni'' documented by the ancients, has not yet been deciphered or convincingly connected to any of the surrounding languages; the other testimonies have been argued to write diverse languages: While the two inscriptions on stelae from Montagna in Valtellina (PID 252) and Tresivio (PID 253) feature endings similar to those commonly found in Camunic rock inscriptions, the non-Latin part of the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/BS%C2%B73.2 Voltino bilingua] has been read Etruscan as well as Raetic and Celtic. Celtic has also been suggested for the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/GR%C2%B73 inscription on the Castaneda flagon], datable to the 5th–4th c. The dubious inscription [[index::AV-1]], included in the TIR as linguistically Raetic, appears to be written in a variant of the Sondrio alphabet. Finally, the fragmentary [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/BS%C2%B722 inscription] on a stela from Cividate Camuno in the Valcamonica itself is utterly enigmatic.

The main problem about the reading and interpretation of the inscriptions lies in the identification of the letters: Rock inscriptions from different localities, alphabetaria, and the (possibly idiosyncratic) testimonies from abroad appear to exhibit substantial differences in the use of some characters, which could so far be neither conclusively sorted out individually, nor reconciled. The picture presented by the twelve alphabetaria, or fragments of such (first edited in {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1990}}; see also {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1992}}), from the Valcamonica in particular demonstrates the Sondrio alphabet to be the odd one out among the North Italic alphabets. The table shows the characters as they appear in two distinct groups of alphabetaria: The first line gives the alphabet row PC 10 from Piancogno, with letters slightly standardised where their shape deviates from Camunic standard (Nu, Qoppa). The positions of Mu and Nu as well as of Gamma and Delta are interchanged in the original, Delta being written in ligature with Beta (sharing its last hasta). The ligature and possibly the inversion of the nasals also occur in the very similar row PC 27. The other alphabetaria or fragments of such from Piancogno are PC 6, PC 12 and probably PC 28. The second line gives an ideal alphabetarium from rock 24 of the Foppe di Nadro, based on FN 3, FN 4, FN 5 and FN 6, where only FN 3 and FN 6 are complete. Here also the nasals are interchanged. The two other alphabet fragments FN 1 and FN 2, also on rock 24, both end with Digamma (?) and display a variant form of Gamma {{c||P2}}. The presence of a complete Greek row suggests that the Sondrio alphabet came to Transpadania directly from a Greek source, without Etruscan mediacy. More than that, the Greek model can be argued not to have been of the "red" variety like the Euboic alphabet from which the other Italic alphabets ultimately derive. Even under such a premise, the shapes of the letters are highly unusual, not to mention the question of how such a script could have found its way into the remote Oglio valley.

There are two notable similarities between the Camunic and Raetic corpora, i.e. that both graphic variants of the Raetic [[index::Þ|special character]] appear in the context of the Sondrio alphabet: The character taking the position of San in PC alphabetaria is reminiscent of the Magré special character {{c||Þ}} / {{c||Þ2}} (but note that Magré has standard San); an arrow-shaped character like the Sanzeno special character {{c||Þ3}} appears in the problematic end sequences of the PC alphabetaria and on the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/GR%C2%B73 Castaneda flagon].

=== Table ===

{| class="table_lines table_script" style="margin:5px; border:1px solid black;"
! Nestor's Cup
! 725–700
! ←
| {{c||A14}}
| 
| 
| {{c||addD1}}
| {{c||E}}
| 
| 
| {{c||addH1}}
| 
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
| 
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP1}}
| 
| 
| {{c||addR1}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||addU1}}
| 
| {{c||addΦ1}}
| 
| 
|
|-
! Kyme 2 (alphabetarium)
! 700–675
! →
| {{c||A3|d}}
| {{c||addB1d}}
| {{c||addG1}}
| {{c||addD1d}}
| {{c||E|d}}
| {{c||Vd}}
| {{c||Z3d}}
| {{c||addH2}}
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
|-
! AV 9.1 (alphabetarium)
! ~650
! ←
| {{c||addA2}}
| {{c||addB2}}
| {{c||addG1}}
| {{c||addD2}}
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||Z3}}
| {{c||addH3}}
| {{c||addΘ1}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
| {{c||addΞ1}}
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP1}}
| {{c||Ś}}
| {{c||addQ1}}
| {{c||addR1}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||addU1}}
| {{c||addΧ1}}
| {{c||addΦ2}}
| {{c||Χ}}
| 
|
|-
! Clusium (statistical)
! 7th–6th c. 
! ←
| {{c||A14}}
|
| {{c||addG3}}
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ2}}
| {{c||addH1}}
| {{c||addΘ3}} {{c||Θ2}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||addR2}} {{c||R2}}
|
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
| {{c||Χ}}
| ({{c||addF1}})
|
|-
! Archaic Venetic
! 6th c.
! ←
| {{c||A14}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ2d}}
| {{c||addH1}}
| {{c||Θ2}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
| {{c||addO1}}
|
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||addR2}} {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S|d}} {{c||S}}
| {{c||addT1}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
| {{c||Χ}}
|
|
|-
! Portonaccio (statistical)
! 6th c.
! ←
| {{c||A13}}
|
| {{c||addG2}}
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ1}}
| {{c||H3d}}
| {{c||addΘ1}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P5}}
| ?
| {{c||addQ2}}
| {{c||addR1}} {{c||R}}
| {{c||S}}
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||addU1}} {{c||U2}}
|
|
| {{c||Χ}}
|
|
|-
! Es 23 (votive plaque)
! ??
! ←
| {{c||addA1}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ1d}}
| {{c||H4}}
| {{c||Θ}}
| [{{c||I}}]
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| [{{c||N}}]
|
| {{c||addO2}}
| {{c||addP1}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S}}
| {{c||addT3}}
| {{c||U}}
|
| {{c||Φ2}}
| {{c||Χ}}
|
|
|-
! Cadore
!
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Padova
!
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Vi 2
! ??
! ←
| {{c||addA4}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
|
|
|
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K}}
|
| {{c||M}}
| {{c||N}}
|
| {{c||addO4}}
|
|
|
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S|d}} {{c||S}}
| {{c||addT2}}
| {{c||U}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Magrè alphabet (standardised)
!
! ←
| {{c||A3|d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||Z}}
| {{c||H3}}
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K}}
| {{c||L}}
| {{c||M}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||R}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T}} {{c||T4}}
| {{c||U}}
|
| {{c||Φ}}
| {{c||Χ}}
|
| {{c||Þ}}
|-
! Sanzeno alphabet (standardised)
!
! ←
| {{c||A|d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
|
| {{c||H2}}
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||M}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||R}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T3}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
| {{c||Φ2}}
| {{c||Χ}}
|
| {{c||Þ3}}
|-
! CO·48 (stela)
! ~500
! ←
| {{c||A3}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ4}}
|
| {{c||addΘ3}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||Ś2}}
|
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S2|d}}
| {{c||addT4}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! NO·21.1 (gravestone)
! ~100
! →
| {{c||addA3d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E|d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K|d}}
| {{c||L2|d}}
|
| {{c||N|d}}
|
| {{c||addO3}}
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||addŚ3}}
|
| {{c||R2|d}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||addT4}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! PC 10 (alphabetarium)
! ??
! →
| {{c||A|d}}
| {{c||addB3}}
| {{c||addG4d}}
| {{c||addD3d}}
| {{c||E|d}}
| {{c||addV1d}}
| {{c||Χ}}
| {{c||H}}
| {{c||addΘ4}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||addK1}}
| {{c||L|d}}
| {{c||addM2d}}
| {{c||addN2d}}
| {{c||Χ3}}
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP5d}}
| {{c||Þ2|d}}
| {{c||Φ4}}
| {{c||R2|d}}
| {{c||addS3}}
| ?
| {{c||U}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Foppe di Nadro (alphabetaria)
! ??
! ←
| {{c||A}}
| {{c||addB4}}
| {{c||addG4d}}
| {{c||addD4}}
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||addV2}}
| {{c||Χ2}}
| {{c||H}}
| {{c||addΘ4}}
| {{c||addI2}}
| {{c||addK2}}
| {{c||L}}
| {{c||addM2}}
| {{c||addN2}}
| {{c||addΞ2}}
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP6}}
| {{c||Þ2}}
| {{c||Φ4}}
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||addS3}}
| {{c||addT1}}
| {{c||U}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Map ===
The map below shows find places of inscriptions of the four North Italic corpora, together with Etruscan inscriptions in the Padan plain. It is intended to give a rough overview over the distribution areas, and glosses over problematic or ambiguous ascription in some cases (e.g., the [https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Inscriptions "Ligurian" inscriptions]). In the case of inscriptions which belong to different groups linguistically and alphabetically, the colours reflect the alphabet used (e.g., [[index::AV-1]]).

[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg|center|800px]]

{|table align="center" style="margin-top:20px;"
| style="background:#F7BB18; padding-right:10px;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Lepontic
| style="background:#6D6574; padding-right:10px;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Camunic
| style="background:#71B635; padding-right:10px;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Raetic
| style="background:#1A97A8; padding-right:10px;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Venetic
| style="background:#ED84A4; padding-right:10px;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Etruscan
|}

== Raetic script ==

=== The Raetic alphabets ===
Within the Raetic corpus, two different alphabets are distinguished. This goes back as far as {{bib|Mommsen 1853}} with his "Tyrolean" and "Verona" alphabets. Mommsen's "Tyrolean alphabet" was termed "Bozen alphabet" by {{bib|AIF I|Pauli 1885}}; his "Verona alphabet", originally attested in only [[index::VR-3|one inscription]], was rebranded as "Magrè alphabet" by {{bib|Pellegrini 1918}}. After a suggestion by {{bib|Mancini 1975}}: 306 (n. 42), the term "Bozen alphabet" was again changed to "Sanzeno alphabet" to reflect the latter site's large output of finds. (See [[index::Modern research on Raetic]] for details). Though the two alphabets had long been expected and were eventually demonstrated to encode the same language, the distinction still holds. The alphabets differ from each other in the use of graphic variants of a handful of letters, but share certain features which set them apart from the other North Italic alphabets and can therefore be considered typically Raetic.

{| class="table_lines" style="float:left; border:1px solid grey; margin:17px 30px 17px 0;"
|-
| style="border:none; width:60px;" |  
! style="text-align:center; width:60px;" | Pi
! style="text-align:center; width:60px;" | Lambda
! style="text-align:center; width:60px;" | Upsilon
|-
! style="text-align:right" | Magrè alphabet
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||P}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||L}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||U}}
|-
! style="text-align:right" | Sanzeno alphabet
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||P2}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||L2}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||U2}}
|}

Pi, lambda and upsilon are the shibboleth characters which primarily distinguish the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets ({{bib|Whatmough 1933}}: 507; {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971}}, 31–34). The Magrè alphabet employs forms which are identical with or similar to those used in the Venetic alphabets: pi with a pocket {{c||P}} (sometimes opened {{c||P5}} or similar; the pocket is almost always open in Venetic, more similar to archaic Etruscan {{c||P6}}, which in Raetic is only attested [[index::FP-1|once]]), lambda with a bar on top {{c||L}}, and tip-up upsilon {{c||U}}. The Sanzeno alphabet bears a closer resemblance to the Etruscan and Lepontic alphabets ({{bib|AIF I|Pauli 1885}}: 58–60): pi with a single bar {{c||P2}}, lambda with the bar at the bottom {{c||L2}}, and tip-down upsilon {{c||U2}} correspond to the standard letter forms in those alphabets. According to {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971}}: 33, the Venetic system of distinction is a variation of the archaic Etruscan one, while the Sanzeno forms (especially pi with a single bar) correspond to younger Etruscan ones. However, pi {{c||P2}} is already found in 7th-century Chiusi (e.g., Cl 2.1, 2.4).

There is a certain extent of (random?) variation in the North Italic alphabets concerning the orientation of lambda and upsilon – non-inverted forms occur in the Venetic alphabetss (e.g., lambda {{c||L2}} in Es 16, upsilon {{c||U2}} in Es 22); inverted forms, particularly of upsilon, appear sporadically in the Lepontic alphabet (e.g., [https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/TI·36.3 TI·36.3]). Pi appears with a single bar in Venetic inscriptions from the Cadore (e.g., Ca 65). Still, the variation in the Raetic inscriptions is too regular to be put down to chance. The only inscriptions in which Sanzeno-forms co-occur with Magrè-forms are three inscriptions from find places associated with the Magrè alphabet: [[index::AS-17.1]] has hyper-distinctive {{c||L2}} next to {{c||P}} and {{c||U}}, [[index::MA-6]] has {{c||U2}} in combination with {{c||P}}. In the latter case, the occurrence of "incorrect" upsilon may be attributed to the tendency to invert letters (especially alpha and epsilon) which can be observed in the Magrè inscriptions (see below sub ''Writing direction''). In [[index::VR-6]], Magrè-type upsilon {{c||U}} appears beside a character looking like the Sanzeno letter for the dental affricate {{c||Þ3}}; {{c||L}} is therefore ambiguous, as is tau {{c||T|d}}, which has its bar crossing the hasta, but is retrograde as typical for the Sanzeno alphabet (see [[index::T]]).

In addition to the above-mentioned letters, three others appear consistently in different graphic variants in the two alphabets. Tau always appears with the bar rising in writing direction, and usually not crossing the hasta, in Sanzeno-context (←{{c||T3}}; see [[index::T]]). Heta, though not common, always features three bars {{c||H3}} in Magrè-context, but two {{c||H2}} in Sanzeno-context (single-bar {{c||H}} is as yet undocumented). Both alphabets have graphically innovative characters for the dental affricate: {{c||Þ3}} in Sanzeno-context (not only at Sanzeno itself), {{c||Þ}} exclusively at Magrè (otherwise absent from Magrè-type inscriptions). See [[index::T]] on the question of whether the character {{c||T4}} is associated with the Magrè alphabet. Lastly, vestiges of Venetic syllabic punctuation are found only in Magrè-context, while word separation is only employed in Sanzeno-context (see below sub ''Writing direction'').

While the forms of pi, lambda and upsilon as well as the instances of syllabic punctuation connect the Magrè alphabet with the Venetic alphabets, the Sanzeno alphabet has an Etruscan look to it. The similarities between the two alphabets concerning the use of the characters for obstruents, allegedly demonstrating a dependence on a Venetic model for both, is discussed below sub ''Obstruent spelling''. The most evident feature unifying the Raetic alphabets is a negative one: the absence of omicron. Seeing that it is linguistically motivated (see [[index::The Raetic language]]), it does not provide a strong argument for a common model of the two alphabets. Purely graphic characteristics connecting the two are mu {{c||M}} with only three bars instead of the more common four ({{c||addM1}}), as well as two characteristics pertaining to writing direction: alpha ←{{c||A|d}} with the bar slanting downwards against writing direction, and sigma ←{{c||S|d}} with the upper angle opening against writing direction. Both the latter features are also known from neighbouring writing traditions – alpha is always retrograde in the Venetic inscriptions from the Isonzo region (Is 1–3, *Is 5–6); the orientation of sigma is notoriously irregular in all North Italic writing traditions – but they are significantly prevalent in the Magrè alphabet and good as exclusive in the Sanzeno alphabet.

The Sanzeno alphabet is distinguished by its uniformity across almost the entire time and area of its attestation. There is some minor variation in the forms of kappa (placement and length of bars {{c||K}}, {{c||K2}}), rho (pointed vs. rounded pocket {{c||R}}, {{c||R2}}), tau (placement of bar {{c||T|d}}, {{c||T3}}), phi (size of pockets {{c||Φ}}, {{c||Φ2}}) and chi (placement and length of bars {{c||Χ}}, {{c||Χ3}}), but, otherwise, letter forms are quite stable. The character inventory, as far as can be seen, is the same in all find places. In contrast, we find a considerable range of regional and diachronic variation within the province of the Magrè alphabet, to an extent that the term "Magrè alphabet" should be regarded as more of a cover term for a number of local and chronological variants which share the features enumerated above, but exhibit differences with regard to individual letter forms, orthography, and (syllabic) punctuation:
*a number of potentially archaic inscriptions exhibit different character sets and orthographies (see below sub ''Chronology''),
*simplified syllabic punctuation is employed only at [[index::Serso]] and [[index::Magrè]] (see below sub ''Punctuation''),
*the graphically and functionally obscure character {{c||T4}} only appears at Serso and in a few scattered Magrè-type documents (see [[index::T]]),
*the Magrè alphabet's letter for the dental affricate {{c||Þ}} is only employed at Magrè (see [[index::Þ]]),
*pi has a large pocket {{c||P3}} in inscriptions from the Inntal (see [[index::P]]),
*zeta pops up sporadically and may denote a stop, Este-style, in some inscriptions (see [[index::Z]]), while
*zeta and san behave suspiciously in inscriptions from the area of Verona (see [[index::Z]] and [[index::Ś]]), and
*one of the two decidedly unlike petrograph alphabets attested in the Northern Limestone Alps shows some as yet unclassified idiosyncrasies (see [[index::Raetic epigraphy]]). 
All these special features, however, are connected by their association with Venetic writing traditions.

=== Distribution ===
<div style="margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 10px; float:right;">[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png|right|border|250px]]</div>

The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c||U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c||L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w||lavise}} and {{w||eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m||-le}}. {{c||L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c||P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c||P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c||T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.

In the boundary areas between the two alphabet provinces, we often find mixed features, though – as said above – never within the same inscription. Two inscriptions from the south-eastern border of the Sanzeno-alphabet area, however, combine Sanzeno-type letter forms with what appears to be Venetoid syllabic punctuation (see below sub ''Punctuation''): [[index::CE-1.3]] from the valley of the Avisio (all five sequences on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla di Cembra]] are written in the Sanzeno alphabet with {{c||U2}}, {{c||L2}} and consistent ←{{c||A|d}} and ←{{c||S|d}}), and [[index::SR-2]] from the Valsugana (with {{c||U2}}, not accompanied by pi or lambda). The [[index::Serso]] antlers, from a find place which still belongs to the core area of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, generally make up a somewhat varied group, though with some notable shared features. With the exception of problematic SR-2, the inscriptions are basically written in the Magrè alphabet; seven of the twelve feature some sort of punctuation, three of these have punctuated letters. Three of the inscriptions contain the letter {{c||T4}}, which also appears sporadically in the Val di Non and is suspect of belonging to an archaic tradition (see [[index::T]]).

The northernmost Sanzeno-alphabet inscription [[index::WE-3]] and the southernmost Magrè-alphabet inscription in the Wipptal [[index::WE-4]] both come from [[index::Stufels]] ([[index::Brixen / Bressanone|Brixen]]). The Wipptal lies outside the reach of the Sanzeno alphabet, which may account for the fact that the Pustertal, which opens into the valley of the Eisack at Brixen, takes part in both traditions: [[index::PU-1]] has Magrè-type letter forms, but displays a number of peculiarities, while [[index::PU-5]], [[index::PU-6]] and [[index::PU-11]] have Sanzeno-style upsilon. This border at Brixen is not random, cf. {{bib|Lunz 1981b}}: 43, who considers it as a point of transition between the northern and southern Alpine area (beside the Alpine divide at the Brenner pass), as it marks the point where the narrow Wipptal opens into the comparatively easily accessible Brixen basin.

Only one inscription breaks the pattern of distribution: [[index::IT-5]], found in the Inntal, is clearly written in the Sanzeno alphabet. In light of a Venetic inscription found at the same site (*It 1), IT-5 is best judged as an import or the work of a travelling dedicant.

As concerns the inscribed Negau helmets, both found far from the Raetic area (not on the map), [[index::SL-2 helmet|one]] bears at least one Sanzeno-alphabet inscription; the [[index::SL-1 helmet|other one]]'s inscription lacks the diagnostic letters, but features {{c||T4}}. The single fragmentary inscription from the Unterengadin ([[index::EN-1]], not on the map), is too short to be ascribed to either of the alphabets.

See [[index::Property:alphabet]] for a scalable and tagged map.

=== Chronology ===
From the overview given on [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area]], a rough history of Raetic writing culture can be inferred. However, it has to be taken cum grano salis as long as substantial and important finds such as the [[index::Magrè]] and Inn valley inscriptions cannot be included.

It can be observed that the oldest testimonies of Raetic writing, as said above, are notable for both inscriptions and supports, though it should not be forgotten that the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]] and the [[index::VR-3 spit|Spada di Verona]] may be younger. Still, it appears that in a first phase of Raetic writing, only special objects were inscribed, sporadically and with much care. [[index::HU-7]], [[index::PA-1]] and [[index::VR-3]] are apparently of votive character, containing the word {{w||utiku}}. The alphabets used differ from each other, only those of [[index::HU-7]] and [[index::VR-3]] may be compared: They both feature Magrè-style inverted {{c||U}} and {{c||L}}, though in regard to their age and possible status as "proto-Raetic" testimonies, it may be preferable not to assign them to the Magrè alphabet. However, there are typically Raetic features in three-bar Mu {{c||M}} and [[index::HU-7]]'s →{{c||A3}}, and notably {{c||T4}} (in the absence of either Pi or Theta/(regular) Tau). [[index::PA-1]] shares the inverted letters, but otherwise appears to work with a restricted character set, spelling {{w||utiku}} with {{c||Θ}} and possible using a digraph <''kh''> for a marked velar. It employs punctuation for auslauting consonants (?). Phi, Tau and Chi are not employed in any of the three inscriptions. [[index::PU-1]] is epigraphically notably different: While Upsilon and Lambda (here together with angled Pi) are also inverted, the alphabet used has Phi and Chi, and appears to employ a curious variant of Zeta {{c||Z4}} for a marked dental stop (i.e. in place of Tau). Also in evidence are four-stroke Sigma {{c||S2}}, which occurs elsewhere only the more peculiar type of prevalently dextroverse Raetic rock inscriptions, and double-pennon San {{c||Ś2}}, isolated in the Raetic corpus.

The oldest document from the central Raetic area, from the burnt-offerings site at the [[index::Monte Ozol]], is reminiscent in form ({{c||T4}}) and content ({{w||terisna}}) not of the Sanzeno-type material discussed in the next paragraph, but of the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions and [[index::SL-1]].

In view of the fact that all the datable material from the central Raetic area ([[index::Sanzeno]] and the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non]], [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]]), excepting the pottery, which only bears marks, comes from the 5th–4th c., it may tentatively be assumed that the writing culture emanating (allegedly) from the Sanzeno sanctuary flourished in these two centuries and constitutes a second phase of Raetic writing. Again, though, it has to be remembered that the bulk of the material is undated. If the use of the Sanzeno alphabet is indeed restricted to La Tène A and B, [[index::IT-5]] can be argued to be by far the earliest document from the Inn valley.

At about the same time, [[index::San Briccio]] produces testimonies in the far South. Note that [[index::VR-1]], featuring {{c||T4}}, points back towards [[index::VR-3]], whereas [[index::VR-2]] shows similarities to the young inscription groups of [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]] and [[index::Castelrotto]], which can be argued to connect the area of Verona with Etruscan writing (see above). The [[index::Montorio Veronese]] inscriptions, chronologically and geographically in between, fail to constitute a link.

The inscriptions on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]] in the 4th c., with their lack of the Sanzeno special character and solitary syllabic punctuation mark, constitute a smooth transition – at least on paper – to a conceivable third phase of Raetic writing, marked by discrete group finds mainly in the South: [[index::Bostel]], [[index::Trissino]], the abovementioned [[index::Montorio Veronese]] and [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]], as well as, a belated sign of life from the Sanzeno alphabet, the [[index::Ganglegg]]. It is understandable why the [[index::Serso]] and [[index::Magrè]] groups are generally preferred to be dated to this phase, though note that the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions may be as old as the 5th c. – the higher dating is suggested by arguably archaic {{c||T4}}.

The inscriptions from [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] as well as [[index::WE-4]] and [[index::WE-1]] from the Wipp- and Eisacktal, written in a Magrè-style alphabet similar to the oldest testimonies, show that a Venetoid writing tradition continued also in the North (outside the Sanzeno catchment area) during phase 2, which we have associated with the central Raetic area. The material from the Inn valley being mostly undated, it is hard to judge the progress of Raetic writing culture in the North. Note that [[index::IT-4]] is dated by context and may be considerably older than the 1st c. The alphabet used in some of the rock inscriptions (see below) can be compared to that used in [[index::PU-1]], indicating that the rock inscriptions themselves may be of considerable age.

=== Writing of dentals ===

=== Writing direction ===
About three quarters of Raetic inscriptions whose writing direction can be determined are sinistroverse, the rest is dextroverse. Dextroverse inscriptions occur more frequently on rocks, as well as in [[index::Magrè]]. Real boustrophedon writing, i.e. the lines of one inscription being written alternately running towards the right and the left, is not attested, but a handful of inscriptions are written in so-called reverse boustrophedon, which means that all lines have the same orientation, but are inverted in relation to each other (e.g. [[index::WE-3]]). For a few inscriptions it can be demonstrated that the writer changed the way they held the object during the application of the characters, which lead to a change in writing direction. This implies that the choice of writing direction was not something that a user of Raetic writing regarded as important. On the other hand, single letters turned against writing direction are rare. Where they do occur, it is most usually Alpha or Sigma.

=== Word separation and syllabic punctuation ===
Word separation by punctuation mark is only employed in a handful of inscriptions from Sanzeno context ([[index::SZ-30]], [[index::NO-3]], [[index::NO-10]], [[index::BZ-3]], [[index::BZ-26]], [[index::SL-2.1]]), using one to (most often) three vertically arranged dots or short vertical lines. [[index::PU-1]] would be the only Magrè-alphabet inscription with separators, but the existence of the respective scratches is highly doubtful. A [[index::space]] is used to separate words on some of the Sanzeno bronzes ([[index::SZ-1.1]], [[index::SZ-2.1]], [[index::SZ-2.2]], [[index::SZ-4.1]], [[index::SZ-11]]), as well as in other inscriptions from Sanzeno context ([[index::BZ-10.1]], [[index::BZ-12]], [[index::CE-1.3]], [[index::CE-1.5]]), and once in Magrè ([[index::MA-1]]). See also [[index::Non-script notational systems]] on para-script elements in inscriptions from the Vinschgau.

Apart from the space in [[index::MA-1]], word separation does not exist in inscriptions from Magrè context. Instead, syllabic punctuation is employed in some subcorpora. The practice of syllable punctuation is a speciality of Venetic writing, where the rules are highly complex and the letters are usually marked on both sides (for details see {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988}}: 336 ff.). In Raetic inscriptions (as indeed in some marginal Venetic traditions), the rules appear to have been somewhat relaxed – for example, isolated vowels in the beginning of inscriptions are not punctuated, and neither are the second elements of diphthongs. In the same vein, the letters are marked with a single punct placed behind (or inside) it.

*[[index::Serso]]: [[index::SR-4]], [[index::SR-6]], [[index::SR-7]] and [[index::SR-10]] have correct punctuation according to the supposed Raetic rules. For example: [[index::SR-6]] ''a ru se θa r· na te ri s· na''. It is not sure that [[index::SR-1]] has punctuation at all, but note the similarity with the fragmentary [[index::SR-7]]. If line 1 is punctated, the punct is situated before rather than after Mu. In line 2, note that the not-punctuation of Khi would be in line with the Venetic special rules for consonant clusters ({{p||k}}{{p||v}} being one of the clusters which is not punctuated). On the status of {{p||s}} as the first element of clusters, see below. [[index::SR-8]] also has a dubious element, but the punctuation of final {{p||s}} is correct. In [[index::SR-2]], the punct appears to mark the genitive ending rather than a phonetically determined element (see below).
*[[index::Magrè]]: All of the five (or six) inscriptions with syllabic punctuation can be argued to be correctly executed. [[index::MA-14]] is exemplary, as is [[index::MA-17]] according to the Venetic rule excluding clusters whose second element is {{p||l}} (here ''kle''). In [[index::MA-16]], the dubious element resembling Phi must be treated as {{c||Rpunct2|d}}. [[index::MA-12]] and [[index::MA-13]] are correct if clusters with {{p||s}} as first element (here {{p||s}}{{p||t}}/{{p||s}}{{p||θ}}) are assumed to be exempt from punctuation, which is not in line with the Venetic rules, but phonetically apprehensible. Finally, in [[index::MA-6]], the punct after final {{p||s}} in line 2, if it is intentional, is the only punct necessary in the entire inscription, the cluster {{p||θ}}{{p||r}} being covered by the Venetic rules of exception.
*In the petrographs, the situation is more complex. [[index::ST-4]] is punctuated correctly according to the rules deductible from the Serso and Magrè inscriptions. In [[index::ST-5]], [[index::ST-6]] and [[index::AK-1.11]], on the other hand, what appears to be marked is not phonetically, but grammatically determined elements, most strikingly the suffixes of the syntagma {{m||-nu}}{{m||-(a)le|-ale}}. In fact, considering that the letters of the suffix {{m||-nu}} are in the present cases written in ligature, the puncts might even advert to that. While the punct in ST-6 ''sa?al·esta-'' may well be a word separator (if {{w||estanuale}} is connected with {{w||estuale|estua(le)}}), those in ST-5 ''ker·akve'' and AK-1.11 ''ker·anu-'' might be either word separators or suffix markers, and ST-5 ''(h)e·stula-'' would even qualify as syllabic punctuation. The single punct in [[index::ST-8]] might be any of the three.
*In the area of [[index::Verona]], we find a number of inscriptions where puncts in the shape of short verticals, often in the upper or lower area of the line rather than in the middle, appear not so much to mark bothersome consonants, but to replace vowels ([[index::VR-2]], [[index::VR-4]], [[index::VR-10]], [[index::VR-11]], [[index::VR-14]]). Whether this phenomenon is linguistical or graphical is unclear. [[index::VR-17]] seems to display syllabic punctuation according to Venetic rules (with marked {{p||i}} in a diphthong), which together with its four-barred Mu indicates Venetic writing. See also [[index::VR-6]].
*Currently incomprehensible punctuation practices were employed on the [[index::Ganglegg]] and in [[index::Trissino]], where a number of inscriptions, some of dubious linguistic relevance, are gayly punctuated without obvious signification. In [[index::VN-11]], at least, the puncts appear to separate the inscription per se from para-script elements.
*Isloated finds with potential syllabic punctuation are [[index::TV-1.1]] (highly irregular), [[index::CE-1.3]] (correct syllabic punctuation), and [[index::PA-1]] (probably the same), for which see the inscription pages.

In two inscriptions ([[index::IT-5]], [[index::RN-2]]), the text is written into a grid. For delimitation signs, see [[index::Non-script notational systems]].

{{#compound_query:
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?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Maroon.png;limit=1000

|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation2*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation3*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation4*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation5*]];
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|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuations]] OR
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|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation8*]] OR
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[[File:Marker_C_Maroon.png|baseline]] grid lines ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation6*]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Chocolate.png|baseline]] word separation ({{c||punctuation2}}, {{c||punctuation3}}, {{c||punctuation4}}, {{c||punctuation5}}) ({{#ask:
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation2*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation3*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
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[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation5*]][[coordinate::+]]
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[[File:Marker_C_Goldenrod.png|baseline]] word separation or syllabic punctuation ({{c||punctuation}}, {{c||punctuation7}}) ({{#ask:
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuations]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuationd]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation7*]][[coordinate::+]]
|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Gold.png|baseline]] syllabic punctuation ({{c||punctuation8}}, {{c||punctuation9}}, {{c||punctuation11}}) ({{#ask:
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation8*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation9*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation11*]][[coordinate::+]]
|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Khaki.png|baseline]] ligatures with punct ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::~*punct]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_DarkKhaki.png|baseline]] space ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::space]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

=== Ligatures ===
Ligatures are rare in Raetic, but considering that none (to our knowledge) are known from Venetic and Lepontic inscriptions, they might almost be considered a speciality of Raetic. We know both actual ligatures of letters, and inscribed punctuation marks (which are treated as ligatures in TIR).

Inscribed punctuation marks are exclusively syllabic puncts (as opposed to word separators). The practice is well known from Venetic, e.g. '''???'''. In Raetic, they occur in the inscriptions of [[index::Magrè]] ([[index::MA-12]], [[index::MA-13]], [[index::MA-14]], [[index::MA-16]], [[index::MA-17]]) and [[index::Serso]] ([[index::SR-1]], [[index::SR-6]], [[index::SR-7]], [[index::SR-10]]) as well as in [[index::PA-1]] and possibly [[index::TV-1.1]]. The letters into which puncts are inscribed are Mu {{c||M}}, Lambda {{c||L}} and Rho {{c||R}}; the punct can be either a dot {{c||punctuation}} or a short stroke {{c||punctuation7}}. In the cases of {{c||Mpunct}} and {{c||Lpunct2}}, the punct is essentially just placed under the bar(s) of the letter, which must not necessarily be considered an inscribed punct, but may in some cases simply be due to space-saving or chance. {{c||Rpunct2}} being attested at both Magrè and Serso, {{c||Mpunct}} and {{c||Lpunct2}} are also filed as ligatures in TIR. As concerns the two isolated inscriptions, they both have only {{c||Lpunct2}} – while in [[index::PA-1]] the punct seems quite deliberately placed inside the angle formed by hasta and bar, its position in [[index::TV-1.1]] is probably accidental ({{c||N}} is twice followed by a punct in the inscription rather than having it inscribed).

Ligatures of letters occur in the petrographs of [[index::Steinberg]] and maybe [[index::Achenkirch]], and in the Non valley. [[index::ST-5]] and [[index::ST-6]] both have an element {{c||NU}} = inverted and turned Nu {{c||N2|d}} + Upsilon {{c||U5}} writing {{p||n}}{{p||u}}, more precisely the patronymic suffix {{m||-nu}}. In [[index::AK-1.11]], the reading is doubtful. (See also [[index::AK-1.17]] for another possible ligature.) It is not clear why just these two letters should be ligated, as other consecutive pairs of letters in the mentioned inscriptions would lend themselves to being combined in the same manner, i.e. the bars of the first letter being attached against writing direction to the hasta of the second one. The same is true for the ligature {{c||LT}} = turned Lambda {{c||L2|d}} + Tau {{c||T4}} writing {{p||l}}{{p||t}}, attested only once in [[index::NO-3]]. The manner of forming the ligature is the same, and again there are other letter pairs in the inscription which might well be ligated in the same way.

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[[File:Marker_C_Indigo.png|baseline]] [[index::NU]] ligature ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::NU]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_MediumPurple.png|baseline]] [[index::LT]] ligature ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::LT]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Thistle.png|baseline]] ligatures with punct ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::Mpunct]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[character::Lpunct]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[character::Rpunct]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

Note that {{bib|MLR|Marchesini}} reads ligatures with inverted Alpha in [[index::VR-2]] (MLR 45) and [[index::VR-6]] (MLR 291), and a ligature of Pi and Sigma in [[index::VR-13]] (MLR 123). These are ad hoc-readings of epigraphically difficult inscriptions without linguistical rationale, and are therefore at this point not filed in TIR.

{{bibliography}}
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}

Template:inscription

2020-04-29T18:51:49Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''inscriptions'''.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:inscription]].

See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disamb |{{{disambiguation|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: disamb }}||{{#ifeq: {{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|1}}|||{{#vardefine: disamb |{{#explode:{{PAGENAME}}|.|0}} }} }} }}[[disambiguation::{{#var: disamb }}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}|.|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: number |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: subnumber |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|2}} }}[[sigla_group::{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}| ]]{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: subnumber}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }} || {{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/inscription/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- |}}
! width="100" | [[Property:text_plain|Transliteration]]:
| {{#vardefine: text |{{{reading|}}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|space|_space! _}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|:|_punctuation!:_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|/|_newline!/_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: text |{{#replace: {{#var: text}}|__|_}} }}{{#vardefine: n | 1 }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{#vardefine: plain |}}{{#while:| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} > 0 | true }}| <nowiki/>{{#vardefine: word |{{#explode: {{#var: text}} |_| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#vardefine: link |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|0}} }}{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#explode: {{#var: word}} |!|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: linktext }}||{{#vardefine: linktext |{{#var: link }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|punctuation|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|newline|{{#vardefine: linktext | {{#var: linktext }} }} }}{{#ifexist: {{#var: link }}|[[{{#var: link }}{{!}}{{#var: linktext }}]]|{{#var: linktext }}}}{{#vardefine: plain |{{#var: plain}}{{#var: linktext}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: link }}|||[[word::{{#var: link }}| ]][[index::{{#var: link }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#explode: {{#var: text}}|_|{{#var: i }} }}||{{#vardefine: ok |0}} }} }}{{#vardefine: plain | {{#replace: {{#var: plain }}| |<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}[[text_plain::{{#var: plain }}| ]]
|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original script]]:
| {{{reading_original|}}}
|-
{{#if: {{{reading_variant|}}} | ! Variant Reading:
{{!}} {{{reading_variant|}}}
{{!}}- |}}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[:Category:Object|Object]]:
| [[object::{{{object|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{object|}}}|unknown||({{#show: {{{object|}}} | ?material }}){{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}|||{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}[[coordinate::{{#var: n }} N, {{#var: e }} E| ]][[coordinate_n::{{#var: n }}| ]][[coordinate_e::{{#var: e }}| ]]}}{{#vardefine: object | {{{object|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Inscriptions: {{#ask: [[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{#var: object }}]]|format=list|sort=sortform }}) }} }}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{position|}}}|,|x|[[position::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{orientation|}}} | ! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{orientation|}}}|,|x|[[orientation::x]]°}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{frame_middle|}}} | ! Frame:
{{!}} {{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_left|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_left_{{{frame_left|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_left|Frame left: {{{frame_left|}}}]] }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_middle|}}}|unknown| ?? ?? |[[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]][[Image:Frame_middle_{{{frame_middle|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_middle|Frame middle: {{{frame_middle|}}}]] }}{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|unknown|?|{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|none||{{#ifeq: {{{frame_right|}}}|||[[Image:Frame_right_{{{frame_right|}}}.png|x18px|middle|link=Property:frame_right|Frame right: {{{frame_right|}}}]] }} }} }}   ([[frame_left::{{{frame_left|}}}]], [[frame_middle::{{{frame_middle|}}}]], [[frame_right::{{{frame_right|}}}]])
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:script|Script]]:
| [[script::{{{script|}}}]] {{#ifeq: {{{alphabet|}}}||| ([[alphabet::{{{alphabet|}}}]]) }}
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]:
| [[direction::{{{direction|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{letter_height_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_height_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_height_min|Letter height]]:
{{!}} [[letter_height_min::{{{letter_height_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_height_max|}}}|– [[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_max|}}}]]|[[letter_height_max::{{{letter_height_min|}}}| ]]}}
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{letter_number_min|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{letter_number_min|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:letter_number_min|Number of letters]]:
{{!}} [[letter_number_min::{{{letter_number_min|}}}]] {{#if:{{{letter_number_max|}}}|– {{{letter_number_max|}}}| }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[letter_number_max::{{{letter_number_max|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{sign_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{sign_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:character_number_min|Number of characters]]:
{{!}} {{{sign_number|}}} {{#if:{{{sign_number_max|}}}|– {{{sign_number_max|}}} | }}
{{!}}- }} }} [[character_number_min::{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}| ]][[character_number_max::{{{sign_number_max|{{{sign_number|{{{letter_number_min|}}}}}}}}}| ]]
{{#if: {{{line_number|}}} | {{#ifeq: {{{line_number|}}} |0|| ! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]:
{{!}} [[line_number::{{{line_number|}}}]]
{{!}}- }} }}
{{#if: {{{craftsmanship|}}}| ! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{craftsmanship|}}}|,|x|[[craftsmanship::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|- {{#vardefine: from_object |1}}{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{sortdate|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#if: {{{date_derivation|}}}| {{#vardefine: from_object |0}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: from_object}}|1|{{#vardefine: culture| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?culture_archaeological}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?sortdate}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{#show:{{{object|}}}|?date_derivation}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object| [from object] }}|{{#vardefine: culture| {{{culture_archaeological|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sortdate| {{{sortdate|}}} }}{{#vardefine: date| {{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}} }}{{#vardefine: derivation| {{{date_derivation|}}} }}{{#vardefine: from_object|}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}
{{#ifeq: {{#var: culture }}||| ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{#var: culture }}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}} {{#var: from_object }}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:date|Date of inscription]]:
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date }}|||[[date::{{#var: date }}]][[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate }}| ]] {{#var: from_object }} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation‎|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}}{{#ifeq: {{{date_derivation‎|}}}|| {{#arraymap:{{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|,|x|[[date_derivation‎::x]]}} {{#ifeq: {{#show:{{{object}}}|?date_derivation‎}}|||[from object]}}}}
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{{type_inscription|}}} ||| ! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type_inscription|}}}|,|x|[[type_inscription::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! [[Property:language|Language]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{language|}}}|,|x|[[language::x]]}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning]]:
| [[meaning::{{{meaning|}}}]]
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Concordance|Alternative sigla]]:
| {{#vardefine: separator|}}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_pid|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|PID}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_pid::x]]}}{{#vardefine:separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_ir|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|IR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_ir::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mancini|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|LIR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mancini::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{{sigla_mlr|}}}|||{{#var:separator}}{{bib|MLR}} {{#arraymap:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|x|[[sigla_mlr::x]]}}{{#vardefine: separator| }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var:separator}}||none}}{{#vardefine: pid |{{#explode:{{{sigla_pid|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid_a |{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: pid |{{padleft:{{#var: pid_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: pid}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_pid::{{#var: pid}}| ]]{{#vardefine: ir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_ir|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{#replace:{{#var: ir}}|.|<nowiki> </nowiki>}} }}{{#vardefine: ir_a |{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: ir |{{padleft:{{#var: ir_a}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: ir}}| |1}} }}[[sortform_ir::{{#var: ir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: lir |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mancini|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|-|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}| |_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{#replace:{{#var: lir}}|.|_}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_letters |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|0}} }}{{#vardefine: lir_number |{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|1}} }}{{#vardefine: lir |{{padright:{{#var: lir_letters}}|3|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: lir_number}}|3|0}}_{{#explode:{{#var: lir}}|_|2}} }}[[sortform_mancini::{{#var: lir}}| ]]{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#explode:{{{sigla_mlr|}}}|,|0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr |{{#replace:{{#var: mlr}}|sub iudice nr.|sub}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_a |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |0}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr_b |{{#explode:{{#var: mlr}}| |1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: mlr_a}}|sub|{{#vardefine: mlr_b|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_b}}|3|0}}}} }}{{#vardefine: mlr|{{padleft:{{#var: mlr_a}}|3|0}}_{{#var: mlr_b}} }}[[sortform_mlr::{{#var: mlr}}| ]]
{{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|||
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|[unpublished]|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Inscription|{{#var: sortform}}]]
</includeonly>

Template:object

2020-04-29T15:37:13Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''archaeological objects''' that carry inscriptions.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:object]].

See the [[:Category:Object]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Object]]|format=count}} object pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disambiguation | {{#arraymap:{{{disambiguation|}}}|,|x|[[disambiguation::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: number | {{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }}||{{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/object/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Object|Object]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! width="100" | [[Property:type_object|Classification]]:
| [[type_object::{{{type_object|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{type|}}} | ! [[Property:type|Archaeological type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type|}}}|,|x|[[type::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:material|Material]]:
| [[material::{{{material|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{dimension|}}} | ! Size:
{{!}} {{{dimension|{{{dimension_max|}}}}}}[[dimension::{{{dimension_max|}}}| ]]
{{!}}- | }}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}} | ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{culture_archaeological|}}}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{sortdate|}}}|[[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate}}| ]]|[[sortdate::0| ]]}}{{#vardefine: date|{{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}||| ! [[Property:date|Date]]:
{{!}} [[date::{{#var: date}}]]
{{!}}-
{{#if: {{{date_derivation|}}} | ! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }} }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Property:site|Site]]:
| [[site::{{{site|}}}| ]]{{#show:{{{site|}}}|?=|mainlabel=-|?community=fraction of|?province=|?region=|?country=|format=list}}
|-
{{#if: {{{field_name|}}} | ! [[Property:field_name|Field name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{field_name|}}}|,|x|[[field_name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | ! [[Property:find_context|Archaeological context]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_context|}}}|,|y|[[find_context::y]]}}{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | {{#vardefine: site | {{{site|}}} }}{{#vardefine: field_name | {{{field_name|}}} }}{{#vardefine: find_context | {{{find_context|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Objects: {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|sort=sortform|format=list|limit=1000}}) }} }}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:coordinate|Coordinates]] (approx.):
| {{#if: {{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{coord|{{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{{coordinate_e|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{{coordinate_n|}}}||{{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}||none|{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}{{coord|{{#var: n }}|{{#var: e }}|{{PAGENAME}}}} [from site]}} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_find|Find date]]: {{#vardefine: sortdate_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}{{#vardefine: date_find|{{{date_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate_find|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: date_find|}}}}
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|||[[date_find::{{#var: date_find}}]]}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|||[[sortdate_find::{{#var: sortdate_find}}| ]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{find_circumstances|}}} | ! [[Property:find_circumstances|Find circumstances]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_circumstances|}}}|,|x|[[find_circumstances::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:location|Current location]]:
| [[location::{{{location|}}}]] {{#if: {{{accessibility|}}} | ([[accessibility::{{{accessibility|}}}]]) }}
|-
{{#if: {{{inventory_number|}}} | ! [[Property:inventory_number|Inventory Nr.]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{inventory_number|}}}|;|x|[[inventory_number::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|format=count}}|1| ! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=list}}|! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscriptions]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=ul|sort=sortform}} }}
{{#if: {{{source|}}} |
{{!}}-
! colspan="2" {{!}}
----
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|unpublished|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Object|{{#var: sortform}}]]</includeonly>

Script

2020-04-29T15:33:45Z

Martin Braun: /* Distribution */

== Transmission of the alphabet to and within Italy ==

=== To Italy ===

In the 8th century BC, the island of Pithekoussai (modern Ischia) off the coast of Campania was colonized by Greeks from Euboia. While it is not quite clear whether the settlement was a proper colony or just a trading post, it spawned the foundation of historically important Kyme around the middle of the 8th century on mainland Italy. Pithekoussai itself seems to have lost importance at the turn of the century. The alphabet used by the colonists was that of the Euboic mother-cities Chalkis and Eretria. – Indeed, one of the oldest testimonies of early Greek writing is from Pithekoussai: the so-called Cup of Nestor, dated to the last quarter of the 8th century. ({{bib|Jeffery 1990}}: 235) The Etruscans would have been in contact with the Greek settlers from the beginning, and the acquisition of their script was not a long time coming: The oldest document of written Etruscan, a kotyle from Tarquinia (Ta 3.1), is dated to about 700 ({{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 17).

As the oldest Etruscan abecedarium on an ivory tablet from Marsiliana d’Albegna ({{bib|ET}}: AV 9.1; about 650) shows, the Etruscans adopted the Greek alphabet, in its Eastern Greek "red" variety as used in Euboia, without any changes with regard to the different phonemic systems of the two languages. (For details see {{bib|Jeffery 1990}}: 236 ff.) Only by and by do the documented abecedaria reflect a process of adaptation to writing practice. Etruscan had a plosive system consisting of two rows, written with the Greek characters for the unvoiced unaspirated (Pi, Tau, Kappa (/Gamma/Qoppa)) and unvoiced aspirated (Phi, Theta, Khi) rows. A phonetic realisation very much like the Greek is communis opinio among Etruscologists (see {{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 30 f.). In any case, the obsolete characters for the mediae dropped out – all except Gamma, which together with Kappa and Qoppa became part of a curious orthographic rule for writing allophones, and only later replaced both the other characters as the exclusive one for the velar stop. Due to the lack of /o/ in Etruscan, Omikron fell away. In the 6th century, an additional sign {{c||addF1}} was created for /f/, after a phase of writing the sound with a digraph <vh> or <hv>, and added to the end of the row. As concerns the writing of sibilants, a certain confusion on the part of the Greeks (see {{bib|Jeffery 1990}}: 25 ff., {{bib|Swiggers 1996}}: 266 f.) appears to have been propagated to the Etruscans: The Etruscan language seems to have had – apart from a dental affricate written with Zeta – two sibilants /s/ and probably /ʃ/ which were written with Sigma and San – in the South Sigma for /s/, San for /ʃ/, the other way round in the North. In the Southern cities Caere and Veii, where a number of divergences from general Etruscan writing practice can be observed over the course of time, a Sigma with more than three strokes appears instead of San. Finally in Cortona, a monophthongised, possibly long /e/ was consistently written with the character {{c||addE1}}. As is customary in archaic Greek inscriptions, Etruscan inscriptions are generally sinistroverse, apart from a short phase around 600 in Caere and Veii. Unlike Greek practice, boustrophedon writing is rare. While word separation is consistently executed on Nestor's Cup, the archaic Etruscan texts often dispense with it, until it establishes itself in neo-Etruscan time (after 470). (For details see {{bib|Wallace 2008}}: 17 ff.; a collection of Etruscan abecedaria in {{bib|Pandolfini & Prosdocimi 1990}}: 19–94.)

As things present themselves to us now, the Etruscan script has found its way to the peoples north of the river Po more than once, but not from the Etruscan settlements in Padania. Etruscan inscriptions in the very North (find places in pink on the map) are known from Liguria (Li), the Reggio Emilia and the area around Mantova (Pa), the environs of Bologna (ancient Felsina, Fe), and from Adria (Ad) and Spina (Sp). The oldest testimonies come from the Reno valley (Fe 2.1, Fe 3.1, Fe 6.1, Fe 2.2, Fe 2.3, from around 600) and from Rubiera (the stelae Pa 1.1 and 1.2, dated to the end of the 7th century). In both cases, the traditions only start again some hundred years later, i.e. at the end of the 6th century in Marzabotto, in the 5th century in the Reggio Emilia and Mantova. The great ports and commercial cities Adria and Spina only became relevant as Etruscan settlements around 500. A number of gravestones from Liguria, especially around the Magra river and its tributaries, are dated to the 2nd half of the 6th century; most of them are filed as being written in a North Italic alphabet in the {{bib|Lexicon Leponticum}} ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Inscriptions sigla MS and SP]). For the question of whether the inscription(s) of Feltre (Pa 4.1) are linguistically and/or epigraphically Etruscan, see [[index::The Feltre inscription stones|here]].

=== Venetic ===

The Veneti are speakers of an Indo-European language settling in the Veneto (find places in blue on the map). Their inscriptions are collected in {{bib|Pellegrini & Prosdocimi 1967}}; for supplementation see {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988}} and numerous publications by Anna Marinetti, esp. {{bib|Marinetti 2004b}}. For the "traditional" view on the origin of the Venetic alphabet (from the Etruscan alphabets of Adria and Spina) see {{bib|Pellegrini 1959}}. According to the more recent theory of {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988|Prosdocimi}}, a first, archaic version of the Venetic script ("phase 1"), attested securely only in one inscription (*Es 120, dated to the beginning of the 6th c. at the latest) and arguably in two further inscriptions (Es 1, *Es 122), was based on a model from Northern Etruria, while a separate tradition lies at the basis of most of the younger locally diverse alphabets (Este, Padua, Cadore, etc., "phase 2"). The archaic Venetic alphabet seems to have featured a rare form of Theta, {{c||Θ2}}, which is found in a handful of inscriptions from 6th-century Chiusi and Volsinii (Cl 2.8, Cl 2.6, Cl 2.5, Vs 1.23 and Vs 1.14, see {{bib|Colonna 1972}}: 470), as seen in *Es 120. *Es 122 shows that the digraph <vh> was used to write /f/, rather than the new character {{c||addF1}}, which was introduced no sooner than the middle of the 6th century. The table shows the characters contained in the abovementioned inscriptions (disregarding minor variants). Pi is missing, but note that *Es 122 has {{c||L}}, read ''l'' by Prosdocimi; cp. Pi in the form {{c||L}} in Chiusi. Syllabic punctuation is absent.

The younger alphabet of Este is unusually well documented on a number of votive writing tablets from a sanctuary-cum-writing school and distinguished by syllabic punctuation, both of which phenomena, together with the actual content of the inscriptions, connect it with the 6th century writing tradition of the Portonaccio sanctuary in Veii in the South of Etruria. The background of syllabic punctuation is debated.

Syllabic punctuation became the key feature of Venetic script, even though alphabet variants from other parts of the Venetic realm deviate from the Este alphabet, most prominently in the writing of the dental stops. Prosdocimi argues that the younger phase 2 alphabets represent different solutions for reconciling the archaic Venetic alphabet with the younger Etruscan one and particularly the theoretical grid on which the writing instruction was based. Whether the Veneti still had access to the characters for mediae (as lettres mortes through Etruscan teaching) is hard to judge, but they did not use them to write their voiced stops (Prosdocimi's considerations on p. 331 ff.). Instead, they employed the superfluous letters for the Etruscan aspirated row. While in the case of labials and velars, this transition appears to have happened smoothly (Pi = /p/, Phi = /b/; Kappa = /k/, Khi = /g/), the characters for the dentals were shifted around. *Es 120 clearly demonstrates the use of Tau for /d/; the abovementioned Chiusi-style Theta {{c||Θ2}} ({{c||Θ}} in Es 1 and *Es 122) must be expected to stand for /t/. This distribution is also documented for phase 2 Vicenza on a stela (Vi 2). In the younger Este alphabet (and also in the sanctuaries of Làgole (Calalzo di Cadore) and Auronzo di Cadore), /t/ as in the archaic inscriptions is written as a (large) St. Andrew's cross, but Zeta is employed to write /d/. A third combination is used in Padua, where first Etruscan Tau, later St. Andrew's cross are in use for /d/, while /t/ is written with a more traditional framed form of Theta {{c||addΘ3}} (rounded or angular).

The origin of St. Andrew's cross is somewhat obscure: Prosdocimi (p. 332), regarding the archaic distribution, explains Tau for /d/ and Theta for /t/ by a developing homography of {{c||T}} and {{c||Θ2}} / {{c||Θ}}. The phonetic values were swapped before the characters were differentiated again, leading to {{c||Θ}} being used for /t/ henceforth. He points to the Lepontic alphabet and the Este alphabet tablets for evidence of a tendency of Tau to tend towards a cross-shape. To further avoid homography in this area, Tau was substituted by Zeta in Este; in Padua, the form of Theta was changed to {{c||addΘ3}}, which allowed Tau to turn into {{c||Θ}}. In other words, according to Prosdocimi, {{c||Θ}} has two separate origins. On the Este writing tablets, where the letters can be unambiguously identified by their position in the row, Tau appears – with Prosdocimi: is retained as a lettre morte – in the shape of a cross, similar to, but clearly distinct from, Theta: While the latter is a large {{c||Θ}}, Tau is smaller and sometimes lopsided (e.g. in Es 23, see table). The individual letters being written in rectangular fields formed by a grid, with the grid lines regularly being used as hastae, it might be argued that the entire frame around the St. Andrew's cross representing Theta, whose tips reach into the corners of the field, is supposed to be part of the letter, forming a large, but otherwise inconspicuous {{c||addΘ5}}. Theta would then have come to be reduced to only the cross through reinterpretation. This explanation, however, predating Prosdocimis distinction of older and younger Venetic alphabet, does not account for the early appearance of {{c||Θ}} and its apparent connection with Chiusi; note also that of six preserved tablets, a third (Es 24 and Vi 3) lack grid lines and yet feature Theta without a frame. On Es 25, where the grid lines are not used as parts of the letters, Theta is missing due to object damage, but the tablet serves to corroborate Prosdocimis theory by having Zeta in the place of Tau, probably due to a scribal error.

The Venetic script features Omikron, which in the younger Este alphabet is situated not in its ancestral place, but at the very end of the row, as evidenced by the votive tablet Es 23, the only one bearing a complete row (in addition to the usual consonant-only). While Omikron is usually assumed to have been acquired directly from the Greek alphabet, probably through contact with Greeks settling in and south of the Po delta, Prosdocimi (p. 329) favours the theory that it was taken as a lettre morte (through writing instruction) from the Etruscan alphabet before its ultimate reduction. The Venetic use of Sigma vs. San follows the South Etruscan use, Sigma being the character used for the default sibilant and San leading a marginal existence. This is also the case in the archaic inscriptions; for possible explanations see Prosdocimi on p. 330 f. Finally, one of the distinctive features of the Venetic script is the frequent inversion of Lambda and Upsilon.

=== Raetic ===

The Raeti (find places in green on the map) appear to have learned the art of writing from the Veneti rather than the Etruscans ({{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 312–316). While Raetic inscriptions are only known from the 5th century onward, at a time when Etruscan inscriptions have appeared in the very North (see above), some features of the Raetic script strongly suggest a Venetic source. 
1. Employment of Phi, Khi and Tau for mediae or phonemes interpreted as mediae by speakes of Indo-European languages: Tau can be argued to write ~{{p||d}} in [[index::MA-19|Magrè]] and [[index::ST-2|Steinberg]]. 
2. St. Andrew's cross for /t/. 
3. Non-employment of Zeta: Raetic, like Etruscan, had a dental affricate /{{p||z}}/ (or similar). While Etruscan used Zeta to write this phoneme, Raetic inscriptions feature two graphically distinct [[index::Þ|special characters]], which appear to have been newly created. The fact that Zeta was not used to write /ts/ in Venetic can explain this discontinuity. There is, however, at least one exception (see [[index::Z]]). 
4. Rudimentary syllabic punctuation in Magrè context. 
5. Orientation of Lambda and Upsilon in the Magrè alphabet. 

As in Venetic, different alphabet variants are used for writing the Raetic language. Some of the similarities with Venetic can only be demonstrated for the Magrè alphabet, which appears to be close to the Archaic Venetic alphabet, although the use of (somewhat idiosyncratic) syllabic punctuation indicates an acquaintance with a phase 2 Venetic source. It is not yet clear whether or inhowfar all Raetic alphabet variants are derived from the same model. It cannot be excluded that different Venetic varieties, and maybe to some extent also Etruscan or even Celtic writing practice, have influenced Raetic writing. For details see below sub "The Raetic Script" and [[index::Raetic epigraphy|here]]. One common feature of the Raetic alphabets, three-bar Mu {{c||M}}, is reminiscent of the Venetic Vicenza alphabet, unfortunately represented by only three documents: All three testimonies have Mu with three bars; the lengthy inscription Vi 2 demonstrates the archaic use of use of {{c||Θ}} and {{c||T}}.

=== Cisalpine Celtic ===

Inscriptions in a Cisalpine Celtic language begin to appear in Western Transpadania around 600. The Lepontic core area lies between the Lago di Como and the Lago Maggiore; on the Celtic presence south of the Alps and the distinction between Lepontic and Cisalpine Gaulish see {{bib|Uhlich 1999}} and {{bib|Uhlich 2007|2007}}. The inscriptions are collected in the {{bib|Lexicon Leponticum}}, including all testimonies which may contain Celtic language material, as well as all inscription finds from west of the Adige even if ascription is dubious: A considerable number of documents, mostly short/fragmentary inscriptions of a low date, cannot be shown to be linguistically Celtic, or even to be written in the so-called Lugano alphabet (find places in yellow on the map). The "Lepontic" corpus being accordingly large and varied, it is hard to determine how the usual schibboleth characters – those for stops and fricatives – are used. Pi, Kappa and St. Andrew's cross are the standard letters, and can be shown to be used for both tenues and mediae. While Phi does not occur at all, Khi is employed for /g/ in [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NO%C2%B71 one of the oldest inscriptions], as well as in three younger ones ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/TI%C2%B713 TI·13], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/PV%C2%B74 PV·4], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/VC%C2%B71.2 VC·1.2]) and in coin legends ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NM%C2%B76.1 NM·6.1], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NM%C2%B76.2 NM·6.1]). In the latter, Khi appears together with Theta {{c||addΘ2}} in the name ''Segetu'' or ''Segedu'', which is also attested on four ceramic bowls from Prestino – here with Kappa for /g/ and Zeta {{c||Z||d}} for the dental. Theta appears two more times, in the shape {{c||addΘ3}}, in archaic [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/VA%C2%B73 VA·3] (possibly Etruscan) and the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/CO%C2%B748 Inscription of Prestino]. The latter, a lengthy inscription on a stela, is the only Lepontic text in which a systematic use of the characters for dentals can be observed: St. Andrew's cross is absent, Theta appears to stand for /t/. Tau in the shape {{c||addT4}} demonstrably stands for /d/, while Zeta {{c||addZ4}} represents the affricate. Pi and Kappa are used for /p/ and /g/. Tau appears twice in later inscriptions ([http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/TI%C2%B736.3 TI·36], [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NO%C2%B721.1 NO·21.1]), both times in the shape {{c||addT4}}, and both times together with St. Andrew's cross. While this strongly suggests that Lepontic St. Andrew's cross must, like its Venetic equivalent, be identified with Theta, the combined use of the two characters cannot be shown to be systematic (/t/ vs. /d/). Tau-, Zeta- and Khi-like shapes crop up a number of times in dubious and/or uninstructive contexts (see [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Category:Character LexLep]); another instance of lexical use of Zeta in [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/NM%C2%B716 NM·16]. Beta, Delta and Gamma are absent until the appearance of Latin(oid) inscriptions from the Roman imperial time, but Omikron is present from the earliest inscriptions. On the use of San see [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/%C5%9A LexLep] and {{bib|Stifter 2010}}.

Pi and Lambda are distinguished systematically as {{c||L2}} vs. {{c||P2|d}}; Upsilon appears tip-down {{c||U2}}, though inverted forms {{c||U}} do occur. Alpha is closed ({{c||A14}} and similar) in the older inscriptions, later changing into {{c||V}}. All in all, the Lugano alphabet is decidedly more similar to its Etruscan source than the Venetic. It is hard to determine whether individual inscriptions displaying divergent features are influenced by the Venetic writing tradition. The fact that both the Celtic and the Venetic languages are Indo-European may be the cause of parallel independent developments. {{bib|Verger 1998}} argues for a transmission of the alphabet to Western Transpadania via the area of Genova and the Scrivia valley. Note that a number of inscriptions from the area of La Spezia / Massa-Carrara displayed as Etruscan on the map are filed as linguistically and/or epigraphically Celtic / North Italic in the LexLep (sigla MS and SP).

=== Camunic ===

The corpus of the so-called Sondrio alphabet ("Camunic script“), conspicuous for its obvious graphic peculiarities, comprises the rock inscriptions of the Valcamonica, and a handful of testimonies from other places whose characters bear resemblance to those of the rock inscriptions, though the alphabets cannot be said to be identical (find places in grey on the map). Indeed, different systems seem to have been employed in the Valcamonica itself. The sigla system is not standardised, but useful collections are provided by {{bib|Mancini 1980}} and {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1990}}. The language written in the rock inscriptions, called "Camunic" after the demonym ''Camunni'' documented by the ancients, has not yet been deciphered or convincingly connected to any of the surrounding languages; the other testimonies have been argued to write diverse languages: While the two inscriptions on stelae from Montagna in Valtellina (PID 252) and Tresivio (PID 253) feature endings similar to those commonly found in Camunic rock inscriptions, the non-Latin part of the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/BS%C2%B73.2 Voltino bilingua] has been read Etruscan as well as Raetic and Celtic. Celtic has also been suggested for the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/GR%C2%B73 inscription on the Castaneda flagon], datable to the 5th–4th c. The dubious inscription [[index::AV-1]], included in the TIR as linguistically Raetic, appears to be written in a variant of the Sondrio alphabet. Finally, the fragmentary [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/BS%C2%B722 inscription] on a stela from Cividate Camuno in the Valcamonica itself is utterly enigmatic.

The main problem about the reading and interpretation of the inscriptions lies in the identification of the letters: Rock inscriptions from different localities, alphabetaria, and the (possibly idiosyncratic) testimonies from abroad appear to exhibit substantial differences in the use of some characters, which could so far be neither conclusively sorted out individually, nor reconciled. The picture presented by the twelve alphabetaria, or fragments of such (first edited in {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1990}}; see also {{bib|Tibiletti Bruno 1992}}), from the Valcamonica in particular demonstrates the Sondrio alphabet to be the odd one out among the North Italic alphabets. The table shows the characters as they appear in two distinct groups of alphabetaria: The first line gives the alphabet row PC 10 from Piancogno, with letters slightly standardised where their shape deviates from Camunic standard (Nu, Qoppa). The positions of Mu and Nu as well as of Gamma and Delta are interchanged in the original, Delta being written in ligature with Beta (sharing its last hasta). The ligature and possibly the inversion of the nasals also occur in the very similar row PC 27. The other alphabetaria or fragments of such from Piancogno are PC 6, PC 12 and probably PC 28. The second line gives an ideal alphabetarium from rock 24 of the Foppe di Nadro, based on FN 3, FN 4, FN 5 and FN 6, where only FN 3 and FN 6 are complete. Here also the nasals are interchanged. The two other alphabet fragments FN 1 and FN 2, also on rock 24, both end with Digamma (?) and display a variant form of Gamma {{c||P2}}. The presence of a complete Greek row suggests that the Sondrio alphabet came to Transpadania directly from a Greek source, without Etruscan mediacy. More than that, the Greek model can be argued not to have been of the "red" variety like the Euboic alphabet from which the other Italic alphabets ultimately derive. Even under such a premise, the shapes of the letters are highly unusual, not to mention the question of how such a script could have found its way into the remote Oglio valley.

There are two notable similarities between the Camunic and Raetic corpora, i.e. that both graphic variants of the Raetic [[index::Þ|special character]] appear in the context of the Sondrio alphabet: The character taking the position of San in PC alphabetaria is reminiscent of the Magré special character {{c||Þ}} / {{c||Þ2}} (but note that Magré has standard San); an arrow-shaped character like the Sanzeno special character {{c||Þ3}} appears in the problematic end sequences of the PC alphabetaria and on the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/GR%C2%B73 Castaneda flagon].

=== Table ===

{| class="table_lines table_script" style="margin:5px; border:1px solid black;"
! Nestor's Cup
! 725–700
! ←
| {{c||A14}}
| 
| 
| {{c||addD1}}
| {{c||E}}
| 
| 
| {{c||addH1}}
| 
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
| 
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP1}}
| 
| 
| {{c||addR1}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||addU1}}
| 
| {{c||addΦ1}}
| 
| 
|
|-
! Kyme 2 (alphabetarium)
! 700–675
! →
| {{c||A3|d}}
| {{c||addB1d}}
| {{c||addG1}}
| {{c||addD1d}}
| {{c||E|d}}
| {{c||Vd}}
| {{c||Z3d}}
| {{c||addH2}}
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
| 
|
|-
! AV 9.1 (alphabetarium)
! ~650
! ←
| {{c||addA2}}
| {{c||addB2}}
| {{c||addG1}}
| {{c||addD2}}
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||Z3}}
| {{c||addH3}}
| {{c||addΘ1}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
| {{c||addΞ1}}
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP1}}
| {{c||Ś}}
| {{c||addQ1}}
| {{c||addR1}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||addU1}}
| {{c||addΧ1}}
| {{c||addΦ2}}
| {{c||Χ}}
| 
|
|-
! Clusium (statistical)
! 7th–6th c. 
! ←
| {{c||A14}}
|
| {{c||addG3}}
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ2}}
| {{c||addH1}}
| {{c||addΘ3}} {{c||Θ2}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||addR2}} {{c||R2}}
|
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
| {{c||Χ}}
| ({{c||addF1}})
|
|-
! Archaic Venetic
! 6th c.
! ←
| {{c||A14}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ2d}}
| {{c||addH1}}
| {{c||Θ2}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
| {{c||addO1}}
|
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||addR2}} {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S|d}} {{c||S}}
| {{c||addT1}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
| {{c||Χ}}
|
|
|-
! Portonaccio (statistical)
! 6th c.
! ←
| {{c||A13}}
|
| {{c||addG2}}
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ1}}
| {{c||H3d}}
| {{c||addΘ1}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P5}}
| ?
| {{c||addQ2}}
| {{c||addR1}} {{c||R}}
| {{c||S}}
| {{c||T}}
| {{c||addU1}} {{c||U2}}
|
|
| {{c||Χ}}
|
|
|-
! Es 23 (votive plaque)
! ??
! ←
| {{c||addA1}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ1d}}
| {{c||H4}}
| {{c||Θ}}
| [{{c||I}}]
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| [{{c||N}}]
|
| {{c||addO2}}
| {{c||addP1}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S}}
| {{c||addT3}}
| {{c||U}}
|
| {{c||Φ2}}
| {{c||Χ}}
|
|
|-
! Cadore
!
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Padova
!
!
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Vi 2
! ??
! ←
| {{c||addA4}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
|
|
|
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K}}
|
| {{c||M}}
| {{c||N}}
|
| {{c||addO4}}
|
|
|
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S|d}} {{c||S}}
| {{c||addT2}}
| {{c||U}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Magrè alphabet (standardised)
!
! ←
| {{c||A3|d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||Z}}
| {{c||H3}}
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K}}
| {{c||L}}
| {{c||M}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||R}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T}} {{c||T4}}
| {{c||U}}
|
| {{c||Φ}}
| {{c||Χ}}
|
| {{c||Þ}}
|-
! Sanzeno alphabet (standardised)
!
! ←
| {{c||A|d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
|
| {{c||H2}}
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||M}}
| {{c||N}}
|
|
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||Ś}}
|
| {{c||R}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||T3}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
| {{c||Φ2}}
| {{c||Χ}}
|
| {{c||Þ3}}
|-
! CO·48 (stela)
! ~500
! ←
| {{c||A3}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||V}}
| {{c||addZ4}}
|
| {{c||addΘ3}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K2}}
| {{c||L2}}
| {{c||addM1}}
| {{c||N}}
|
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||Ś2}}
|
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||S2|d}}
| {{c||addT4}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! NO·21.1 (gravestone)
! ~100
! →
| {{c||addA3d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||E|d}}
|
|
|
| {{c||Θ}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||K|d}}
| {{c||L2|d}}
|
| {{c||N|d}}
|
| {{c||addO3}}
| {{c||P2}}
| {{c||addŚ3}}
|
| {{c||R2|d}}
| {{c||S|d}}
| {{c||addT4}}
| {{c||U2}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! PC 10 (alphabetarium)
! ??
! →
| {{c||A|d}}
| {{c||addB3}}
| {{c||addG4d}}
| {{c||addD3d}}
| {{c||E|d}}
| {{c||addV1d}}
| {{c||Χ}}
| {{c||H}}
| {{c||addΘ4}}
| {{c||I}}
| {{c||addK1}}
| {{c||L|d}}
| {{c||addM2d}}
| {{c||addN2d}}
| {{c||Χ3}}
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP5d}}
| {{c||Þ2|d}}
| {{c||Φ4}}
| {{c||R2|d}}
| {{c||addS3}}
| ?
| {{c||U}}
|
|
|
|
|
|-
! Foppe di Nadro (alphabetaria)
! ??
! ←
| {{c||A}}
| {{c||addB4}}
| {{c||addG4d}}
| {{c||addD4}}
| {{c||E}}
| {{c||addV2}}
| {{c||Χ2}}
| {{c||H}}
| {{c||addΘ4}}
| {{c||addI2}}
| {{c||addK2}}
| {{c||L}}
| {{c||addM2}}
| {{c||addN2}}
| {{c||addΞ2}}
| {{c||addO1}}
| {{c||addP6}}
| {{c||Þ2}}
| {{c||Φ4}}
| {{c||R2}}
| {{c||addS3}}
| {{c||addT1}}
| {{c||U}}
|
|
|
|
|
|}

=== Map ===
The map below shows find places of inscriptions of the four North Italic corpora, together with Etruscan inscriptions in the Padan plain. It is intended to give a rough overview over the distribution areas, and glosses over problematic or ambiguous ascription in some cases (e.g., the [https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Inscriptions "Ligurian" inscriptions]). In the case of inscriptions which belong to different groups linguistically and alphabetically, the colours reflect the alphabet used (e.g., [[index::AV-1]]).

[[File:map_of_inscriptions.jpg|center|800px]]

== Raetic script ==

=== The Raetic alphabets ===
Within the Raetic corpus, two different alphabets are distinguished. This goes back as far as {{bib|Mommsen 1853}} with his "Tyrolean" and "Verona" alphabets. Mommsen's "Tyrolean alphabet" was termed "Bozen alphabet" by {{bib|AIF I|Pauli 1885}}; his "Verona alphabet", originally attested in only [[index::VR-3|one inscription]], was rebranded as "Magrè alphabet" by {{bib|Pellegrini 1918}}. After a suggestion by {{bib|Mancini 1975}}: 306 (n. 42), the term "Bozen alphabet" was again changed to "Sanzeno alphabet" to reflect the latter site's large output of finds. (See [[index::Modern research on Raetic]] for details). Though the two alphabets had long been expected and were eventually demonstrated to encode the same language, the distinction still holds. The alphabets differ from each other in the use of graphic variants of a handful of letters, but share certain features which set them apart from the other North Italic alphabets and can therefore be considered typically Raetic.

{| class="table_lines" style="float:left; border:1px solid grey; margin:17px 30px 17px 0;"
|-
| style="border:none; width:60px;" |  
! style="text-align:center; width:60px;" | Pi
! style="text-align:center; width:60px;" | Lambda
! style="text-align:center; width:60px;" | Upsilon
|-
! style="text-align:right" | Magrè alphabet
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||P}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||L}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||U}}
|-
! style="text-align:right" | Sanzeno alphabet
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||P2}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||L2}}
| style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle" | {{c||U2}}
|}

Pi, lambda and upsilon are the shibboleth characters which primarily distinguish the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets ({{bib|Whatmough 1933}}: 507; {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971}}, 31–34). The Magrè alphabet employs forms which are identical with or similar to those used in the Venetic alphabets: pi with a pocket {{c||P}} (sometimes opened {{c||P5}} or similar; the pocket is almost always open in Venetic, more similar to archaic Etruscan {{c||P6}}, which in Raetic is only attested [[index::FP-1|once]]), lambda with a bar on top {{c||L}}, and tip-up upsilon {{c||U}}. The Sanzeno alphabet bears a closer resemblance to the Etruscan and Lepontic alphabets ({{bib|AIF I|Pauli 1885}}: 58–60): pi with a single bar {{c||P2}}, lambda with the bar at the bottom {{c||L2}}, and tip-down upsilon {{c||U2}} correspond to the standard letter forms in those alphabets. According to {{bib|Prosdocimi 1971}}: 33, the Venetic system of distinction is a variation of the archaic Etruscan one, while the Sanzeno forms (especially pi with a single bar) correspond to younger Etruscan ones. However, pi {{c||P2}} is already found in 7th-century Chiusi (e.g., Cl 2.1, 2.4).

There is a certain extent of (random?) variation in the North Italic alphabets concerning the orientation of lambda and upsilon – non-inverted forms occur in the Venetic alphabetss (e.g., lambda {{c||L2}} in Es 16, upsilon {{c||U2}} in Es 22); inverted forms, particularly of upsilon, appear sporadically in the Lepontic alphabet (e.g., [https://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/TI·36.3 TI·36.3]). Pi appears with a single bar in Venetic inscriptions from the Cadore (e.g., Ca 65). Still, the variation in the Raetic inscriptions is too regular to be put down to chance. The only inscriptions in which Sanzeno-forms co-occur with Magrè-forms are three inscriptions from find places associated with the Magrè alphabet: [[index::AS-17.1]] has hyper-distinctive {{c||L2}} next to {{c||P}} and {{c||U}}, [[index::MA-6]] has {{c||U2}} in combination with {{c||P}}. In the latter case, the occurrence of "incorrect" upsilon may be attributed to the tendency to invert letters (especially alpha and epsilon) which can be observed in the Magrè inscriptions (see below sub ''Writing direction''). In [[index::VR-6]], Magrè-type upsilon {{c||U}} appears beside a character looking like the Sanzeno letter for the dental affricate {{c||Þ3}}; {{c||L}} is therefore ambiguous, as is tau {{c||T|d}}, which has its bar crossing the hasta, but is retrograde as typical for the Sanzeno alphabet (see [[index::T]]).

In addition to the above-mentioned letters, three others appear consistently in different graphic variants in the two alphabets. Tau always appears with the bar rising in writing direction, and usually not crossing the hasta, in Sanzeno-context (←{{c||T3}}; see [[index::T]]). Heta, though not common, always features three bars {{c||H3}} in Magrè-context, but two {{c||H2}} in Sanzeno-context (single-bar {{c||H}} is as yet undocumented). Both alphabets have graphically innovative characters for the dental affricate: {{c||Þ3}} in Sanzeno-context (not only at Sanzeno itself), {{c||Þ}} exclusively at Magrè (otherwise absent from Magrè-type inscriptions). See [[index::T]] on the question of whether the character {{c||T4}} is associated with the Magrè alphabet. Lastly, vestiges of Venetic syllabic punctuation are found only in Magrè-context, while word separation is only employed in Sanzeno-context (see below sub ''Writing direction'').

While the forms of pi, lambda and upsilon as well as the instances of syllabic punctuation connect the Magrè alphabet with the Venetic alphabets, the Sanzeno alphabet has an Etruscan look to it. The similarities between the two alphabets concerning the use of the characters for obstruents, allegedly demonstrating a dependence on a Venetic model for both, is discussed below sub ''Obstruent spelling''. The most evident feature unifying the Raetic alphabets is a negative one: the absence of omicron. Seeing that it is linguistically motivated (see [[index::The Raetic language]]), it does not provide a strong argument for a common model of the two alphabets. Purely graphic characteristics connecting the two are mu {{c||M}} with only three bars instead of the more common four ({{c||addM1}}), as well as two characteristics pertaining to writing direction: alpha ←{{c||A|d}} with the bar slanting downwards against writing direction, and sigma ←{{c||S|d}} with the upper angle opening against writing direction. Both the latter features are also known from neighbouring writing traditions – alpha is always retrograde in the Venetic inscriptions from the Isonzo region (Is 1–3, *Is 5–6); the orientation of sigma is notoriously irregular in all North Italic writing traditions – but they are significantly prevalent in the Magrè alphabet and good as exclusive in the Sanzeno alphabet.

The Sanzeno alphabet is distinguished by its uniformity across almost the entire time and area of its attestation. There is some minor variation in the forms of kappa (placement and length of bars {{c||K}}, {{c||K2}}), rho (pointed vs. rounded pocket {{c||R}}, {{c||R2}}), tau (placement of bar {{c||T|d}}, {{c||T3}}), phi (size of pockets {{c||Φ}}, {{c||Φ2}}) and chi (placement and length of bars {{c||Χ}}, {{c||Χ3}}), but, otherwise, letter forms are quite stable. The character inventory, as far as can be seen, is the same in all find places. In contrast, we find a considerable range of regional and diachronic variation within the province of the Magrè alphabet, to an extent that the term "Magrè alphabet" should be regarded as more of a cover term for a number of local and chronological variants which share the features enumerated above, but exhibit differences with regard to individual letter forms, orthography, and (syllabic) punctuation:
*a number of potentially archaic inscriptions exhibit different character sets and orthographies (see below sub ''Chronology''),
*simplified syllabic punctuation is employed only at [[index::Serso]] and [[index::Magrè]] (see below sub ''Punctuation''),
*the graphically and functionally obscure character {{c||T4}} only appears at Serso and in a few scattered Magrè-type documents (see [[index::T]]),
*the Magrè alphabet's letter for the dental affricate {{c||Þ}} is only employed at Magrè (see [[index::Þ]]),
*pi has a large pocket {{c||P3}} in inscriptions from the Inntal (see [[index::P]]),
*zeta pops up sporadically and may denote a stop, Este-style, in some inscriptions (see [[index::Z]]), while
*zeta and san behave suspiciously in inscriptions from the area of Verona (see [[index::Z]] and [[index::Ś]]), and
*one of the two decidedly unlike petrograph alphabets attested in the Northern Limestone Alps shows some as yet unclassified idiosyncrasies (see [[index::Raetic epigraphy]]). 
All these special features, however, are connected by their association with Venetic writing traditions.

=== Distribution ===
<div style="margin: 0; padding: 0 0 10px 10px; float:right;">[[File:Map_Raetic_alphabets.png|right|border|250px]]</div>

The areas in which the Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets are used are neatly separated, as shown on the map on the right (Magrè-alphabet find places in light green, Sanzeno-alphabet find places in dark green). The Sanzeno alphabet is used in the central area, i.e. the Val di Non, the upper Adige valley (including the Unterland, the Bozen basin and the Vinschgau) and the Eisacktal, with tributary valleys and the surrounding highlands. Its area of distribution mostly coincides with the core area of the [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area|Fritzens-Sanzeno culture]], i.e. Südtirol and the Trentino. Magrè-type inscriptions, as may be expected from their affinity with the Venetic script, come from the area of the archaeological [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area|Magrè group]], i.e. the Alpine foothills south of Trento between Adige and Piave. This includes the inscriptions from the area of Verona, and the stray finds from the Padan plain ([[index::PA-1]], [[index::TV-1]]). Contrary to what is generally asserted in the literature, inscriptions from beyond [[index::Brixen / Bressanone|Brixen]] are also written in the Magrè alphabet. Tip-up upsilon {{c||U}} appears in [[index::WE-4]], [[index::IT-4]], [[index::IT-2]] and [[index::FP-1]]. The graphically ambiguous {{c||L}} can be clearly identified as Magrè-type lambda rather than Sanzeno pi in [[index::WE-1]] and [[index::WE-4]] thanks to the well attested words {{w||lavise}} and {{w||eluku}}; a reading of the letter as lambda is also preferable in [[index::IT-7]] and especially [[index::IT-4]], where it is part of the pertinentive ending {{m||-le}}. {{c||L}} being lambda, the associated pi with a pocket can be found in [[index::FP-1]], [[index::IT-4]] (which thus has the full set of diagnostic letters) and [[index::IT-8]]. In the latter two inscriptions, pi appears in a peculiar form {{c||P4}} with a large angle which reaches the bottom of the line (see [[index::P]]). See [[index::ST-2]] for another possible instance of {{c||P4}}, and [[index::Raetic epigraphy]] on the generally Venetoid letter forms and orthographic behaviour in the petrographs. Tau is {{c||T}} in [[index::WE-4]]; heta is absent, as is a specific character for the dental affricate (which does not appear in any Magrè-type inscriptions except in those from Magrè itself). Clear syllabic punctuation is absent, but see below sub ''Punctuation'' on puncts in certain petrographs.

In the boundary areas between the two alphabet provinces, we often find mixed features, though – as said above – never within the same inscription. Two inscriptions from the south-eastern border of the Sanzeno-alphabet area, however, combine Sanzeno-type letter forms with what appears to be Venetoid syllabic punctuation (see below sub ''Punctuation''): [[index::CE-1.3]] from the valley of the Avisio (all five sequences on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla di Cembra]] are written in the Sanzeno alphabet with {{c||U2}}, {{c||L2}} and consistent ←{{c||A|d}} and ←{{c||S|d}}), and [[index::SR-2]] from the Valsugana (with {{c||U2}}, not accompanied by pi or lambda). The [[index::Serso]] antlers, from a find place which still belongs to the core area of the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture, generally make up a somewhat varied group, though with some notable shared features. With the exception of problematic SR-2, the inscriptions are basically written in the Magrè alphabet; seven of the twelve feature some sort of punctuation, three of these have punctuated letters. Three of the inscriptions contain the letter {{c||T4}}, which also appears sporadically in the Val di Non and is suspect of belonging to an archaic tradition (see [[index::T]]).

The northernmost Sanzeno-alphabet inscription [[index::WE-3]] and the southernmost Magrè-alphabet inscription in the Wipptal [[index::WE-4]] both come from [[index::Stufels]] ([[index::Brixen / Bressanone|Brixen]]). The Wipptal lies outside the reach of the Sanzeno alphabet, which may account for the fact that the Pustertal, which opens into the valley of the Eisack at Brixen, takes part in both traditions: [[index::PU-1]] has Magrè-type letter forms, but displays a number of peculiarities, while [[index::PU-5]], [[index::PU-6]] and [[index::PU-11]] have Sanzeno-style upsilon. This border at Brixen is not random, cf. {{bib|Lunz 1981b}}: 43, who considers it as a point of transition between the northern and southern Alpine area (beside the Alpine divide at the Brenner pass), as it marks the point where the narrow Wipptal opens into the comparatively easily accessible Brixen basin.

Only one inscription breaks the pattern of distribution: [[index::IT-5]], found in the Inntal, is clearly written in the Sanzeno alphabet. In light of a Venetic inscription found at the same site (*It 1), IT-5 is best judged as an import or the work of a travelling dedicant.

As concerns the inscribed Negau helmets, both found far from the Raetic area (not on the map), [[index::SL-2 helmet|one]] bears at least one Sanzeno-alphabet inscription; the [[index::SL-1 helmet|other one]]'s inscription lacks the diagnostic letters, but features {{c||T4}}. The single fragmentary inscription from the Unterengadin ([[index::EN-1]], not on the map), is too short to be ascribed to either of the alphabets.

See [[index::Property:alphabet]] for a scalable and tagged map.

=== Chronology ===
From the overview given on [[index::Archaeology in the Raetic area]], a rough history of Raetic writing culture can be inferred. However, it has to be taken cum grano salis as long as substantial and important finds such as the [[index::Magrè]] and Inn valley inscriptions cannot be included.

It can be observed that the oldest testimonies of Raetic writing, as said above, are notable for both inscriptions and supports, though it should not be forgotten that the [[index::PA-1 spatula|Paletta di Padova]] and the [[index::VR-3 spit|Spada di Verona]] may be younger. Still, it appears that in a first phase of Raetic writing, only special objects were inscribed, sporadically and with much care. [[index::HU-7]], [[index::PA-1]] and [[index::VR-3]] are apparently of votive character, containing the word {{w||utiku}}. The alphabets used differ from each other, only those of [[index::HU-7]] and [[index::VR-3]] may be compared: They both feature Magrè-style inverted {{c||U}} and {{c||L}}, though in regard to their age and possible status as "proto-Raetic" testimonies, it may be preferable not to assign them to the Magrè alphabet. However, there are typically Raetic features in three-bar Mu {{c||M}} and [[index::HU-7]]'s →{{c||A3}}, and notably {{c||T4}} (in the absence of either Pi or Theta/(regular) Tau). [[index::PA-1]] shares the inverted letters, but otherwise appears to work with a restricted character set, spelling {{w||utiku}} with {{c||Θ}} and possible using a digraph <''kh''> for a marked velar. It employs punctuation for auslauting consonants (?). Phi, Tau and Chi are not employed in any of the three inscriptions. [[index::PU-1]] is epigraphically notably different: While Upsilon and Lambda (here together with angled Pi) are also inverted, the alphabet used has Phi and Chi, and appears to employ a curious variant of Zeta {{c||Z4}} for a marked dental stop (i.e. in place of Tau). Also in evidence are four-stroke Sigma {{c||S2}}, which occurs elsewhere only the more peculiar type of prevalently dextroverse Raetic rock inscriptions, and double-pennon San {{c||Ś2}}, isolated in the Raetic corpus.

The oldest document from the central Raetic area, from the burnt-offerings site at the [[index::Monte Ozol]], is reminiscent in form ({{c||T4}}) and content ({{w||terisna}}) not of the Sanzeno-type material discussed in the next paragraph, but of the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions and [[index::SL-1]].

In view of the fact that all the datable material from the central Raetic area ([[index::Sanzeno]] and the [[index::Nonsberg / Val di Non]], [[index::Bozen / Bolzano]]), excepting the pottery, which only bears marks, comes from the 5th–4th c., it may tentatively be assumed that the writing culture emanating (allegedly) from the Sanzeno sanctuary flourished in these two centuries and constitutes a second phase of Raetic writing. Again, though, it has to be remembered that the bulk of the material is undated. If the use of the Sanzeno alphabet is indeed restricted to La Tène A and B, [[index::IT-5]] can be argued to be by far the earliest document from the Inn valley.

At about the same time, [[index::San Briccio]] produces testimonies in the far South. Note that [[index::VR-1]], featuring {{c||T4}}, points back towards [[index::VR-3]], whereas [[index::VR-2]] shows similarities to the young inscription groups of [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]] and [[index::Castelrotto]], which can be argued to connect the area of Verona with Etruscan writing (see above). The [[index::Montorio Veronese]] inscriptions, chronologically and geographically in between, fail to constitute a link.

The inscriptions on the [[index::CE-1 situla|Situla Giovanelli]] in the 4th c., with their lack of the Sanzeno special character and solitary syllabic punctuation mark, constitute a smooth transition – at least on paper – to a conceivable third phase of Raetic writing, marked by discrete group finds mainly in the South: [[index::Bostel]], [[index::Trissino]], the abovementioned [[index::Montorio Veronese]] and [[index::San Giorgio di Valpolicella]], as well as, a belated sign of life from the Sanzeno alphabet, the [[index::Ganglegg]]. It is understandable why the [[index::Serso]] and [[index::Magrè]] groups are generally preferred to be dated to this phase, though note that the [[index::Serso]] inscriptions may be as old as the 5th c. – the higher dating is suggested by arguably archaic {{c||T4}}.

The inscriptions from [[index::St. Lorenzen / San Lorenzo di Sebato]] as well as [[index::WE-4]] and [[index::WE-1]] from the Wipp- and Eisacktal, written in a Magrè-style alphabet similar to the oldest testimonies, show that a Venetoid writing tradition continued also in the North (outside the Sanzeno catchment area) during phase 2, which we have associated with the central Raetic area. The material from the Inn valley being mostly undated, it is hard to judge the progress of Raetic writing culture in the North. Note that [[index::IT-4]] is dated by context and may be considerably older than the 1st c. The alphabet used in some of the rock inscriptions (see below) can be compared to that used in [[index::PU-1]], indicating that the rock inscriptions themselves may be of considerable age.

=== Writing of dentals ===

=== Writing direction ===
About three quarters of Raetic inscriptions whose writing direction can be determined are sinistroverse, the rest is dextroverse. Dextroverse inscriptions occur more frequently on rocks, as well as in [[index::Magrè]]. Real boustrophedon writing, i.e. the lines of one inscription being written alternately running towards the right and the left, is not attested, but a handful of inscriptions are written in so-called reverse boustrophedon, which means that all lines have the same orientation, but are inverted in relation to each other (e.g. [[index::WE-3]]). For a few inscriptions it can be demonstrated that the writer changed the way they held the object during the application of the characters, which lead to a change in writing direction. This implies that the choice of writing direction was not something that a user of Raetic writing regarded as important. On the other hand, single letters turned against writing direction are rare. Where they do occur, it is most usually Alpha or Sigma.

=== Word separation and syllabic punctuation ===
Word separation by punctuation mark is only employed in a handful of inscriptions from Sanzeno context ([[index::SZ-30]], [[index::NO-3]], [[index::NO-10]], [[index::BZ-3]], [[index::BZ-26]], [[index::SL-2.1]]), using one to (most often) three vertically arranged dots or short vertical lines. [[index::PU-1]] would be the only Magrè-alphabet inscription with separators, but the existence of the respective scratches is highly doubtful. A [[index::space]] is used to separate words on some of the Sanzeno bronzes ([[index::SZ-1.1]], [[index::SZ-2.1]], [[index::SZ-2.2]], [[index::SZ-4.1]], [[index::SZ-11]]), as well as in other inscriptions from Sanzeno context ([[index::BZ-10.1]], [[index::BZ-12]], [[index::CE-1.3]], [[index::CE-1.5]]), and once in Magrè ([[index::MA-1]]). See also [[index::Non-script notational systems]] on para-script elements in inscriptions from the Vinschgau.

Apart from the space in [[index::MA-1]], word separation does not exist in inscriptions from Magrè context. Instead, syllabic punctuation is employed in some subcorpora. The practice of syllable punctuation is a speciality of Venetic writing, where the rules are highly complex and the letters are usually marked on both sides (for details see {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988}}: 336 ff.). In Raetic inscriptions (as indeed in some marginal Venetic traditions), the rules appear to have been somewhat relaxed – for example, isolated vowels in the beginning of inscriptions are not punctuated, and neither are the second elements of diphthongs. In the same vein, the letters are marked with a single punct placed behind (or inside) it.

*[[index::Serso]]: [[index::SR-4]], [[index::SR-6]], [[index::SR-7]] and [[index::SR-10]] have correct punctuation according to the supposed Raetic rules. For example: [[index::SR-6]] ''a ru se θa r· na te ri s· na''. It is not sure that [[index::SR-1]] has punctuation at all, but note the similarity with the fragmentary [[index::SR-7]]. If line 1 is punctated, the punct is situated before rather than after Mu. In line 2, note that the not-punctuation of Khi would be in line with the Venetic special rules for consonant clusters ({{p||k}}{{p||v}} being one of the clusters which is not punctuated). On the status of {{p||s}} as the first element of clusters, see below. [[index::SR-8]] also has a dubious element, but the punctuation of final {{p||s}} is correct. In [[index::SR-2]], the punct appears to mark the genitive ending rather than a phonetically determined element (see below).
*[[index::Magrè]]: All of the five (or six) inscriptions with syllabic punctuation can be argued to be correctly executed. [[index::MA-14]] is exemplary, as is [[index::MA-17]] according to the Venetic rule excluding clusters whose second element is {{p||l}} (here ''kle''). In [[index::MA-16]], the dubious element resembling Phi must be treated as {{c||Rpunct2|d}}. [[index::MA-12]] and [[index::MA-13]] are correct if clusters with {{p||s}} as first element (here {{p||s}}{{p||t}}/{{p||s}}{{p||θ}}) are assumed to be exempt from punctuation, which is not in line with the Venetic rules, but phonetically apprehensible. Finally, in [[index::MA-6]], the punct after final {{p||s}} in line 2, if it is intentional, is the only punct necessary in the entire inscription, the cluster {{p||θ}}{{p||r}} being covered by the Venetic rules of exception.
*In the petrographs, the situation is more complex. [[index::ST-4]] is punctuated correctly according to the rules deductible from the Serso and Magrè inscriptions. In [[index::ST-5]], [[index::ST-6]] and [[index::AK-1.11]], on the other hand, what appears to be marked is not phonetically, but grammatically determined elements, most strikingly the suffixes of the syntagma {{m||-nu}}{{m||-(a)le|-ale}}. In fact, considering that the letters of the suffix {{m||-nu}} are in the present cases written in ligature, the puncts might even advert to that. While the punct in ST-6 ''sa?al·esta-'' may well be a word separator (if {{w||estanuale}} is connected with {{w||estuale|estua(le)}}), those in ST-5 ''ker·akve'' and AK-1.11 ''ker·anu-'' might be either word separators or suffix markers, and ST-5 ''(h)e·stula-'' would even qualify as syllabic punctuation. The single punct in [[index::ST-8]] might be any of the three.
*In the area of [[index::Verona]], we find a number of inscriptions where puncts in the shape of short verticals, often in the upper or lower area of the line rather than in the middle, appear not so much to mark bothersome consonants, but to replace vowels ([[index::VR-2]], [[index::VR-4]], [[index::VR-10]], [[index::VR-11]], [[index::VR-14]]). Whether this phenomenon is linguistical or graphical is unclear. [[index::VR-17]] seems to display syllabic punctuation according to Venetic rules (with marked {{p||i}} in a diphthong), which together with its four-barred Mu indicates Venetic writing. See also [[index::VR-6]].
*Currently incomprehensible punctuation practices were employed on the [[index::Ganglegg]] and in [[index::Trissino]], where a number of inscriptions, some of dubious linguistic relevance, are gayly punctuated without obvious signification. In [[index::VN-11]], at least, the puncts appear to separate the inscription per se from para-script elements.
*Isloated finds with potential syllabic punctuation are [[index::TV-1.1]] (highly irregular), [[index::CE-1.3]] (correct syllabic punctuation), and [[index::PA-1]] (probably the same), for which see the inscription pages.

In two inscriptions ([[index::IT-5]], [[index::RN-2]]), the text is written into a grid. For delimitation signs, see [[index::Non-script notational systems]].

{{#compound_query:
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation6*]];
?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Maroon.png;limit=1000

|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation2*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation3*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation4*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation5*]];
?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Chocolate.png;limit=1000

|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuations]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuationd]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation7*]];
?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Goldenrod.png;limit=1000

|[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation8*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation9*]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation11*]];
?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Gold.png;limit=1000

|[[Category:Inscription]][[character::~*punct]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Khaki.png;limit=1000

|[[Category:Inscription]][[character::space]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_DarkKhaki.png;limit=1000

|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_C_Maroon.png|baseline]] grid lines ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation6*]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Chocolate.png|baseline]] word separation ({{c||punctuation2}}, {{c||punctuation3}}, {{c||punctuation4}}, {{c||punctuation5}}) ({{#ask:
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation2*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation3*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation4*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation5*]][[coordinate::+]]
|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Goldenrod.png|baseline]] word separation or syllabic punctuation ({{c||punctuation}}, {{c||punctuation7}}) ({{#ask:
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuations]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::punctuationd]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation7*]][[coordinate::+]]
|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Gold.png|baseline]] syllabic punctuation ({{c||punctuation8}}, {{c||punctuation9}}, {{c||punctuation11}}) ({{#ask:
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation8*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation9*]][[coordinate::+]] OR
[[Category:Inscription]][[character_variant::~punctuation11*]][[coordinate::+]]
|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Khaki.png|baseline]] ligatures with punct ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::~*punct]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_DarkKhaki.png|baseline]] space ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::space]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

=== Ligatures ===
Ligatures are rare in Raetic, but considering that none (to our knowledge) are known from Venetic and Lepontic inscriptions, they might almost be considered a speciality of Raetic. We know both actual ligatures of letters, and inscribed punctuation marks (which are treated as ligatures in TIR).

Inscribed punctuation marks are exclusively syllabic puncts (as opposed to word separators). The practice is well known from Venetic, e.g. '''???'''. In Raetic, they occur in the inscriptions of [[index::Magrè]] ([[index::MA-12]], [[index::MA-13]], [[index::MA-14]], [[index::MA-16]], [[index::MA-17]]) and [[index::Serso]] ([[index::SR-1]], [[index::SR-6]], [[index::SR-7]], [[index::SR-10]]) as well as in [[index::PA-1]] and possibly [[index::TV-1.1]]. The letters into which puncts are inscribed are Mu {{c||M}}, Lambda {{c||L}} and Rho {{c||R}}; the punct can be either a dot {{c||punctuation}} or a short stroke {{c||punctuation7}}. In the cases of {{c||Mpunct}} and {{c||Lpunct2}}, the punct is essentially just placed under the bar(s) of the letter, which must not necessarily be considered an inscribed punct, but may in some cases simply be due to space-saving or chance. {{c||Rpunct2}} being attested at both Magrè and Serso, {{c||Mpunct}} and {{c||Lpunct2}} are also filed as ligatures in TIR. As concerns the two isolated inscriptions, they both have only {{c||Lpunct2}} – while in [[index::PA-1]] the punct seems quite deliberately placed inside the angle formed by hasta and bar, its position in [[index::TV-1.1]] is probably accidental ({{c||N}} is twice followed by a punct in the inscription rather than having it inscribed).

Ligatures of letters occur in the petrographs of [[index::Steinberg]] and maybe [[index::Achenkirch]], and in the Non valley. [[index::ST-5]] and [[index::ST-6]] both have an element {{c||NU}} = inverted and turned Nu {{c||N2|d}} + Upsilon {{c||U5}} writing {{p||n}}{{p||u}}, more precisely the patronymic suffix {{m||-nu}}. In [[index::AK-1.11]], the reading is doubtful. (See also [[index::AK-1.17]] for another possible ligature.) It is not clear why just these two letters should be ligated, as other consecutive pairs of letters in the mentioned inscriptions would lend themselves to being combined in the same manner, i.e. the bars of the first letter being attached against writing direction to the hasta of the second one. The same is true for the ligature {{c||LT}} = turned Lambda {{c||L2|d}} + Tau {{c||T4}} writing {{p||l}}{{p||t}}, attested only once in [[index::NO-3]]. The manner of forming the ligature is the same, and again there are other letter pairs in the inscription which might well be ligated in the same way.

{{#compound_query:
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character::NU]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Indigo.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character::LT]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_MediumPurple.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character::Mpunct]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[character::Lpunct]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[character::Rpunct]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C_Thistle.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_C_Indigo.png|baseline]] [[index::NU]] ligature ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::NU]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_MediumPurple.png|baseline]] [[index::LT]] ligature ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::LT]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Thistle.png|baseline]] ligatures with punct ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character::Mpunct]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[character::Lpunct]] OR [[Category:Inscription]][[character::Rpunct]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

Note that {{bib|MLR|Marchesini}} reads ligatures with inverted Alpha in [[index::VR-2]] (MLR 45) and [[index::VR-6]] (MLR 291), and a ligature of Pi and Sigma in [[index::VR-13]] (MLR 123). These are ad hoc-readings of epigraphically difficult inscriptions without linguistical rationale, and are therefore at this point not filed in TIR.

{{bibliography}}
{{navigation|Main Chapter}}

Template:object

2020-04-29T02:28:29Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''archaeological objects''' that carry inscriptions.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:object]].

See the [[:Category:Object]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Object]]|format=count}} object pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disambiguation | {{#arraymap:{{{disambiguation|}}}|,|x|[[disambiguation::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: number | {{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }}||{{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/object/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Object|Object]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! width="100" | [[Property:type_object|Classification]]:
| [[type_object::{{{type_object|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{type|}}} | ! [[Property:type|Archaeological type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type|}}}|,|x|[[type::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:material|Material]]:
| [[material::{{{material|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{dimension|}}} | ! Size:
{{!}} {{{dimension|{{{dimension_max|}}}}}}[[dimension::{{{dimension_max|}}}| ]]
{{!}}- | }}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}} | ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{culture_archaeological|}}}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{sortdate|}}}|[[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate}}| ]]|[[sortdate::0| ]]}}{{#vardefine: date|{{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}||| ! [[Property:date|Date]]:
{{!}} [[date::{{#var: date}}]]
{{!}}-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Property:site|Site]]:
| [[site::{{{site|}}}| ]]{{#show:{{{site|}}}|?=|mainlabel=-|?community=fraction of|?province=|?region=|?country=|format=list}}
|-
{{#if: {{{field_name|}}} | ! [[Property:field_name|Field name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{field_name|}}}|,|x|[[field_name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | ! [[Property:find_context|Archaeological context]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_context|}}}|,|y|[[find_context::y]]}}{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | {{#vardefine: site | {{{site|}}} }}{{#vardefine: field_name | {{{field_name|}}} }}{{#vardefine: find_context | {{{find_context|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Objects: {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|sort=sortform|format=list|limit=1000}}) }} }}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:coordinate|Coordinates]] (approx.):
| {{#if: {{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{coord|{{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{{coordinate_e|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{{coordinate_n|}}}||{{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}||none|{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}{{coord|{{#var: n }}|{{#var: e }}|{{PAGENAME}}}} [from site]}} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_find|Find date]]: {{#vardefine: sortdate_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}{{#vardefine: date_find|{{{date_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate_find|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: date_find|}}}}
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|||[[date_find::{{#var: date_find}}]]}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|||[[sortdate_find::{{#var: sortdate_find}}| ]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{find_circumstances|}}} | ! [[Property:find_circumstances|Find circumstances]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_circumstances|}}}|,|x|[[find_circumstances::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:location|Current location]]:
| [[location::{{{location|}}}]] {{#if: {{{accessibility|}}} | ([[accessibility::{{{accessibility|}}}]]) }}
|-
{{#if: {{{inventory_number|}}} | ! [[Property:inventory_number|Inventory Nr.]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{inventory_number|}}}|;|x|[[inventory_number::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|format=count}}|1| ! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=list}}|! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscriptions]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=ul|sort=sortform}} }}
{{#if: {{{source|}}} |
{{!}}-
! colspan="2" {{!}}
----
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|unpublished|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Object|{{#var: sortform}}]]</includeonly>

Template:object

2020-04-29T02:19:07Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''archaeological objects''' that carry inscriptions.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:object]].

See the [[:Category:Object]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Object]]|format=count}} object pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disambiguation | {{#arraymap:{{{disambiguation|}}}|,|x|[[disambiguation::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: number | {{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }}||{{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/object/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Object|Object]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! width="100" | [[Property:type_object|Classification]]:
| [[type_object::{{{type_object|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{type|}}} | ! [[Property:type|Archaeological type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type|}}}|,|x|[[type::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:material|Material]]:
| [[material::{{{material|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{dimension|}}} | ! Size:
{{!}} {{{dimension|{{{dimension_max|}}}}}}[[dimension::{{{dimension_max|}}}| ]]
{{!}}- | }}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}} | ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{culture_archaeological|}}}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#vardefine: sortdate|{{{sortdate|}}}}}{{#vardefine: date|{{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}||| ! [[Property:date|Date]]:
{{!}} [[date::{{#var: date}}| ]]}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}||[[sortdate::0| ]]|[[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate}}| ]]}} {{#var: date}}
{{!}}-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation::x]]}}
{{!}}- }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Property:site|Site]]:
| [[site::{{{site|}}}| ]]{{#show:{{{site|}}}|?=|mainlabel=-|?community=fraction of|?province=|?region=|?country=|format=list}}
|-
{{#if: {{{field_name|}}} | ! [[Property:field_name|Field name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{field_name|}}}|,|x|[[field_name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | ! [[Property:find_context|Archaeological context]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_context|}}}|,|y|[[find_context::y]]}}{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | {{#vardefine: site | {{{site|}}} }}{{#vardefine: field_name | {{{field_name|}}} }}{{#vardefine: find_context | {{{find_context|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Objects: {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|sort=sortform|format=list|limit=1000}}) }} }}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:coordinate|Coordinates]] (approx.):
| {{#if: {{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{coord|{{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{{coordinate_e|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{{coordinate_n|}}}||{{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}||none|{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}{{coord|{{#var: n }}|{{#var: e }}|{{PAGENAME}}}} [from site]}} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_find|Find date]]: {{#vardefine: sortdate_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}{{#vardefine: date_find|{{{date_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate_find|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: date_find|}}}}
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|||[[date_find::{{#var: date_find}}]]}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|||[[sortdate_find::{{#var: sortdate_find}}| ]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{find_circumstances|}}} | ! [[Property:find_circumstances|Find circumstances]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_circumstances|}}}|,|x|[[find_circumstances::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:location|Current location]]:
| [[location::{{{location|}}}]] {{#if: {{{accessibility|}}} | ([[accessibility::{{{accessibility|}}}]]) }}
|-
{{#if: {{{inventory_number|}}} | ! [[Property:inventory_number|Inventory Nr.]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{inventory_number|}}}|;|x|[[inventory_number::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|format=count}}|1| ! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=list}}|! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscriptions]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=ul|sort=sortform}} }}
{{#if: {{{source|}}} |
{{!}}-
! colspan="2" {{!}}
----
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|unpublished|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Object|{{#var: sortform}}]]</includeonly>

Form:inscription

2020-04-29T00:27:18Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::With this form, pages that use the '''Template:inscription''' can be created or edited.]]
See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

{{#forminput:inscription}}
'''Note:''' Use the correct punctuation mark (e.g. the hyphen "<code>-</code>") for sigla and page names of inscriptions, e.g. "<code>MA-4</code>"

[[Category:Form]]
</noinclude><includeonly>
'''Note:'''
*{{var|square_brackets}}

{{{for template|inscription}}}
{| class="formtable"
! colspan=2 |
=== Inscription Description ===
|-
! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
| {{{field|name|size=80}}}
*Proper name or popular name of the inscription, e.g. "<code>Inscription of Prestino</code>" or "<code>Harigasti inscription</code>".
*Do not enter the name of the object here!
|-
! [[:Category:Word|Transliteration]]: *
| {{{field|reading|mandatory|size=80}}}
*Use " " (space) to separate [[:Category:Word|words]], even if there are no spaces in the original inscription. These spaces are only segmentation markers for the system and won't be displayed. Note that [[separator|separators]] and [[newline|new lines]] are also "words" in the above sense!
*Use "<code>!</code>" to separate linked and displayed forms of a word, e.g. "<code>linkform!displayform</code>".
*The linked form must be a [[:Category:Word|word page]]! These are normalised word forms; there are no word pages for writing variants! Note that word pages never contain brackets or uncertainty markers of any kind.
*To display spaces, ":", "/" or other functional characters in the display form (for whatever reason!), they have to be HTML-masked, e.g. "<code>linkform!display&#32;form</code>".
*Example: "<code>sφuras!sφura·s entus!entus&#x0323;</code>" will display "[[sφuras|sφura·s]][[entus|entuṣ]]". (Note the difference between the linked and the displayed forms.)
|-
| colspan=2 |

{| class="table_lines" style="margin:5px; border:1px solid blue; width=2000px;"
! Transliterationszeichen
! Beispiel
! Bedeutung/Anmerkung
! width=100 | vgl. {{bib|Schumacher 2004|CIRCE}}
! width=100 | vgl. {{bib|ET}}
|-
| Kleinbuchstaben, z.B. ‹a›, ‹p›, ‹χ›, ‹φ›, ‹ś›, ‹θ›, ‹þ›, ...
| ‹śiχanu›
| Kleinbuchstaben der entsprechenden [[:Category:Character|Schriftzeichen]] (d.h. der Archigrapheme, z.B. ‹[[A]]›, ‹[[P]]›, [[Χ]], [[Φ]], [[Ś]], [[Θ]], [[Þ]], ...)
*Vorsicht bei formgleichen lat./gr. Zeichen: ‹[[Χ]]› (Chi) → ‹χ›, aber ‹[[Z]]› (Tsett) → ‹z›!
| (ebenso od. Original-ähnlich) [16]
| (ebenso) [20–22, 37–39]
|-
| ‹t›
| ‹φutiχinu›
| {{c||T}} ("etruskisches T")
| ‹t1› [113]
|-
| ‹θ›
| ‹piθamne›
| {{c||Θ}} ("Andreaskreuz-T")
| ‹t2› [113]
| ‹s̽› wenn /s/ [38–39]
|-
| ‹z›
| ‹kaszri›
| {{c||Z}} ("Zeta von Steinberg")
| ‹t3› [113]
|-
| ‹þ›
| ‹þinake›
| {{c||Þ}} ("Dreieckszeichen", "segno seghettato", TIR: [[Þ|Thorn1–2]])
| ‹{{c||Þ}}› [16, 113], ‹¶› [304]
|-
| ‹þ›
| ‹vaþanu›
| {{c||Þ3}} ("Pfeilzeichen", "''t'' a freccia", TIR: [[Þ|Thorn3]])
| ‹↑› [16, 113]
|-
| ‹t›
| ‹[[terisna]]›
| {{c||T4}} (TIR: [[T|T4]])
| ‹ti› [307]
|-
| ‹ › (Leerzeichen)
| ‹sφuras entus›
| Wortgrenze
*Trennt [[:Category:Word|Wörter]] in der Transliteration voneinander, wird aber in der Ausgabe nicht dargestellt; z.B. "<code>sφuras entus</code>" ergibt "[[sφuras]][[entus]]".
| (keine Worttrennung)
| Spatium [41]
|-
| ‹space›
| ‹sφuras [[space]] entus›
| [[space|Zeichen-Abstand]], Leerzeichen, Spatium
|
| Spatium [41]
|-
| ‹:› (Doppelpunkt)
| ‹φeluriesi : φelvinuale›
| [[separator|Trennzeichen]], Worttrenner
*Achtung: "<code>:</code>" ist das Zeichen für alle Varianten des [[separator|Separators]], so wie "<code>a</code>" das Zeichen für alle Varianten von [[A]] ist!
| ‹{{c||punctuation3}}›, ‹{{c||punctuation6}}› [116]; "Interpunktion": ‹.› (Punkt) [116]
| ‹.›, ‹:›, ‹{{c||punctuation3}}› [41]
|-
| ‹·› (Hochpunkt)
| ‹va·l·θikinu›
| [[punctuation|Silbenpunktierung]]
*Wenn unklar ist, ob es sich um einen Worttrenner (s.o.) oder um Silbenpunktierung handelt, ist ebenfalls ‹·› zu notieren.
|
| ‹¨› (übergesetztes Trema) [23, 39]
|-
| ‹$› (Dollarzeichen)
| ‹$$› {{c||symbol3}}{{c||symbol4}}, ‹φausu$›
| [[symbol|Symbol]], Marke; Zeichen, das aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach eine (uns jedoch unklare) Bedeutung/Funktion trägt
*Sollte eine konkrete Bedeutung bekannt werden, so ist die Transliteration entsprechend zu ändern (z.B. bei eventuellen Zahlzeichen).
| ‹I›, ‹X›, ‹V›, ‹{{c||symbol}}› [115–116]
|-
| ‹§› (Paragraph)
| ‹§χosioiso›
| [[§|Zeichen-ähnliche Zierelemente]], Pseudoschrift, Dekoratives, Lückenfüller, Krixikraxi
*Nur dann zu notieren, wenn Teil einer Inschrift, in eindeutig zeichenartigem Bezug zu einer Inschrift oder zumindest theoretisch als Inschrift lesbar; ansonsten interessieren Zierelemente nicht in der Transliteration!
|-
| ‹?› (Fragezeichen)
| ‹[[eluku|elu?u]]›
| [[unknown|unklares/unbekanntes Zeichen]], nicht zuordenbares Zeichen; d.h. keines der oben genannten Zeichen oder zu unklar welches
| ‹x› (Iks) [114], ‹=› [319]
| ‹-› (Bindestrich) [40]
|-
| ‹ ̣› (untergesetzter Punkt)
| ‹[[eluku|eluḳu]]›
| Zeichen beschädigt, schwer und/oder nicht sicher lesbar
*HTML-Notation: "<code>&#x0323;</code>" nach betroffenem Buchstaben, z.B. "<code>k&#x0323;</code>" ergibt "ḳ".
| (ebenso) [114]
| (ebenso) [39]
|-
| ‹[]› (eckige Klammern)
| ‹[[eluku|]elu[k]u]]›
| Rekonstruktion: Textteil nicht erhalten; Zeichen auf der offenen Seite der Klammern sind rekonstruiert
*Achtung: Eckige Klammern in der Transliteration müssen immer HTML-maskiert notiert werden, z.B. "<code>&#91;k&#93;</code>" ergibt "[k]".
| ‹?]›, ‹[?›, ‹[ ]› u.dgl. [115]
| (ebenso) [40]
|-
| ‹()› (runde Klammern)
| ‹nakin(a) aθaris›
|
# Ergänzung: Textteil im Original nicht geschrieben aber für Lesung ergänzt
# Optionales: Textteil innerhalb der Klammer kann vorhanden sein oder nicht; z.B. bei zu unsicherer Lesung (?)
|
| Ergänzung [40]
|-
| ‹{}› (geschweifte Klammern) (?)
| ‹φanin{i}›
| Löschung: Textteil als unnötig geschrieben angesehen, im Original zu viel geschrieben
|
| (ebenso) [40]
|-
| ‹/›
| ‹]??eθin? / sφura·s entus›
| [[newline|Zeilenumbruch]]
|
| (hochgestellte Zeilennummer) [35–36]
|}
(?): fragwürdig, diskutabel, nicht beschlossen

|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original letters]]: *
| {{{field|reading_original|mandatory|size=80}}}
*Use [[Template:c]] for each character, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c|A}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||A}}) or <code><nowiki>{{c|A|A2|d}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||A2|d}}). See there for more instructions.
*Remember that the first parameter in [[Template:c]] must be a [[:Category:Character|character pagename]], e.g. <code>Χ</code> (chi)<code>, Φ, Ś, Θ, Þ</code>!
*Use the unlinked form to display a sign that is not a character, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c||Θ}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||Θ}}) or <code><nowiki>{{c||U3|d}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||U3|d}}).
*The character sequence has to be entered as you want it to be displayed. Thus the last character of a sinistroverse inscription has to be entered as the leftmost one!
|-
! Variant reading:
| {{{field|reading_variant|size=80}}} Use [[Template:w]] and/or [[Template:c]], e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c|U}}{{c|Ś|Ś2}}{{c|E}}{{c|P}} {{w|peśu}}</nowiki></code>
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]: *
| {{{field|direction|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:letter_height_min|Min. letter height]]:
| {{{field|letter_height_min|size=10}}} Example: "<code>11.5 cm</code>"
|-
! [[Property:letter_height_max|Max. letter height]]:
| {{{field|letter_height_max|size=10}}} Example: "<code>12.2 cm</code>" To be filled only when the letter height varies in the inscription.
|-
! [[Property:letter_number_min|Min. number of letters]]:
| {{{field|letter_number_min|size=10}}}
|-
! [[Property:letter_number_max|Max. number of letters]]:
| {{{field|letter_number_max|size=10}}} To be filled only when the exact number of letters on the inscription is uncertain.
|-
! [[Property:character_number_min|Min. number of characters]]:
| {{{field|sign_number|size=10}}} (Including letters.)
|-
! [[Property:character_number_max|Max. number of characters]]:
| {{{field|sign_number_max|size=10}}} (Including letters.) To be filled only when the exact number of characters on the inscription is uncertain.
|-
! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]: *
| {{{field|line_number|mandatory|size=10}}} ("<code>0</code>" for ''unknown'' or ''none'')
|-
! [[Property:script|Script]]: *
| {{{field|script|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:alphabet‎|Alphabet]]:
| {{{field|alphabet}}}
|-
! [[Property:language|Language]]: *
| {{{field|language|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning (Translation)]]:
| {{{field|meaning|size=80}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Inscription Circumstances ===
|-
! [[Property:object|Object]]: *
| {{{field|object|values from category=Object|mandatory|size=20}}}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{{field|position}}}
|-
! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
| {{{field|orientation|size=10}}} ° in degrees, e.g. <code>0</code> (for ''horizontal normal''), <code>180</code> (for ''horizontal head-down''), <code>90</code> (for ''vertical, head to the left''). Leave blank if ''undefinable'', ''meaningless'', or ''unknown''.
|-
! [[Property:frame_left|Left frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_left}}}
|-
! [[Property:frame_middle|Middle frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_middle}}}
|-
! [[Property:frame_right|Right frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_right}}}
|-
! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
| {{{field|craftsmanship}}}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]: *
| {{{field|condition|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
| {{{field|type_inscription}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Inscription Date ===
'''Note''': Leave blank if not different from the object's date!
|-
! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological Culture]]:
| {{{field|culture_archaeological}}}
|-
! [[Property:sortdate|Date in Sortform]]:
| {{{field|sortdate|input type=text|size=10}}} decimal number in '''years''', negative for years BC; e.g. "<code>-300</code>" (for ''300 BC''), "<code>1888</code>" (for ''1888''), "<code>1997.0131</code>" (for ''31 Jan 1997''). Leave blank if unknown!
|-
! [[Property:date|Date in Display Format]]:
| {{{field|date|input type=text|size=10}}} e.g. "<code>3rd century BC</code>", "<code>early 3rd century BC</code>", "<code>3rd–2nd centuries BC</code>", or "<code>unknown</code>" (if ''unknown'') Note: If you enter a display form, you also have to enter a sorting value above!
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation‎|Date derived from]]:
| {{{field|date_derivation}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Alternative Inscription Sigla ===
* Multiple sigla in the same field must be separated by "<code>,</code>" (comma), e.g. "<code>101, 102</code>"
* There are different entry schemes for foreign sigla. Usually two positions can be distinguished within a siglum for sorting purposes. Mind the specific position separators (see examples): "<code> </code>" (space), "<code>.</code>" (dot), "<code>-</code>" (hyphen).
|-
! [[Property:sigla_pid|PID]]:
| {{{field|sigla_pid|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>190</code>", "<code>207 a</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_ir|IR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_ir|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>7</code>", "<code>17 a</code>", "<code>64.1</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_mancini|LIR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_mancini|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>SLO-10</code>", "<code>BZ-12 a</code>", "<code>BZ-26.1</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_mlr|MLR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_mlr|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>61</code>", "<code>289 a</code>", "<code>sub iudice nr. 20</code>"
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Sources ===
|-
! [[Property:index|Detailed source]]:
| {{{field|source|size=80}}}
*Use "<code>;</code>" to separate the entries, use "<code>:</code>" to separate the reference from pages, use "," to separate different pages.
*Example: "<code>Schumacher 2004: 156, 301; LIR: 210–214; Stöckli 1975: pl. 38</code>"
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Problems ===
|-
! [[Property:checklevel|Checklevel]]: *
| {{{field|checklevel|mandatory}}} {{var|checklevel_description}}
|-
! [[Property:problem|Problems]]:
| {{{field|problem|size=80}}} in keywords or as short phrases, separated by ";"
|-
! [[Property:disambiguation|Disambiguation page]]:
| {{{field|disambiguation|values from category=Disambiguation pages‏‎|size=10}}} Leave blank if only {{PAGENAME}} without subnumber.
{{{end template}}}
|-
| colspan=2 |
=== Free text ===
{{{standard input|free text|rows=20}}}
|-
! colspan=2 |
=== Save ===
|-
! Options:
| {{{standard input|minor edit}}} {{{standard input|watch}}}
|-
! Save:
| {{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|changes}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | {{{standard input|summary}}}
|}

{{{for template|bibliography}}}
{{{end template}}}

__NOEDITSECTION__
__NOTOC__
</includeonly>

Form:inscription

2020-04-29T00:20:16Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::With this form, pages that use the '''Template:inscription''' can be created or edited.]]
See the [[:Category:Inscription]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]]|format=count}} inscription pages.

{{#forminput:inscription}}
'''Note:''' Use the correct punctuation mark (e.g. the hyphen "<code>-</code>") for sigla and page names of inscriptions, e.g. "<code>MA-4</code>"

[[Category:Form]]
</noinclude><includeonly>
'''Note:'''
*{{var|square_brackets}}

{{{for template|inscription}}}
{| class="formtable"
! colspan=2 |
=== Inscription Description ===
|-
! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
| {{{field|name|size=80}}}
*Proper name or popular name of the inscription, e.g. "<code>Inscription of Prestino</code>" or "<code>Harigasti inscription</code>".
*Do not enter the name of the object here!
|-
! [[:Category:Word|Transliteration]]: *
| {{{field|reading|mandatory|size=80}}}
*Use " " (space) to separate [[:Category:Word|words]], even if there are no spaces in the original inscription. These spaces are only segmentation markers for the system and won't be displayed. Note that [[separator|separators]] and [[newline|new lines]] are also "words" in the above sense!
*Use "<code>!</code>" to separate linked and displayed forms of a word, e.g. "<code>linkform!displayform</code>".
*The linked form must be a [[:Category:Word|word page]]! These are normalised word forms; there are no word pages for writing variants! Note that word pages never contain brackets or uncertainty markers of any kind.
*To display spaces, ":", "/" or other functional characters in the display form (for whatever reason!), they have to be HTML-masked, e.g. "<code>linkform!display&#32;form</code>".
*Example: "<code>sφuras!sφura·s entus!entus&#x0323;</code>" will display "[[sφuras|sφura·s]][[entus|entuṣ]]". (Note the difference between the linked and the displayed forms.)
|-
| colspan=2 |

{| class="table_lines" style="margin:5px; border:1px solid blue; width=2000px;"
! Transliterationszeichen
! Beispiel
! Bedeutung/Anmerkung
! width=100 | vgl. {{bib|Schumacher 2004|CIRCE}}
! width=100 | vgl. {{bib|ET}}
|-
| Kleinbuchstaben, z.B. ‹a›, ‹p›, ‹χ›, ‹φ›, ‹ś›, ‹θ›, ‹þ›, ...
| ‹śiχanu›
| Kleinbuchstaben der entsprechenden [[:Category:Character|Schriftzeichen]] (d.h. der Archigrapheme, z.B. ‹[[A]]›, ‹[[P]]›, [[Χ]], [[Φ]], [[Ś]], [[Θ]], [[Þ]], ...)
*Vorsicht bei formgleichen lat./gr. Zeichen: ‹[[Χ]]› (Chi) → ‹χ›, aber ‹[[Z]]› (Tsett) → ‹z›!
| (ebenso od. Original-ähnlich) [16]
| (ebenso) [20–22, 37–39]
|-
| ‹t›
| ‹φutiχinu›
| {{c||T}} ("etruskisches T")
| ‹t1› [113]
|-
| ‹θ›
| ‹piθamne›
| {{c||Θ}} ("Andreaskreuz-T")
| ‹t2› [113]
| ‹s̽› wenn /s/ [38–39]
|-
| ‹z›
| ‹kaszri›
| {{c||Z}} ("Zeta von Steinberg")
| ‹t3› [113]
|-
| ‹þ›
| ‹þinake›
| {{c||Þ}} ("Dreieckszeichen", "segno seghettato", TIR: [[Þ|Thorn1–2]])
| ‹{{c||Þ}}› [16, 113], ‹¶› [304]
|-
| ‹þ›
| ‹vaþanu›
| {{c||Þ3}} ("Pfeilzeichen", "''t'' a freccia", TIR: [[Þ|Thorn3]])
| ‹↑› [16, 113]
|-
| ‹t›
| ‹[[terisna]]›
| {{c||T4}} (TIR: [[T|T4]])
| ‹ti› [307]
|-
| ‹ › (Leerzeichen)
| ‹sφuras entus›
| Wortgrenze
*Trennt [[:Category:Word|Wörter]] in der Transliteration voneinander, wird aber in der Ausgabe nicht dargestellt; z.B. "<code>sφuras entus</code>" ergibt "[[sφuras]][[entus]]".
| (keine Worttrennung)
| Spatium [41]
|-
| ‹space›
| ‹sφuras [[space]] entus›
| [[space|Zeichen-Abstand]], Leerzeichen, Spatium
|
| Spatium [41]
|-
| ‹:› (Doppelpunkt)
| ‹φeluriesi : φelvinuale›
| [[separator|Trennzeichen]], Worttrenner
*Achtung: "<code>:</code>" ist das Zeichen für alle Varianten des [[separator|Separators]], so wie "<code>a</code>" das Zeichen für alle Varianten von [[A]] ist!
| ‹{{c||punctuation3}}›, ‹{{c||punctuation6}}› [116]; "Interpunktion": ‹.› (Punkt) [116]
| ‹.›, ‹:›, ‹{{c||punctuation3}}› [41]
|-
| ‹·› (Hochpunkt)
| ‹va·l·θikinu›
| [[punctuation|Silbenpunktierung]]
*Wenn unklar ist, ob es sich um einen Worttrenner (s.o.) oder um Silbenpunktierung handelt, ist ebenfalls ‹·› zu notieren.
|
| ‹¨› (übergesetztes Trema) [23, 39]
|-
| ‹$› (Dollarzeichen)
| ‹$$› {{c||symbol3}}{{c||symbol4}}, ‹φausu$›
| [[symbol|Symbol]], Marke; Zeichen, das aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach eine (uns jedoch unklare) Bedeutung/Funktion trägt
*Sollte eine konkrete Bedeutung bekannt werden, so ist die Transliteration entsprechend zu ändern (z.B. bei eventuellen Zahlzeichen).
| ‹I›, ‹X›, ‹V›, ‹{{c||symbol}}› [115–116]
|-
| ‹§› (Paragraph)
| ‹§χosioiso›
| [[§|Zeichen-ähnliche Zierelemente]], Pseudoschrift, Dekoratives, Lückenfüller, Krixikraxi
*Nur dann zu notieren, wenn Teil einer Inschrift, in eindeutig zeichenartigem Bezug zu einer Inschrift oder zumindest theoretisch als Inschrift lesbar; ansonsten interessieren Zierelemente nicht in der Transliteration!
|-
| ‹?› (Fragezeichen)
| ‹[[eluku|elu?u]]›
| [[unknown|unklares/unbekanntes Zeichen]], nicht zuordenbares Zeichen; d.h. keines der oben genannten Zeichen oder zu unklar welches
| ‹x› (Iks) [114], ‹=› [319]
| ‹-› (Bindestrich) [40]
|-
| ‹ ̣› (untergesetzter Punkt)
| ‹[[eluku|eluḳu]]›
| Zeichen beschädigt, schwer und/oder nicht sicher lesbar
*HTML-Notation: "<code>&#x0323;</code>" nach betroffenem Buchstaben, z.B. "<code>k&#x0323;</code>" ergibt "ḳ".
| (ebenso) [114]
| (ebenso) [39]
|-
| ‹[]› (eckige Klammern)
| ‹[[eluku|]elu[k]u]]›
| Rekonstruktion: Textteil nicht erhalten; Zeichen auf der offenen Seite der Klammern sind rekonstruiert
*Achtung: Eckige Klammern in der Transliteration müssen immer HTML-maskiert notiert werden, z.B. "<code>&#91;k&#93;</code>" ergibt "[k]".
| ‹?]›, ‹[?›, ‹[ ]› u.dgl. [115]
| (ebenso) [40]
|-
| ‹()› (runde Klammern)
| ‹nakin(a) aθaris›
|
# Ergänzung: Textteil im Original nicht geschrieben aber für Lesung ergänzt
# Optionales: Textteil innerhalb der Klammer kann vorhanden sein oder nicht; z.B. bei zu unsicherer Lesung (?)
|
| Ergänzung [40]
|-
| ‹{}› (geschweifte Klammern) (?)
| ‹φanin{i}›
| Löschung: Textteil als unnötig geschrieben angesehen, im Original zu viel geschrieben
|
| (ebenso) [40]
|-
| ‹/›
| ‹]??eθin? / sφura·s entus›
| [[newline|Zeilenumbruch]]
|
| (hochgestellte Zeilennummer) [35–36]
|}
(?): fragwürdig, diskutabel, nicht beschlossen

|-
! [[:Category:Character|Original letters]]: *
| {{{field|reading_original|mandatory|size=80}}}
*Use [[Template:c]] for each character, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c|A}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||A}}) or <code><nowiki>{{c|A|A2|d}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||A2|d}}). See there for more instructions.
*Remember that the first parameter in [[Template:c]] must be a [[:Category:Character|character pagename]], e.g. <code>Χ</code> (chi)<code>, Φ, Ś, Θ, Þ</code>!
*Use the unlinked form to display a sign that is not a character, e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c||Θ}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||Θ}}) or <code><nowiki>{{c||U3|d}}</nowiki></code> (for {{c||U3|d}}).
*The character sequence has to be entered as you want it to be displayed. Thus the last character of a sinistroverse inscription has to be entered as the leftmost one!
|-
! Variant reading:
| {{{field|reading_variant|size=80}}} Use [[Template:w]] and/or [[Template:c]], e.g. <code><nowiki>{{c|U}}{{c|Ś|Ś2}}{{c|E}}{{c|P}} {{w|peśu}}</nowiki></code>
|-
! [[Property:direction|Direction of writing]]: *
| {{{field|direction|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:letter_height_min|Min. letter height]]:
| {{{field|letter_height_min|size=10}}} Example: "<code>11.5 cm</code>"
|-
! [[Property:letter_height_max|Max. letter height]]:
| {{{field|letter_height_max|size=10}}} Example: "<code>12.2 cm</code>" To be filled only when the letter height varies in the inscription.
|-
! [[Property:letter_number_min|Min. number of letters]]:
| {{{field|letter_number_min|size=10}}}
|-
! [[Property:letter_number_max|Max. number of letters]]:
| {{{field|letter_number_max|size=10}}} To be filled only when the exact number of letters on the inscription is uncertain.
|-
! [[Property:character_number_min|Min. number of characters]]:
| {{{field|sign_number|size=10}}} (Including letters.)
|-
! [[Property:character_number_max|Max. number of characters]]:
| {{{field|sign_number_max|size=10}}} (Including letters.) To be filled only when the exact number of characters on the inscription is uncertain.
|-
! [[Property:line_number|Number of lines]]: *
| {{{field|line_number|mandatory|size=10}}} ("<code>0</code>" for ''unknown'' or ''none'')
|-
! [[Property:script|Script]]: *
| {{{field|script|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:alphabet‎|Alphabet]]:
| {{{field|alphabet}}}
|-
! [[Property:language|Language]]: *
| {{{field|language|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:meaning|Meaning (Translation)]]:
| {{{field|meaning|size=80}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Inscription Circumstances ===
|-
! [[Property:object|Object]]: *
| {{{field|object|values from category=Object|mandatory|size=20}}}
|-
! [[Property:position|Position]]:
| {{{field|position}}}
|-
! [[Property:orientation|Orientation]]:
| {{{field|orientation|size=10}}} ° in degrees, e.g. <code>0</code> (for ''horizontal normal''), <code>180</code> (for ''horizontal head-down''), <code>90</code> (for ''vertical, head to the left''). Leave blank if ''undefinable'', ''meaningless'', or ''unknown''.
|-
! [[Property:frame_left|Left frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_left}}}
|-
! [[Property:frame_middle|Middle frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_middle}}}
|-
! [[Property:frame_right|Right frame]]:
| {{{field|frame_right}}}
|-
! [[Property:craftsmanship|Craftsmanship]]:
| {{{field|craftsmanship}}}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Current condition]]: *
| {{{field|condition|mandatory}}}
|-
! [[Property:type_inscription|Type]]:
| {{{field|type_inscription}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Inscription Date ===
'''Note''': Leave blank if not different from the object's date!
|-
! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological Culture]]:
| {{{field|culture_archaeological}}}
|-
! [[Property:sortdate|Date in Sortform]]:
| {{{field|sortdate|input type=text|size=10}}} decimal number in '''years''', negative for years BC; e.g. "<code>-300</code>" (for ''300 BC''), "<code>1888</code>" (for ''1888''), "<code>1997.0131</code>" (for ''31 Jan 1997''). Leave blank if unknown!
|-
! [[Property:date|Date in Display Format]]:
| {{{field|date|input type=text|size=10}}} e.g. "<code>3rd century BC</code>", "<code>early 3rd century BC</code>", "<code>3rd–2nd centuries BC</code>", or "<code>unknown</code>" (if ''unknown'') Note: If you enter a display form, you also have to enter a sorting value above!
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation‎|Date derived from]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation::x]]}}
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Alternative Inscription Sigla ===
* Multiple sigla in the same field must be separated by "<code>,</code>" (comma), e.g. "<code>101, 102</code>"
* There are different entry schemes for foreign sigla. Usually two positions can be distinguished within a siglum for sorting purposes. Mind the specific position separators (see examples): "<code> </code>" (space), "<code>.</code>" (dot), "<code>-</code>" (hyphen).
|-
! [[Property:sigla_pid|PID]]:
| {{{field|sigla_pid|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>190</code>", "<code>207 a</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_ir|IR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_ir|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>7</code>", "<code>17 a</code>", "<code>64.1</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_mancini|LIR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_mancini|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>SLO-10</code>", "<code>BZ-12 a</code>", "<code>BZ-26.1</code>"
|-
! [[Property:sigla_mlr|MLR]]:
| {{{field|sigla_mlr|size=15}}} e.g. "<code>61</code>", "<code>289 a</code>", "<code>sub iudice nr. 20</code>"
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Sources ===
|-
! [[Property:index|Detailed source]]:
| {{{field|source|size=80}}}
*Use "<code>;</code>" to separate the entries, use "<code>:</code>" to separate the reference from pages, use "," to separate different pages.
*Example: "<code>Schumacher 2004: 156, 301; LIR: 210–214; Stöckli 1975: pl. 38</code>"
|-
! colspan=2 | <hr>
=== Problems ===
|-
! [[Property:checklevel|Checklevel]]: *
| {{{field|checklevel|mandatory}}} {{var|checklevel_description}}
|-
! [[Property:problem|Problems]]:
| {{{field|problem|size=80}}} in keywords or as short phrases, separated by ";"
|-
! [[Property:disambiguation|Disambiguation page]]:
| {{{field|disambiguation|values from category=Disambiguation pages‏‎|size=10}}} Leave blank if only {{PAGENAME}} without subnumber.
{{{end template}}}
|-
| colspan=2 |
=== Free text ===
{{{standard input|free text|rows=20}}}
|-
! colspan=2 |
=== Save ===
|-
! Options:
| {{{standard input|minor edit}}} {{{standard input|watch}}}
|-
! Save:
| {{{standard input|save}}} {{{standard input|preview}}} {{{standard input|changes}}} {{{standard input|cancel}}}
|-
! colspan=2 | {{{standard input|summary}}}
|}

{{{for template|bibliography}}}
{{{end template}}}

__NOEDITSECTION__
__NOTOC__
</includeonly>

Category:Field name

2020-04-27T02:42:12Z

Martin Braun:

[[description::This category contains pages about locations where archaeological objects have been found.]] See also [[:Category:Site]].

=== Map of all field names ===

{{#ask:[[Category:Field name]][[coordinate::+]]
|?coordinate
|?province=Province
|?country=Country
|format=map
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|limit=200
}}

MediaWiki:Common.css

2020-04-27T02:00:14Z

Martin Braun:

/* CSS placed here will be applied to all skins */

body { background-color: #f6f6f6; }
a { color: #4A7F4A; }
a:visited { color: #725348; }
.mw-body a.external { color: #4A7F4A; }
.mw-body a.external:visited { color: #725348; }
#p-cactions li a, #p-personal li a { color: #4A7F4A; }

.portlet h3, #p-personal ul, #p-cactions li a { text-transform: none; }
.pBody { border: 1px solid #4A7F4A; }

table.wikitable th { text-align: left; }
p, li, td { text-align: justify; }
h1 {
margin-top: 20px;
border-bottom: 1px solid #4A7F4A;
}
h2 {
margin-top: 20px;
font-size: 1.5em;
font-weight:bold;
border-bottom: 1px solid #4A7F4A;
}
h3 { margin-top: 10px; font-size: 1.2em; }
h4 { margin-top: 10px; font-size: 1em; }

ul { list-style-type: square; }
#toc .tocnumber { display: none; }

.word { font-style:italic; }
.word_inscription { font-style:normal; }
.html { font-family:monospace; color:black; background-color:#f9f9f9; border:1px dashed #2f6fab; }
.phoneme { font-style:italic; }
.disamb { border: 1px solid red; background: #e8e8e8; padding: 5px; margin:20px 0px; }
.attention { font-weight:bold; font-size:200%; color:red; margin:0px 10px; }
.security-info { background-color: #F0D9C2; border-top: 1px solid #725348; border-bottom: 1px solid #725348; font-size:90%; padding:0px 20px; margin-top:5px; margin-bottom:20px; }
.cshow, div#security-info-toggle, div#security-info { background-color: #F0D9C2; border-top: 1px solid #725348; border-bottom: 1px solid #725348; margin-top:20px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding:5px; }

.table_centered { padding:0px; empty-cells:show; border-spacing:0px; }
.table_centered td,th { font-weight:normal; text-align:center; vertical-align:top; }
.table_centered caption { font-weight:bold; text-align:left; }

.formedit {
float:right;
position:absolute;
top:30px;
right:20px;
text-align:right;
background-color:white;
border-top: 1px solid #fabd23;
border-bottom: 1px solid #fabd23;
font-size:90%;
padding:0px 20px;
}
.formtable th { white-space:nowrap; }
.formtable th,td { text-align: left; }

.table_data, .table_lines { padding:0px; margin:0px; empty-cells:show; border-spacing:0px; }
.table_data td { font-weight:normal; text-align:justify; vertical-align:top; padding-right:10px; }
.table_data th { font-weight:bold; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; padding-right:10px; white-space:nowrap; }
.table_data caption { font-weight:bold; text-align:left; }
.table_data th a:link { color:black; } /* Links in Überschriften von Daten-Tabellen sollen schwarz sein! */
.table_data th a:visited { color:black; } /* Links in Überschriften von Daten-Tabellen sollen schwarz sein! */

.table_lines td {
font-weight:normal;
text-align:justify;
vertical-align:top;
padding:0px 5px;
margin:0px;
border: 1px solid #EEFAEE;
}
.table_lines th {
font-weight:bold;
text-align:left;
vertical-align:top;
padding:0px 5px;
margin:0px;
border: 1px solid #EEFAEE;
background: #EEFAEE;
}

.table_character { padding:0px; empty-cells:hide; border-spacing:0px; }
.table_character td { padding-right:5px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; }
.table_character th { padding-right:5px; font-weight:bold; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; }
.table_character caption { font-weight:bold; text-align:left; }

.bib { font-variant:small-caps; }
.table_bibliography { padding:0px; empty-cells:hide; border-spacing:0px; }
.table_bibliography td { padding-right:5px; font-weight:normal; text-align:justify; vertical-align:top; }
.table_bibliography th { padding-right:5px; font-weight:normal; text-align:left; vertical-align:top; width:145px; text-indent:-1.5em; padding-left:1.5em; }
.table_bibliography caption { font-weight:bold; text-align:left; }

table.gallery td {
vertical-align:top;
background-color:none;
border:1px solid #4A7F4A;
padding:2px;
border-spacing:2px;
}
.gallerythumb { vertical-align:middle; padding:5px; width:140px; height:120px; border: 1px solid #e0e0e0; overflow:hidden; }
.gallerytext { text-align:left; }
.gallerybox { width:155px; }
.title { margin:30px 0; padding:10px; }

.signature { border-top:1px solid blue; border-bottom:1px solid blue; padding:0 4px; }
.createbox { margin-top:30px; border-top:10px solid red; padding-top:30px; }

.navigation-bar {
background-color: #e8f0e8;
border: 1px solid gray;
margin:5px 0px 5px 20px;
padding:5px;
font-size:8pt;
float:right;
width:150px;
}

.navigation-line, .catlinks {
/* background: #e8f0e8; */
background: #EEFAEE;
border: none;
margin-top:20px;
padding:5px;
font-size:8pt;
text-align:center;
}

th.field_category
{
/* background: #e8f0e8; */
background: #EEFAEE;
border: none;
padding: 4px 10px;
text-align: right;
}

#p-cactions li.selected { border-color: #725348; }
hr { color: #4A7F4A; size:1px; }

.mw-body a.external { color: #4A7F4A; }
.mw-body a.external:visited { color: #725348; }

input.searchButton {
/* background-color: #EEFAEE; */
background-color: #f4f4f4;
}

Property:character

2020-04-27T01:53:41Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Refers to the normalised form, or archigrapheme, of a character used in epigraphically Raetic inscriptions.
|type=Page
}}
== Definition ==
See [[index::Category:Character]]. The archigraphemes of the Raetic alphabets are defined with a view to alphabet history. Five groups can be distinguished:
*Letters. Each archigrapheme of a letter either corresponds to a graphical unit which can be traced back to the Greek alphabet (e.g. [[index::A|Alpha]], [[index::S|Sigma]]), or represents a completely new unit (e.g. [[index::Þ]]). The units are defined by their graphical derivation, not by considerations of the grapheme–phoneme relations of Raetic. Hence, two different letters which happen to write the same sound in Raetic (e.g. [[index::Z|Zeta]] and [[index::Þ|the special character]]) are kept distinguished on the graphematic level. On the other hand, letters which appear consistently in different form in the two Raetic alphabets (e.g. [[index::P|Pi]]), but share a common derivation, are treated as [[index::Property:character variant|character variants]]. Every archigrapheme is consistently transcribed with one letter, e.g. [[index::Θ|Theta]] as ''θ'', [[index::T|Tau]] as ''t'', without regard to the phonetic realities of Raetic.
*Ligatures. Any two archigraphemes which occur in ligation are treated in the form of a new archigrapheme which is, however, transliterated as if the elements were not ligated.
*Punctuation. Syllabic punctuation or word separation by written element is treated as a single archigrapheme. It is transliterated as '':'' where it is clear that the element separates words, but as ''·'' where it functions as a syllabic punct or where its function is unclear. [[index::space]] is treated as a separate archigrapheme, and appears as a space in the transliteration.
*Numerals. Theoretically, what is said above about letters also holds true for numerals, i.e. characters for the same number would be distinguished if they could be shown to be derived from different traditions. As yet, it has not been demonstrated that any characters in Raetic inscriptions represent numerals.
*Symbol. A single archigrapheme, transliterated as ''$'', for recurring characters which, in conflict with the principles laid out above, cannot be shown to have anything to do with each other.

Elements in the transliteration which do not represent archigraphemes are:
{| class="table_lines" style="margin:20px 0; width:100%;"
|-
| ?
| Used when the archigrapheme cannot be identified.
|-
| ̣
| Placed underneath a transliteration letter, indicating doubts about the identification of the archigrapheme.
|-
| []
| Marking (potentially) missing parts of the inscription.
|-
| ()
| Marking a character whose presence is doubtful (most usually (?) in reconstructed parts of inscriptions).
|-
| /
| Line break (see [[index::Property:line number]]).
|-
| §
| Representing decorative elements and line fillers (only reflected in the transliteration if obviously associated with the inscription).
|}

For more information and maps see [[index::Script]], [[index::Non-script notational systems]], [[index::Property:character_variant]], as well as the individual character pages.

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

AK-1 rock

2020-04-26T14:42:28Z

Martin Braun: Reverted edits by Martin Braun (talk) to last revision by Corinna Salomon

{{object
|name=Mandlfelsen
|type_object=rock
|material=stone
|condition=damaged
|site=Achenkirch
|find_circumstances=by chance
|sortdate_find=2010
|date_find=summer 2010
|location=in situ
|checklevel=0
}}
== Commentary ==
Found and published by {{bib|Mandl 2011}}: 126–129. Examined by TIR in July 2014.

Images in {{bib|Mandl 2011}}: Abb. 136 (photo of the rock wall with marking of inscribed areas [Bildstellen]), 137 (Bildstelle 2), 138 (Bildstelle1), 139 (Bildstelle 3), 141 (Bildstelle 4), 142 (Bildstelle 5).

Referred to as "Station 1" by Mandl. The rock is a large limestone lintel block with inscriptions on the overhanging north-west face (Raetic and younger) and the less inclined north-east face (none Raetic). The north-west face provides some protection from wind and rain. The entire slope is marshy and wet; Mandl (p. 127) mentions a spring on the south side of the block.

Bildstelle 1: AK-1.1–AK-1.3 
Bildstelle 2: AK-1.4–AK-1.5 
Bildstelle 3: AK-1.21, AK-1.6–AK-1.8 
(Between areas 3 and 4, an area partly covered in moss, potentially containing up to four illegible inscriptions, if inscribed continuously with only frame lines separating them.) 
Bildstelle 4: AK-1.9–AK-1.14 
Bildstelle 5: AK-1.15–AK-1.20 

The rock is situated in the Bayerische Alpen / Achensee region, a few kilometres west of the [[index::ST rock|Steinberg]] petrograph site. The second inscribed Achenkirch rock wall [[index::AK-2 rock]] is about 200 m distant. Coordinates are not provided by request of the Department for Prehistory in Innsbruck to prevent damage to the inscriptions.

{{bibliography}}

Template:object

2020-04-26T14:41:37Z

Martin Braun:

<noinclude>
[[description::This template serves to display pages about '''archaeological objects''' that carry inscriptions.]]
These are best created or edited with the [[Form:object]].

See the [[:Category:Object]] for a list of all {{#ask:[[Category:Object]]|format=count}} object pages.

[[Category:Page Module]]

</noinclude><includeonly>{{#vardefine: disambiguation | {{#arraymap:{{{disambiguation|}}}|,|x|[[disambiguation::x]]}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{FULLPAGENAME}}| |·}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform | {{#replace: {{#var: sortform}}|-|·}} }}{{#vardefine: number | {{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|1}} }}{{#vardefine: sortform |{{#explode:{{#var: sortform}}|·|0}}_{{padleft:{{#var: number}}|3|0}} }}[[sortform::{{#var: sortform}}| ]][[checklevel::{{{checklevel|}}}| ]]{{#vardefine: checklevel | {{{checklevel|}}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: checklevel }}||{{#vardefine: checklevel | 0 }} }}{{#vardefine: problem|{{#arraymap:{{{problem|}}}|;|x|[[problem::x]]}} }}
<div class="formedit">[[Special:EditData/object/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|edit with form]]</div>
{| class="table_data" width=100%
! colspan="2" class="field_category" | [[:Category:Object|Object]]
|-
{{#if: {{{name|}}} | ! [[Property:name|Proper name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{name|}}}|,|x|[[name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! width="100" | [[Property:type_object|Classification]]:
| [[type_object::{{{type_object|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{type|}}} | ! [[Property:type|Archaeological type]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{type|}}}|,|x|[[type::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:material|Material]]:
| [[material::{{{material|}}}]]
|-
{{#if: {{{dimension|}}} | ! Size:
{{!}} {{{dimension|{{{dimension_max|}}}}}}[[dimension::{{{dimension_max|}}}| ]]
{{!}}- | }}
|-
! [[Property:condition|Condition]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{condition|}}}|,|x|[[condition::x]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{culture_archaeological|}}} | ! [[Property:culture_archaeological|Archaeological culture]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{culture_archaeological|}}}|,|x|[[culture_archaeological::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:date|Date]]:{{#vardefine: sortdate|{{{sortdate|}}}}}{{#vardefine: date|{{{date|{{{sortdate|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|0|{{#vardefine: date|}}}}
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date}}|||[[date::{{#var: date}}| ]]}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate}}||[[sortdate::0| ]]|[[sortdate::{{#var: sortdate}}| ]]}} {{#var: date}}
|-
! [[Property:date_derivation|Date derived from]]:
| {{#arraymap:{{{date_derivation|}}}|,|x|[[date_derivation::x]]}}
|-
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
! [[Property:site|Site]]:
| [[site::{{{site|}}}| ]]{{#show:{{{site|}}}|?=|mainlabel=-|?community=fraction of|?province=|?region=|?country=|format=list}}
|-
{{#if: {{{field_name|}}} | ! [[Property:field_name|Field name]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{field_name|}}}|,|x|[[field_name::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | ! [[Property:find_context|Archaeological context]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_context|}}}|,|y|[[find_context::y]]}}{{#if: {{{find_context|}}} | {{#vardefine: site | {{{site|}}} }}{{#vardefine: field_name | {{{field_name|}}} }}{{#vardefine: find_context | {{{find_context|}}} }}{{#vardefine: count | {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|format=count }} }}{{#ifexpr: {{#var: count }} > 1 | (Objects: {{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[site::{{#var: site }}]][[find_context::{{#var: find_context }}]]|sort=sortform|format=list|limit=1000}}) }} }}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:coordinate|Coordinates]] (approx.):
| {{#if: {{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{coord|{{{coordinate_n|}}}|{{{coordinate_e|}}}|{{PAGENAME}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{{coordinate_n|}}}||{{#vardefine: n | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_n}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: n }}||none|{{#vardefine: e | {{#show:{{{site|}}}|?coordinate_e}} }}{{coord|{{#var: n }}|{{#var: e }}|{{PAGENAME}}}} [from site]}} }}
|-
! [[Property:date_find|Find date]]: {{#vardefine: sortdate_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}{{#vardefine: date_find|{{{date_find|{{{sortdate_find|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: sortdate_find|}}}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|0|{{#vardefine: date_find|}}}}
| {{#ifeq: {{#var: date_find}}|||[[date_find::{{#var: date_find}}]]}}{{#ifeq: {{#var: sortdate_find}}|||[[sortdate_find::{{#var: sortdate_find}}| ]]}}
|-
{{#if: {{{find_circumstances|}}} | ! [[Property:find_circumstances|Find circumstances]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{find_circumstances|}}}|,|x|[[find_circumstances::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! [[Property:location|Current location]]:
| [[location::{{{location|}}}]] {{#if: {{{accessibility|}}} | ([[accessibility::{{{accessibility|}}}]]) }}
|-
{{#if: {{{inventory_number|}}} | ! [[Property:inventory_number|Inventory Nr.]]:
{{!}} {{#arraymap:{{{inventory_number|}}}|;|x|[[inventory_number::x]]}}
{{!}}- | }}
! colspan="2" |
----
|-
{{#ifeq: {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|format=count}}|1| ! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscription]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=list}}|! [[:Category:Inscription|Inscriptions]]:
{{!}} {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[object::{{PAGENAME}}]]|?text_plain=|format=ul|sort=sortform}} }}
{{#if: {{{source|}}} |
{{!}}-
! colspan="2" {{!}}
----
{{!}}-
! [[Bibliography|Sources]]:
{{!}} {{#ifeq:{{{source|}}}|unpublished|unpublished|{{#vardefine: sources | {{{source|}}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|: |:}} }}{{#vardefine: sources | {{#replace: {{#var: sources }}|; |;}} }}{{#vardefine: i | 0 }}{{#vardefine: ok | 1 }}{{ #while:
| {{ #ifexpr: {{ #var: ok }} = 1 | true }}
|<nowiki/>{{#vardefine: entry | {{#explode: {{#var: sources }}|;| {{#var: i }} }} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: entry }}||{{#vardefine: ok | 0 }}|{{#vardefine: link | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|0}} }}{{#vardefine: text | {{#explode: {{#var: entry }}|:|1}} }}{{#ifeq: {{#var: i }}|0|| }}{{bib|{{#var: link }}}}: {{#var: text}} }}{{#vardefine: i | {{ #expr: {{ #var: i }} + 1 }} }} }} }} }}
|}
{{gallery}}[[Category:Object|{{#var: sortform}}]]</includeonly>

AK-1 rock

2020-04-26T14:38:41Z

Martin Braun:

{{object
|name=Mandlfelsen
|type_object=rock
|material=stone
|condition=damaged
|sortdate=0
|site=Achenkirch
|find_circumstances=by chance
|sortdate_find=2010
|date_find=summer 2010
|location=in situ
|checklevel=0
}}
== Commentary ==
Found and published by {{bib|Mandl 2011}}: 126–129. Examined by TIR in July 2014.

Images in {{bib|Mandl 2011}}: Abb. 136 (photo of the rock wall with marking of inscribed areas [Bildstellen]), 137 (Bildstelle 2), 138 (Bildstelle1), 139 (Bildstelle 3), 141 (Bildstelle 4), 142 (Bildstelle 5).

Referred to as "Station 1" by Mandl. The rock is a large limestone lintel block with inscriptions on the overhanging north-west face (Raetic and younger) and the less inclined north-east face (none Raetic). The north-west face provides some protection from wind and rain. The entire slope is marshy and wet; Mandl (p. 127) mentions a spring on the south side of the block.

Bildstelle 1: AK-1.1–AK-1.3 
Bildstelle 2: AK-1.4–AK-1.5 
Bildstelle 3: AK-1.21, AK-1.6–AK-1.8 
(Between areas 3 and 4, an area partly covered in moss, potentially containing up to four illegible inscriptions, if inscribed continuously with only frame lines separating them.) 
Bildstelle 4: AK-1.9–AK-1.14 
Bildstelle 5: AK-1.15–AK-1.20 

The rock is situated in the Bayerische Alpen / Achensee region, a few kilometres west of the [[index::ST rock|Steinberg]] petrograph site. The second inscribed Achenkirch rock wall [[index::AK-2 rock]] is about 200 m distant. Coordinates are not provided by request of the Department for Prehistory in Innsbruck to prevent damage to the inscriptions.
{{sig}}
{{bibliography}}

Property:character

2020-04-26T14:24:40Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Refers to the normalised form, or archigrapheme, of a character used in epigraphically Raetic inscriptions.
|type=Page
|allows value={{#ask: [[Category:Character]]|format=list|link=none|limit=1000}}
}}
== Definition ==
See [[index::Category:Character]]. The archigraphemes of the Raetic alphabets are defined with a view to alphabet history. Five groups can be distinguished:
*Letters. Each archigrapheme of a letter either corresponds to a graphical unit which can be traced back to the Greek alphabet (e.g. [[index::A|Alpha]], [[index::S|Sigma]]), or represents a completely new unit (e.g. [[index::Þ]]). The units are defined by their graphical derivation, not by considerations of the grapheme–phoneme relations of Raetic. Hence, two different letters which happen to write the same sound in Raetic (e.g. [[index::Z|Zeta]] and [[index::Þ|the special character]]) are kept distinguished on the graphematic level. On the other hand, letters which appear consistently in different form in the two Raetic alphabets (e.g. [[index::P|Pi]]), but share a common derivation, are treated as [[index::Property:character variant|character variants]]. Every archigrapheme is consistently transcribed with one letter, e.g. [[index::Θ|Theta]] as ''θ'', [[index::T|Tau]] as ''t'', without regard to the phonetic realities of Raetic.
*Ligatures. Any two archigraphemes which occur in ligation are treated in the form of a new archigrapheme which is, however, transliterated as if the elements were not ligated.
*Punctuation. Syllabic punctuation or word separation by written element is treated as a single archigrapheme. It is transliterated as '':'' where it is clear that the element separates words, but as ''·'' where it functions as a syllabic punct or where its function is unclear. [[index::space]] is treated as a separate archigrapheme, and appears as a space in the transliteration.
*Numerals. Theoretically, what is said above about letters also holds true for numerals, i.e. characters for the same number would be distinguished if they could be shown to be derived from different traditions. As yet, it has not been demonstrated that any characters in Raetic inscriptions represent numerals.
*Symbol. A single archigrapheme, transliterated as ''$'', for recurring characters which, in conflict with the principles laid out above, cannot be shown to have anything to do with each other.

Elements in the transliteration which do not represent archigraphemes are:
{| class="table_lines" style="margin:20px 0; width:100%;"
|-
| ?
| Used when the archigrapheme cannot be identified.
|-
| ̣
| Placed underneath a transliteration letter, indicating doubts about the identification of the archigrapheme.
|-
| []
| Marking (potentially) missing parts of the inscription.
|-
| ()
| Marking a character whose presence is doubtful (most usually (?) in reconstructed parts of inscriptions).
|-
| /
| Line break (see [[index::Property:line number]]).
|-
| §
| Representing decorative elements and line fillers (only reflected in the transliteration if obviously associated with the inscription).
|}

For more information and maps see [[index::Script]], [[index::Non-script notational systems]], [[index::Property:character_variant]], as well as the individual character pages.

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

Property:alphabet

2020-04-26T14:12:12Z

Martin Braun:

{{property
|description=Defines the regional variant of the writing system of the inscription, in particular of the North Italic script.
|type=Text
|allows value=Venetic alphabet, Magrè alphabet, Sanzeno alphabet, Lugano alphabet, ?
}}
== Definition ==

See [[index::Property:script]] for preliminaries, and [[index::Script]] for further information.

=== Venetic alphabet ===
Used as a cover term for the various Venetic alphabets (e.g. Archaic Venetic, Este alphabet, Padua alphabet), which differ from each other most clearly by their use of different letters for writing dentals. As a group, the Venetic alphabets are distinguished by "inverted" Upsilon {{c||U}} and Lambda {{c||L}}, a unique form of Heta {{c||H4}}, and syllabic punctuation, though exceptions can be found throughout the Venetic area. Alpha often appears as {{c||addA1}}. Looking at individual Venetic alphabets, the use of Zeta {{c||Z}} for /d/ (Este alphabet) or of Theta {{c||addΘ3}} for /t/ (Padova alphabet) can be considered typical. As in early Etruscan, the digraph <vh> is used to write /f/. Further differences to the Raetic alphabets (Sanzeno and Magrè) as a whole are Mu {{c||addM1}} with four bars and the presence of Omikron. However, seeing as the Raetic writing tradition continues the Venetic one, some suspension of differences must be expected in areas/phases of transition (e.g. three-bar {{c||M}} in the Venetic inscriptions of Vicenza). Apart from the odd Celtic name, the Venetic alphabets proper are not known to write any languages other than Venetic, but sporadic testimonies have been found beyond the Venetic area (e.g. *It 1 in the Inn valley).

Characters: {{#ask:[[Category:File]][[alphabet::Venetic alphabet]]|link=none|template=image12|limit=1000}}

=== Magrè alphabet ===
Named after the site of [[index::Magrè]], where the first substantial Raetic inscription find was made. It is prevalent in the South and the North of the Raetic area, more precisely in the valleys of the Alpine foothills connecting the area of [[index::Trento]] with the Padan plain, and in the Wipp, Puster and Inn valleys of North Tyrol, as well as in the rock inscriptions. The Magrè alphabet is close to the Venetic alphabets, featuring the "inverted" forms of Upsilon {{c||U}} and Lambda {{c||L}} typical for Venetic. Syllabic punctuation is only used erratically. The characteristics distinguishing it from the Venetic group are {{c||M}} with only three bars, and the lack of Omikron. Typical, but not exclusive are two characteristics pertaining to writing direction: Sigma with the upper angle opening against writing direction (←{{c||S|d}}), and Alpha with the bar slanting downward against writing direction (←{{c||A3|d}}). Heta appears with three bars {{c||H3}}. The special character {{c||Þ}} appears only in Magrè itself, and is not an identifying feature for the alphabet as a whole. See [[index::T]] for a discussion pertaining to whether the character {{c||T4}} might be considered to belong to the Magrè alphabet.

Characters: {{#ask:[[Category:File]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]]|link=none|template=image12|limit=1000}}

=== Sanzeno alphabet ===
A.k.a. "Bolzano alphabet" prior to the [[index::Sanzeno]] findings. The variety is used in the central area of the Raetic area, i.e. roughly the Nonsberg, the upper Etsch valley (including the Unterland and the Vinschgau) and the Eisack valley. It shares with the Magrè alphabet the characteristics consequently considered typically Raetic: lack of Omikron, three-bar {{c||M}} and orientation of ←{{c||A|d}} (exclusive) and ←{{c||S|d}} (almost exclusive). The main difference consists in the shapes of Upsilon, Lambda and Pi, which correspond to those used in Western Transpadania (Lugano alphabet) rather than in the Venetic East: Upsilon {{c||U2}} and Lambda {{c||L2}}, and Pi {{c||P2}} with a simple bar instead of an angle. Tau appears in the peculiar shape {{c||T3}} (see [[index::T]]); the special character has the form {{c||Þ3}}. Heta appears with two bars {{c||H2}}. Syllabic punctuation (or vestiges of it) are absent, but word separation does occur.

Characters: {{#ask:[[Category:File]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]]|link=none|template=image12|limit=1000}}

=== Lugano alphabet ===
Epigraphically, virtually indistinguishable from Etruscan, save by particular shapes of San and presence of Omikron. Pi always appears as {{c||P2}}, never with an angle; {{c||A3}} develops into {{c||addA3}}. Where the language is identifiable, the Lugano alphabet writes varieties of Celtic. Geographically, points of contact between the Celtic and Raetic corpora are the lower Vallagarina and potentially the upper Inn valley.

Characters: {{#ask:[[Category:File]][[alphabet::Lugano alphabet]]|link=none|template=image12|limit=1000}}

Note that the question mark in brackets does not express incertitude concerning the alphabet, but qualifies the reliability of ascription to the script.

== Map ==
Distribution of North Italic [[:Category:Inscription|inscriptions]] per alphabet:

{{#compound_query:
[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Venetic alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C2_mediumturquoise_d.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C1_yellowgreen_d.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C3_darkgreen_d.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Lugano alphabet]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?script=script;icon=Marker_C4_chocolate_d.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}

{|table class="table_data" style="margin-top:20px;"
| style="background:yellowgreen" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Magrè alphabet ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Magrè alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})
|-
| style="background:darkgreen;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Sanzeno alphabet ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Sanzeno alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})
|-
| style="background:mediumturquoise;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Venetic alphabet ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Venetic alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})
|-
| style="background:chocolate;" |  
| style="padding-left:10px; padding-right:30px;" | Lugano alphabet ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[alphabet::Lugano alphabet]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})
|}

== Statistics ==
{{property_statistics|Inscription}}

{{property_statistics|File}}
__NOTOC__

Property:character number min

2020-02-19T14:57:50Z

Martin Braun: /* Map */

{{property
|description=Defines the quantity of clearly countable characters in the inscription.
|type=Number
}}
== Definition ==
The character number of an inscription is the number of all its characters, including letters, meta-characters (separators, symbols, delimiters etc.) and characters of doubtful status. An inscription page usually displays both a character number and a [[index::Property:letter number min|letter number]] – the character number is then higher than the letter number, as the inscription also contains meta-characters, which are included in the character count. Only a letter number and no character number is given when the inscription contains only letters; the character number is implicitly identical to the letter number. The character number can never be lower than the letter number. Only a character number and no letter number is given when it is not clear that any of the characters are indeed letters, i.e. that the inscription represents proper script.

== Map ==
{{#compound_query:
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::<3]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_FFFFC0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>4]][[character number min::<8]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_FFC0C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>9]][[character number min::<13]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_FF80C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>14]][[character number min::<19]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C080C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>20]][[character number min::<30]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C040C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>31]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;icon=Marker_C00080.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off|zoom=7
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_FFFFC0.png|baseline]] less than four characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::<3]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_FFC0C0.png|baseline]] 4-8 characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>4]][[character number min::<8]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_FF80C0.png|baseline]] 9-13 characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>9]][[character number min::<13]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C080C0.png|baseline]] 14-19 characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>14]][[character number min::<19]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C040C0.png|baseline]] 20-30 characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>20]][[character number min::<30]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C00080.png|baseline]] more than 30 characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>31]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

== Statistics ==
{{property statistics|Inscription|0|40}}.
{{#ifeq: {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>41]]|format=count}}|0||
Additionally, there are {{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>41]]|format=count}} inscriptions with more than 40 characters ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[character number min::>41]]|mainlabel=Sigla|?text_plain=Transliteration|?character_number_min|sort=character_number_min,sortform|format=table|limit=0|searchlabel=show list}}). }}

Property:language

2020-02-19T14:53:54Z

Martin Braun: /* Map */

{{property
|description=Specifies the matrix language to which the item belongs.
|type=Text
|allows value=Raetic, Etruscan, Venetic, Camunic, Lepontic, Cisalpine Gaulish, Celtic, Latin, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, unknown, none
}}
== Commentary ==
Language is a property of inscriptions, words and morphemes, but also of works of secondary literature. Languages of epigraphic texts, obviously, are Etruscan, Raetic, Venetic, Lepontic, Cisalpine Gaulish, Celtic, Camunic and Latin.

'''Etruscan''': A Tyrsenian language, fragmentarily attested mainly in the [[index::Script|Etruscan alphabet]]; an introductory description can be found in {{bib|Wallace 2008}}. 
'''Raetic''': A Tyrsenian language, fragmentarily attested in the [[index::Script|Magrè and Sanzeno alphabets]], related to Etruscan. The linguistical ascription of an inscription to Raetic is usually dependent on the presence of certain suffixes; differentiation from Etruscan on purely linguistical grounds may be difficult. See [[index::The Raetic language]]. 
'''Venetic''': An Italic (Indo-European) language, fragmentarily attested in the diverse [[index::Script|Venetic alphabets]]; an introductory description can be found in {{bib|Prosdocimi 1988b}}. 
'''Lepontic''': A Celtic (Indo-European) language, fragmentarily attested in the [[index::Script|Lugano alphabet]]; see the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Lepontic LexLep]. 
'''Cisalpine Gaulish''': A Celtic (Indo-European) language, fragmentarily attested in the [[index::Script|Lugano alphabet]]; see the [http://www.univie.ac.at/lexlep/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaulish LexLep]. 
'''Celtic''': Cover term for texts written either in Lepontic or Cisalpine Gaulish, between which differentiation may be difficult. 
'''Camunic''': A fragmentarily attested language of doubtful attribution (possibly isolated), documented mainly in the [[index::Script|Camunic rock alphabet]]. 
'''Latin''': Latin.

'''Unknown''' is used when there is insufficient data to ascribe a text to a certain language, and also in cases of inscriptions of doubtful status, i.e. when it is not certain that the inscription has any linguistic content at all. '''None''' indicates that the marks in question are, with a high degree of probability, ornamental or unintentional.

== Map ==
Distribution of [[:Category:Inscription|inscriptions]] per language: {{#compound_query:
[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Raetic]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_80C000.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Etruscan]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_FF8080.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Camunic]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_8080C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Venetic]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_210.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Lepontic||Cisalpine Gaulish||Celtic]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_FF8000.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Latin]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_800000.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::none]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_C0C0C0.png;limit=1000
|[[Category:Inscription]][[language::unknown]];?coordinate;?text_plain=Inscription;?language=Language;icon=Marker_FFFFFF.png;limit=1000
|format=map|autozoom=off
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|types=physical,satellite,hybrid,normal|type=physical
}}
[[File:Marker_FF8080.png|baseline]] Etruscan ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Etruscan]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});[[File:Marker_80C000.png|baseline]] Raetic ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Raetic]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_210.png|baseline]] Venetic ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Venetic]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_FF8000.png|baseline]] Lepontic/Cisalpine Gaulish/Celtic ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Lepontic]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_8080C0.png|baseline]] Camunic ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Camunic]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});[[File:Marker_800000.png|baseline]] Latin ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::Latin]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})
[[File:Marker_FFFFFF.png|baseline]] none ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::none]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C0C0C0.png|baseline]] unknown ({{#ask:[[Category:Inscription]][[language::unknown]][[coordinate::+]]|format=count}})

== Statistics ==
=== Inscriptions ===
{{property statistics|Inscription}}

=== Words ===
{{property statistics|Word}}

=== Morphemes ===
{{property statistics|Morpheme}}

=== References ===
{{property statistics|Reference}}
__NOTOC__

Category:Object

2019-06-16T21:03:39Z

Martin Braun: /* Map */

{{#vardefine: n | {{#ask:[[Category:Object]]|format=count}} }}This category contains pages for inscription-bearing archaeological objects.
Currently there are {{#ask:[[Category:Object]]|format=broadtable|class=table_lines|sort=sortform|?type_object=Type|?material=Material|?location=Current location|limit=0|searchlabel={{#var: n}} objects}} included in the ''{{SITENAME}}''.

The included objects are indicated with the siglum related to the inscription and the name resp. type of object. The [[Property:sigla group|various sigla groups]] correspond to the system established by Schumacher (cp. {{bib|Schumacher 1992}}: 123 as well as {{bib|Schumacher 2004}}: 123 and 320). E.g. the inscription on the [[SZ-16 statuette|bronze statuette of a warrior from Sanzeno]] preserved at the [[Castello del Buonconsiglio]] with the inventory number 3038 is listed with the siglum '''[[SZ-16]]''': '''SZ''' is connected with [[Sanzeno]], '''16''' indicates the consecutive numbering. The inscription is on a statuette. Therefore in the present category the object is listed with '''[[SZ-16 statuette]]'''.

Below the map the included objects are listed in alphabetical order. The alphabetical order follows the appropriate sigla. For further information related to the sigla system cp. [[Property:sigla group]]. For a more detailed overview related to the objects (e.g. typology, dating etc.) cp. [[Objects|the objects' page]].
{{sig|user=Sindy Kluge}}

== Map ==
Distribution of [[:Category:Object|archaeological objects]] per [[Property:material|material]]:

{{#compound_query:
[[Category:Object]][[material::pottery]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_C_FireBrick.png
|[[Category:Object]][[material::gneiss||schist||marble||limestone||sandstone||porphyry||stone]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_C_LightSteelBlue.png
|[[Category:Object]][[material::iron||gold||silver||lead||copper||bronze]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_C_Orange.png
|[[Category:Object]][[material::bone||antler||horn||tooth||wood]];?coordinate;?material=;icon=Marker_C_DarkSeaGreen.png
|format=map
|width=100%
|height={{var|image_height}}
|limit=1000
}}

[[File:Marker_C_FireBrick.png|baseline]] ceramic objects
({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::pottery]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_LightSteelBlue.png|baseline]] stone objects
({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]][[material::gneiss||schist||marble||limestone||sandstone||porphyry||stone]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_Orange.png|baseline]] metal objects
({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]]
[[material::iron||gold||silver||lead||copper||bronze]]|format=count}});
[[File:Marker_C_DarkSeaGreen.png|baseline]] organic material objects
({{#ask: [[Category:Object]][[coordinate::+]]
[[material::bone||antler||horn||tooth||wood]]|format=count}})